We present the results of searches for the standard model Higgs boson at CDF in final states with bottom quarks. Results are derived from the complete Tevatron Run II dataset, with a measured integrated luminosity of 9.5/fb of proton-antiproton data. The searches are performed for assumed Higgs masses between 90 and 150 GeV, for Higgs bosons produced in association with associated W or Z bosons. Employing several improved techniques, these are currently the most sensitive searches in the world for these processes, surpassing previous CDF results by 30% beyond what would be expected from the addition of new data alone. Combining the search sensitivity of these production modes, 95% upper confidence limits on the standard model cross section times branching fraction are derived, yielding an observed (expected) upper limit of 4.3 (1.8) times the standard model prediction for a 125 GeV Higgs boson. The significance of the data relative to the background-only hypothesis is 2.7 sigma, currently the highest of any Higgs search in a single decay mode.