I'm using the microphone camera microphone.
So I'm going to show the, the agenda.
Yeah so yeah welcome everyone.
Back to the sand.
you know this kid evil. So in this first session is going to be one this first session this second session of the day is going to be able to get some bragging.
If Before starting, I want to announce that they we had to do a little scary lovey agenda so it is going to start first, then in them carry Julian and Mark is going to give a talk at the end of the session.
So, yeah, I think a lot of you connected. Yeah. Can you hear me. Yep.
Very well. So I'm going to stop sharing and please service lights and you have 12 minutes.
Thank you.
Okay, let me share my screen.
Can you see my screen.
Yep.
Okay, good.
Yes please What. Okay, good. So Hi everybody, my name is Ahmad, and today I'm going to talk about dedicated admin triggers for display states, coming from LLP using time information from eco elements at LSE.
So, so out of the some of the challenges we are facing in regards to emphasizes triggering is still remains and a major one, as it was rightly pointed out by Brian stock.
So triggers sec used an LLC searches during run been and run to are not specifically designed for LLP so we are actually missing those related events at the very first stage of the analysis.
So he I had to point out one thing that in this paper you're mainly focused on CMS detector so analysis is done in mind, CMS geometry and future.
Okay. So, thanks to major upgrades at LSE, it will have equal timing and display striking at which we can effectively use to build a dedicated and punchy those.
objects to trigger on, for example for panic based triggers we need to find the best possible timing construct to cover several elements and it was also they need to ponder about all these points, so that how can how can you make full use of timing and
can combine the display strength information from admin, so that they both complement each other. And how will trigger efficiency of these students ready for like differently scenarios, keeping in mind that background race is under permissible limit.
Okay, so this is studies completely signature based, where we look for this place checks. So we are considered theoretically scenarios in scenario a LPs come from the KGVX, which whether they get to two bucks each.
Now this night is experimentally motivated because it lets us study coupling of new physics particles to Hicks, my example of one such model where takes the case to the dark matter model with the light from getting payments and the light is kilometer.
So, in this area we study at the Masters in range, 1050 GLN, ranging from one centimeter for scenarios, VNCE study LLP spear produced in a condition, such as these can arise and RP me, Susie internet to be, we have LPs Decatur to Cox wireless headsets,
coming from each other. In the past it.
So this is just a schematic for the just, just to show that for scenario, a, we will have less electronic activity can only be just a little less boost, so they will be much harder to trigger on when compared to scenario B and C.
Here we will have higher ed checks and high tech multiplicity.
OK, so now background and simulation so you may only have two major backups versus just from your CD and the subject non violent.
Also, one thing also to note here that presents have several elements inside jets, like a short land omega. These can also lead to higher timing. So this distribution on the left.
I have shown the jet multiplicity input pile of scenarios just to just to like show on top of pilot jets we will have in any event at LSE. So at 200 pilot as you can see we will have around 30 file upsets me number of jets at 200 pilot will be around
30.
And these jets will be even a bt 20 GMO. So, also for also there will be an unwanted contamination from pilots insights.
So these are two major background.
Okay so simulation part.
So signal and backgrounds, were generated using the API, we generated TCP events in several pattern derivative insensitive them, and that this was actually use for the same political situation.
So, in our study, we are talking about everyone triggers calculating background rate accurately.
So we followed this recipe for calculating background rate, using the method described in this paper by calling issue. so wait for each event.
Using this method was calculated in terms of rate.
So we have actually fixed fixed the trigger threshold for such a thing. Because threshold certain that the rate of displaced it doesn't it doesn't go out 30 kilobytes.
So if you want to get more technical details and how do they reach at his home they can actually have an apprentice paper.
So this analysis is actually one of its kind, phenomenology study where the rate calculation is done in such a way.
Okay, So, due to use amount of Pilar attention attendance at the LSE the timing of single will be contaminated by the unwanted pile of energy because it's done yet.
So on the left, I have shown the energy rated timing of signatures from with Elon Musk strategy we advocate Anthony centimeter shown for for pilot scenarios.
And this time was calculated using just event hours and it was calibrated to the spectrum origin.
As you can see from this plot as pilot increases the scale of distribution gets shorter and shorter, so the Jets, which had the Titanic to begin with will now have some his father belongings wanted to the huge pile of contamination.
Now this pilot penetration can be somewhat reduced. If you reduce the jet area, given that the celebrities are contained in that a smaller area. So in the plots on the top right,
say, in the blocks on the top right we have shown how reducing one size from point 4.2 affects the beauty of the CD jets move by the elevators are less affected.
Meaning, most of the electronic activity of LPs can be contained in this modern area, which motivates the use of projects.
So on the bottom right, we have shown the effect of different sizes on timing and you can see the longer deals financial budgets, so from now onwards, we will be talking about our article to find projects.
So next I will discuss the effect of solution, and what gives some of the things he rejects that high time.
So, timing of the Jets will be dominated by the sport in this plane. So, it's better practices in the temporal as well as a special direction in the fact how the time distribution of procedures.
So as shown in these two top left plot.
We will have daughter distribution in trying to do is participate.
Now we can have some spurious spurious chat with Titanic coming from the presents of similar elements inside the CD that's. As you can see, as you can see from this blog.
Okay, now, because the solution so it can damage the solution will also have any.
We also have huge effect on timing, and it will degrade as we collect more and more that our time. So on the bottom right, I have shown to the solution scenarios.
When during this sort of jealousy and when at the end of Exodus. So, at ekl the solution corresponding to 40 500% to one, we will hardly hardly be able to distinguish between background and single.
So signal efficiency will definitely take our major hit to keep it under control.
Okay, so we constructed.
We calculated several variables and half of them selected a couple of them, which were more efficient and one of these variable is energy weighted meantime which I explained before, and the other one is calculated by multiplying calibrated timing of our
with this energy for five most energetic hits and getting them.
We also calibrated our time with primary vertex, as well as jet vertex, but we didn't see much of a difference compared to calibration done with respect to origin.
So we went ahead with the calibration with respect to the origin.
So, on the bottom food plots we have shown MCs and background rate as a function of timing and BD objects. Now either both the variables work on par with each other behind a given second one box better for vertical ends, especially for scenarios, B and
C.
So we can keep from the plot on the, on the, on the left, the plot on the net, you can see that you can keep rate around 30 kilo hertz. If you select a 40 GV chat with an energy rated time greater than one nanosecond.
So similarly we can put threshold on the, on the other variable as well.
Okay. So, these are the site.
So these are the signal efficiency grits for NLP scenario a for for the timing variables. Now, this signal efficiencies are calculated, keeping in mind that technology doesn't exceed 32 hurts.
We can get almost 20% efficiency for LLP of mass.
Sorry, sorry, 2030 GD.
So yeah, we can get around 20% fidelity of Master TGQN.
Understand.
Okay, so these are upper limits on expansion for some of the most sensitive benchmark points from the video splits. And one thing to note here is that these are actual Elysee projections with our timing based triggers.
They assume and observation of 15.
Okay.
So, similarly, these are the efficiency events for similar scenario be. and here we can get almost 40% efficiency for for Elon Musk, They can entangle centimeter.
Similarly, the upper limit on the cross section for some of the sensitive benchmark points, assuming the observation of 50 signal events at element.
It's ready for signal scenario. See
ya.
So he had like, so he I will talk about how can we like, improve the performance and I also want to discuss the importance of the other leaders.
So in the top two blogs, we have compared how background he will very integrated luminosity of 303,000 Muslims.
kilobytes, which will increase up to 2000 kilohertz at 3000 intercept one. So we would require much stricter cuts to keep the background great under control, which will really affect a single efficiency on the tape on the table on the right.
We have single efficiencies calculated at 321% of the benchmark points in orange we have seen and efficiencies corresponding to integrate the luminosity of thousand and was from two one, so we can see us right liquidation in the single efficiencies going
going from the end of 2001 for all the benchmark points even after compensating for the increase the luminosity. So, want to be noted here is that allegiance at LSC might be beneficial for LLP such as compared to the runs at a later stage of animosity.
And the bottom section, we have, we have shown how a logical OR trigger constructed with timing in the display strikes information can cover both know as well as high detail and bottom left pro show the rates for such trigger for two timing variables,
we require a certain number of displays tracks inside a jet. So specifically require at least three displays inside to control background rate.
So on the table. On the right we have shown the senior efficiencies for this trigger, in order to signal efficiencies from trigger constructed using just find information.
As you can see, there is a sevenfold increase in the single efficiency for LLP benchmarks for a smaller audience.
Okay, so this is myself somebody so at a jealousy, high level will definitely have some adverse adverse effect on diving into the specifics. Now this effect can be mitigated somewhat by considering a smaller concise timing solution with definitely present
potential.
So we actually find two efficient variables that can be used at element for consulting project.
And in this in this specific analysis we have actually calculated the background read accurately using this teaching method.
Now he also calculated a signal efficiencies for theory scenarios with different mass and physical and also we showed how to tackle these triggers will work best during any conditions of actual LSE.
Also the performance of the time wasters, it can be improved improved bicycle or trigger by including the display stick information, where both of the both actually complement each case for the detailed study you can actually have a look at this bigger
basis on. Okay. Thank you.
Hello.
Buddy, nice job and interesting work. So we have time for one more question or two quick questions, so I see a Juliet the,
please.
Hi, thanks for this talk, um, I was wondering which detector card you assumed in in Delphia is and if you I mean Atlas or CMS or a toy detector was the face to detected by the fussiness.
Okay, great.
Do you think it could also work with Atlas is not trade but it might.
If not tried but it might. Okay, great. Thank you.
So, I've been any other questions, please raise your hand.
Ok, I see non. So, thanks a lot. Again, thank you.
Let's move on to the next speaker.
So, I see all the slides so I'll try to make it full screen. Okay.
Is it there now. Is it working. Yeah. Okay, so please go ahead.
Alright, cool. Yeah, thanks for this opportunity. I'd like to talk about the new Atlas Launch previous tracking four and three.
And these targets given on behalf of the collaboration, and particularly the large radius tracking optimization team, four and three.
Yeah, I think, to this in his community I don't how to say too much about why they need special algorithm for on the particles.
Because you know, the traditional reconstruction algorithm, are not sufficient for long paragraphs purchase. In other words, we have a lot of such special algorithms.
And this large religious tracking algorithm is one of them.
And it's just a brief introduction to how the words, so it's an additional tracking to ration on top of standard tracking.
So, when we have, for instance here in the scatter and we have a lot of hits you know the texture First, we run through the run the standard tracking algorithm, which gives us a bunch of tracks, you know, most of the time they are Origin The from the
interaction point of these are the common prompt tracks.
And then we have some leftover hits that are not used by the standard tracking and the large redistricting algorithm takes all those leftover hits to run a new tracking iteration, with the optimized tracking selections and algorithms.
In particular, for instance, the, the zero and zero max cut is changed, or loosened significantly compared with the standard tracking.
So yeah, then we on top of the senate tracking, we have this new tracking iteration, that gives us these so called long, large radius tracks that can be used by launching your particle analysis in round two.
It was proven to be very successful. Now we have a popular out on the largest redistricting algorithm itself. And the man the laundry particle searches around to it was applied.
So, in foreign three in the past two years, and actually sadly more, maybe three to four years. We did an extensive overhaul of the large me the tracking algorithm to make it more efficient for run three, and also ram to reprocess data.
So here in this diagram we can see a general Atlas tracking iteration starting from space point formation. See finding finding ambiguity solving NPR to extension.
I'm pretty much, or all the office, are on the last track iterations, use the steps in our overhaul we did.
Many were many like steps to optimize the performance right, for instance we tuned the car applied in the seat finding track finally and ambiguity solving sections, and also in the system in which basically a very, which is the very upstream.
Step.
We tried and implemented some new algorithm and the logics to make sure the fake tracks can be eliminated at the very early stage of tracking reconstruction.
So all of this steps or all these improvements resulted in large reduced favorite, and still Wellman turns Wilmington, simply efficiency. So here in this slide we have tracking efficiency for the tracking reconstruction efficiency for a hydraulic decay
environment where we have here a hex the case too long the Steelers, and both skaters decay to for be quarks here. We use magical technical efficiency to measure it, because the displaced tracks may not come from the origin.
So, and the texture is designed to cover the particles from the origin, so we make sure that this place tracks are considered here, a concept here of within this specific region, so that we are on the equal footing.
Here you see when the production radius is around 30 centimeter. The combined efficiency is around is about 60% in the majority comes from the large radius tracking.
And next slide we have a similar study done for our electronic environment, where we have a heavy neutral laptop, because two laptops and neutrinos. Here you see again the efficiency, the company efficiency is around or about 60%.
So, this is slightly smaller compared with what we had for the rental version, but the fixed rate is reduced greatly.
In this new portion here, if we check the number of tracks as the function of new for the standard tracking outwards and locked restricting algorithms in this Tiki Bar event, how you see the number of luxurious tracks is only is like 10 times fewer than
the center tracks. So this would consider this is considered as the background, as you know, in STEM the model we don't have real long particles. So, this is a good representative of the total amount of background, We expect for large tracking.
But I want to point out here that in this walk skill we see a linear trend for the long large radius tracks. That means we have a strong dependence.
With the power up. So this is something we need to keep an eye on for the future, as, especially for the high movie update.
So, this results in a very reduced
figure it down even downstream. Right. For a lot of particle searches, a lot of the analysis use special algorithm, such as this. seconds and vertex reconstruction algorithm.
You can check the public here.
It basically tries to reconstruct a displaced vortex from the law. The Rt tracks in this very dense plot. It tells us the both the efficiency and the fixed rate.
So what's important and interesting is on the lower panel where we compare, which shows the ratio between run three and the rental portions. The solid dots correspond to the displaced vertex see efficiency.
As you can stay this path but the agreement in the recruitment in the tracking performance that dv efficiency is actually very similar and it's slightly higher when the killings is longer.
But when it comes to the secret, or the background, which is indicated by the Tesla, you can say, compared with the run to.
We have more than 10 times fewer feet, what is this really brings us large boost in the DNA analysis sensitivity.
Even though we have not grant through analysis yet, but given the picture we saw here, we have see here but expect a large improvement in corresponding, a lot of particle analysis, especially the ones relying on displaced vertices, but much reduced fakery
also makes it possible to add large release tracking in standard tracking all stemmed out the last reconstruction here you can see it as only a few percent, it only as small amount of additional time to the standard tracking iteration.
Plus, during the past few years, the overall tracking was sped up significantly, which made all this possible. So it's really a collaborative effort. Among the others tracking community to make it happen.
And that means the whole lot of product search program will shift and will embrace a revolution, as. Now, the last retracts in every single reconstructed Outlast event.
Previously we had to apply additional future as we cannot process, all the, all the events business additional outracing. And then we have repressed additional reconstruction campaign, basically this algorithm.
With all these things, add really additional work to the analyzers.
But now they're all gone right so really sorry, I think I clicked too fast. So really the whole analysis strategy and the whole analysis procedure is reduced significantly.
We also had a first peek at the data simulation agreement. here if we check the long RT distribution in beta for the zero bias events, we see amazing good agreement between data and simulation.
And here we have a distribution of the impact parameter. You see, and we do have some specs but the question, they are just the tracking layers. So we have good performance in data as well.
And here is a more physics ready to start a where we use this key short, we compare the distribution of the key short candidates between data and the Monte Carlo.
Here we have the background the composition, we have the, the simulation, they can categorize into different sources of the tracks for instance, the grin corresponds to the combination between two standard tracks.
Again, we have really good data and simulation agreement. This indicates the efficiencies are quite similar in data and the Monte Carlo even for longer particles, because the, the key shark is our good, a good candidate for nano particle incentive model.
Yeah. So, when it comes to huge applications right because tracking is a very fundamental step, a very fundamental step in the reconstruction, we can expand this work too many many downstream algorithms, such as displays electrons neutrons be tagging
Laundry particle trigger which is being worked on. And also, even some other advanced machine learning techniques. So this yeah we really hope to see more and more applications using this new algorithm for and three.
So as a closing remark, I think the work that we did here show that what was considered as special before many years ago now has gradually becomes the norm that the mainstream.
With this new on our key in the afternoon standard reconstruction, we foresee a very full Irish out. Peace program in the future. And we should start thinking about even more interesting and more challenging signatures in the future.
Yeah, that's it for my site.
Since it is an amazing impressive.
Morgan guys really nice to see this is coming out. So yeah, we have time for a couple of questions so see, please gotta go ahead.
Yeah, I definitely want a second one Carlos and this is, it's, you know, clearly an impressive amount of work that turned out really well for Atlas.
I guess I'm wondering you had this really nice plot of efficiency and fake rate for the run to and run three reconstruction but as shown as a function of vertices.
Um, and I'm wondering if there's additional opportunity for improvement. Now that the displays track reconstruction has, you know, been so much more well optimized.
Is there also room for improvement on the secondary vertex reconstruction algorithm or is the plan just to keep that the same as before.
Oh, I think if I understand your question correctly about the reply on optimizing the DV or second or text algorithm as well.
Sorry, my dogs are very excited about.
Yeah, so yeah, indeed, because the tracking the you know the tracking part of has changed is natural to expect that the vertex Rico part would also be to be written.
And I do believe we have current ongoing efforts, maybe mark right wants to comment on this as well.
Yeah, I took an analysis level, some people that have the original switch that Christian talked about yesterday.
Already are looking into optimizing BSI further analyses. So like in the DHL search that we did, we had to displace to leptons vertices. Basically, and so we took aspects of the existing vs in vs I'm upon and some inspirations from the improvements that
have already been made for the surgeries talking and developed.
The so that we can run at the DOD step.
So there's already some things that are happening like this.
That's awesome.
Yeah, I'm really looking forward to see how that turns out.
Okay, thank you. So, the title is what.
Yeah. Can you hear me.
Yeah. So, just like a CMS has is thinking about, including displays tracking at the very first level of the triggers, so can this large area, large radius tracking be included in the trigger level, I mean at the very first level.
You mean level one trigger. Yes, that I'm not sure that's not my expertise. The only thing I know is at the high level three or level.
Software level, people have tried to implement it turned out really well actually, I think we might have public plus.
I apologize, I did not include them, we should have a public plus on for the trigger performance as well.
It was showing in which CPE by default, level one, I don't think so. But maybe people, the trigger people have thought about it. I don't know.
Okay.
Okay, thank you.
Thank you.
I didn't see any Malays comes, but they have a very quick question. Can you please go to the last slide the the the the last slide before the last one.
Yeah here. So if anybody may have question just for my curiosity. Do you have any particular sample a about this something machine learning some machine learning algorithms application for the, for the theory is just an idea.
Okay, so here I think it's general. Yeah, I mean, for instance, we have yeah let's make have make an analogy right, you know, When we have jet constituents we can work.
For instance, a sub sub structure tiger. Right now we have additional tracks, right, you can think about it as we have additional jet costumes. So there's a lot to do in terms of developing new Tiger or things like that.
Yeah, we have additional ingredients, at the input for protector to for any question any ideas you have, in the, in the concept of landing vertical search.
Okay thanks yeah I understand that's super nice.
So, okay and then see any more questions. Thanks again.
On the, we are moving to our next speaker, scary.
Yep. Okay. Please go ahead.
Okay, so I'll be talking about a study that we did in the context of Snowmass trying to really comprehensively understand. Our group is track triggers and how to optimize them for a wide range of unconventional signatures.
And so the motivation here I think, I think we all know very well.
If you think about a wide range of unconventional long lived signatures tracks are often the most distinctive feature of those events, right.
You can think about heavy stable charged particles where you would have a slowly moving or highly ionizing prompt track which points back to the primary vertex long and particles, the case which gives you displace jets or leptons, and you might explicitly
be looking for a high impact parameter displaced track or a secondary vertex. And then finally for soft and clustered energy patterns or other exotic signatures, you might have large multiplicity of soft contracts.
And in the cases where these, these tracks these enormous tracks are the most distinctive feature of your event.
This becomes an extreme challenge for general purpose detectors at the LSC because Atlas and CMS currently don't have tracking information in the level one the first step of the trigger and often only limited tracking information at the high level trigger
the second stage.
And this picture will change at the high luminosity LHC where both Atlas and CMS are getting new tracking detectors and completely overhauling their trigger schemes, incorporating more tracking earlier stages of the trigger.
And so that brings us to the goal for this study, and it's to determine the best track trigger parameters and the most optimal trigger parameters for the widest range of exotic signatures together.
possible. So, what we do is we use three benchmark models and map this one to four distinct signatures, kind of like what I had on the previous slide.
So this would be a GSB style scenario where, if you look directly at the Long live style for long longer lifetimes, you would have a heavy stable charged particles, for shorter lifetimes you would be looking for displays tracks are displaced leptons from
the displaced out okay.
We also look at a Higgs portal scenario where your exit sticking to a long live scalar which then decays two pairs of fermion, most often displace jets.
And then finally, swept signature where you have a mediator which decays to a large multiplicity of darkness on switch them to care decay two pairs of standard model particles.
And these three models and force industries are really supposed to span the space of all possible track PT impact parameter and track multiplicity scenarios.
So that what we can do is try and identify the track trigger configuration, which cast the widest net, if you will.
And the way that we do this is for each model, we evaluate event level efficiencies for a range of possible track trigger configurations.
This is done at truth level, but we do account for some realistic effects.
For instance, having the displays tracking efficiency decrease as a function of displacement is something that typically happens offline and so we consider a variety of possibilities there.
And it does assume an atlas or CMS style tracker geometry.
You know, paying very close attention to the proposed phase two upgrades.
And so the way that we do this is for each model we consider.
We designed the simplest trigger possible so we say we would like at least, and tracks per event where this could be one track five tracks or high multiplicity in the suitcase.
And then what we do is we define sort of a per track acceptance and efficiency and acceptance is really meant to just capture can discharge particle be reconstructed so is the truth particle charge is it status one, is it within a geometric acceptance,
we have looked at different data.
For instance, like a barrel only a baseline stupidity and then a far forward so rapidity, and then does it traverse have sufficient number of layers informed again by the Atlas and CMS style geometries.
And we are in we also sort of very this number of layers for one of the scenarios to investigate.
You know, different possibilities for geometric acceptance. And then finally the efficiency or track that we consider this mostly focuses on understanding trade offs in the PT and impact parameter plane.
So you might imagine that to go to lower PT you're increasing your competence worse or latency.
And you would have to, you know, make a realistic trade off, and maybe focus only on Prop tracks or vice versa, if you wanted to extend to larger impact parameters you might have to increase your PC threshold.
So we try and probe, you know, reasonable possibilities for a range of these PT and impact parameter ranges. And the idea here is that with all four of these signatures consider all of these possible track trigger configurations considered we map out
the event level efficiencies and can provide that as input to people who are actually designing and optimizing these track triggers, and then hopefully with those results we can make sort of a conclusion about what is the optimal configuration, especially
in terms of this PTSD zero claim.
Ok so moving to the the first signature that I'll talk about this is the heavy stable charged particle signature, where your style is long legs and your trigger that you're considering requires at least one prompt hi PT track prevent.
I think I skipped a slide somewhere. And so, I'm. So starting with the geometric acceptance. This is the scenario where we really investigating burying your ADA and your number of layers per track.
And so you can see sort of as you go from a barrel only to a for forward scenario, the pseudo rapidity range becomes the most important parameter for your geometric acceptance, limiting yourself to barrel only cuts your efficiency by about 50% for all
style masses.
But extending to the far forward region doesn't help you very much and would be extremely challenging from a technical perspective.
And then if you think about reducing the number of layers so trying to probe smaller lifetimes, going from the full tracking detector being required like hits in the full tracking detector being required to loosening the number of hits when they wants
to go into smaller distances, you only really get modest improvements in terms of these intermediate lifetimes. And in fact for the one nanosecond lifetime, it would be more optimal to be looking for displays tracks from the displaced out Ok.
Okay. And then we also consider looking at the transverse momentum and some timing information to see if we could use these as additional handles for the efficiency.
And so these heavy stable charged particle tracks are very high momentum. And so any PT range that we considered had an angle negligible, loss of efficiency, and using a CMS style type of flight layer also proved to be a useful handled to reject background
with high efficiency.
So then coming to the displace leptons, so the same model that the display static a considered a few different possible triggers so at least one or two displays tracks per event.
And the takeaways here are if you vary the track trigger PT threshold or if you extend the t zero range, what ends up happening is that having a larger t zero range as much more impactful than keeping the PT threshold look.
And this has to do basically with the high mass of the one with particle decay the boost of your system and the number of tracks that you have prevent so it's consistent with expectations.
Then we move to the Hicks portal where you have displaced jets from a fairly low mass scalar, and we look at scenarios where you have at least two or at least five displaced tracks per event.
And you can see if we do that same exercise of burying the PT threshold and the impact parameter range what ends up happening is that the PT threshold matters the most.
But you do really want to have some sort of non zero impact parameter range, and again this is consistent with expectations for if you had a low mass, along with particle which is king had chronically.
So you have a higher multiplicity of lower PT tracks.
And then the final signature that we looked into was a super signature where you have a high multiplicity of low PT tracks Berman, which are all prompt.
And so the key features here are the impact. The the PT spectra is quite soft for our mediator masses considered as expected. And what ends up happening is that the most important parameter to consider is the track trigger PG threshold, it's really important
to know as low as possible.
But if that's not possible say you need a PT threshold of two GB, there's some other potential handles you can use such as the event shape, or the sum of charged particle transfers momentum.
So this brings us to the trends. And so you can think about these four scenarios and sort of think about their sensitivity to the threshold of your track trigger and the impact perimeter range.
And this sort of summarizes the trends that I just talked about. So, every stable charged particles are, you know, fairly resistant to any sort of threshold that you would be considering reasonably your high mass electronic LP decays are not sensitive
to PT but are sensitive to impact parameter, low mass had chronic long the particle decays are sensitive to both, whereas students are very sensitive should PT but not sensitive to parameter at all.
And then we can take this information and try and come up with the best recommendation for the track trigger.
In this sort of PT and D zero claim.
So, like I said before going to lower PT means that you need to find some other way to reduce your complexity, whereas going to longer impact parameters, means that you probably need to reduce your PT threshold, or find some other way to reduce complexity.
And so the conclusion that we come up with is what you could do is start with a trap trigger threshold of about when gv for contracts and extend this for our impact grammar as possible as you go to higher PT.
And with this scenario you would be able to cover a wide range of the unconventional signatures that we considered, and still be within realistic constraints for the Harper.
And so those are our conclusions and thanks for having us and I just wanted to flash a picture of the team.
Because it was a really fun project to be working on, and I also really wanted to highlight the, the undergrads who did the bulk of the work, and then all that accepted to graduate school and are all moving on, or have already moved on to, to the next
phase of their work.
Thanks a lot.
Nice to see. So any questions guys see one of them is go ahead.
I think, yeah, I think what about was first, maybe.
Okay.
Thanks for that very nice talk, and maybe at least two but could you please comment on how the displays tracking efficiency, very attached it going strong run into them.
Sorry, could you repeat that how the displays tracking efficiency various attendee will very likable it very big at a charity going from one to two and three and then one for.
Okay, so I think it's easiest to take one experiment as an example. So, an Atlas. There was no displaced in or detector tracking at run to my impression is at run three people are working very hard to see if they could get some amount of displays tracking
and then for the HL SCC.
I think this is you know completely up in the air, people would love to have displays tracking at hlt for, for CMS.
There has always been limited displaced tracking face your face when there was a district setting, but I'm not sure.
Like, it doesn't.
It's like it.
The efficiency is a function of impact. Remember, It's not as it's not as efficient as offline, for instance.
Okay.
Thank you.
Hi Kelly.
I was just wondering whole holistic it could come should try to apply such a trigger based on the, on low PT tax in in perspective of the high pilot that we will have at ha Lucy is something that you consider and your study or just to try to see the sensitivity
that could have with the different models.
Yeah, so, so this was say that was completely done entry level. And we did do some smearing to account for, you know, realistic detector effects and efficiencies.
But being a truth of what we do not consider pilot or backgrounds, because that would completely increase, you know the complexity of the study but we, you know, we've done these analyses and we have a feeling for what those backgrounds will be this picture
that I have here is not that different from what CMS is planning right you might, you would be increasing this minimum threshold for prompt tracks to to gv.
And then, several people in CMS are working on extending your efficiency to larger impact parameters, but this wouldn't necessarily be for higher momentum tracks then the prompt case.
So I do think this is like fairly close to a realistic scenario.
Okay, thank you.
Thank you.
I sorry I felt like
this to be sure. Okay, so a. Yeah, I see no Maurice can so.
Thanks, Gary again.
Let's move on to the next speaker.
I think you said yes.
So, yeah, we can see the slides.
Okay, fantastic.
So today I'll be talking about the CMS and three long of protocol timing trigger.
So building off of the phase one upgrade of the CMS hadron however amateur, there was significant upgrades in this and this is what we're really be using to inform the dedicated one the protocol trigger.
During the upgrade the hundred millimeter barrel section was upgraded to Silicon photo multipliers.
Previously we had hybrid photo diodes, and this upgrade really gives higher efficiency and higher gains, and also gives timing information.
As you can see in this diagram on the lower right hand side here.
Due to the phase one upgrade. We have greatly increased depth segmentation in the Hadron Collider emitter so in the barrel of there are these four players, and in the end cap there's up to seven players.
And in each of those players, we have an individual energy and time a readout.
This tiny readout is actually in half nanosecond steps across our 25 nanosecond bunch of crossing. So it gives us fairly precise higher information.
And it's really this segmentation and timing information that will be using in the month particle trigger. So, this project has been working on implementing a trigger dedicated for long the particles implemented at level one, the hardware level of our
trigger system, primarily relying on color timing and segmentation timing information is really important for long the particles as we've seen in previous talks, but also to highlight here is that we have delayed hits, due to the past links difference
by one particle so in the diagram on the lower right hand side here you can see that due to the, this is a Higgs too long the particle to institute long protocol to for be.
You can see that due to the difference, and due to the potential slow velocity of the long with particle that will all contribute to that arriving at the perimeter at a delayed time.
In addition, you can imagine a depth signature.
If the longest critical decays within the calendar emitter volume. We expect significant energy in the color mentor layers. Well there's little energy in the early layers.
So these are the two signatures that will be relying on level one.
In terms of the HKL along with critical trigger.
We can see that the interest the age how long the Critical trigger the new longer critical triggers using this HDL timing in depth information really expand our physics speech and run free.
So we rely on the combination of the level one timing signature, and the level one depth signature as I highlighted on the previous slide.
These level ones are now used to see new high level trigger pounds. following the existing run three displays Japan's.
This display strap has have already been demonstrated to be very effective in run two.
And we're already improved upon them three.
So we're sort of using the same structure, but seating with these dedicated level one triggers the status is that the trigger has been included in the level one menu, and it's now included in the high level trigger version two.
And we're preparing to permission to trigger pathway in 900 GV collisions. We do see, level one displace jet that fires in the initial questions, here's a link to some slides and I'll show a quick part of that later on.
In addition, we aim to use satellite collisions.
As a physical source of delayed time vertices, for a reference. This is sort of similar to what was done through each over each trigger in Atlas.
So like to highlight some of the high level trigger efficiency gains that we have.
And really the shows that the new long the Critical Trigger expands the suite of CMS along with critical triggers quite effectively.
So the new longer practical level one seed has lowered each team.
Then, some of the other local one seeds. And this really becomes most effective above about above long political seat How about point three meters.
Aside from the heavy flavor tagging, which requires a new one so this really emphasizes that we have complimentary contributions from all of these different high level triggers.
As you can see in this next part made by Junior. I'm the new displace jet with the new dedicated level one long particle seed is shown in green here and you can see that that really does take over and become quite effective as the CTO increases, both
in the lower mass and the higher mass cases shown in the plots here, and also like to highlight this table of integrated luminosity games, comparing the new triggers to the existing triggers.
And this really shows that the dedicated level one seated high level triggers perform well at low mass and high C towel, giving quite significant integrated luminosity gains in both of those places.
So overall, this shows that the new trigger really does really bring some complimentary contributions bringing us to a stronger suite of practical triggers that will be running in run free and offer some specifics on the level one trigger.
Just to show where this trigger really performed well and where we have the most efficiency.
I'd like to highlight the displacement, the efficiency plots, on the left hand side here, starting at the highest one. This is the delay inkjet displacement efficiency versus long with political displacement and really see that at level one were able
maintain efficiencies for longer critical decays before and throughout the color perimeter volume DHKL extends up to six meters if you start to look at the furthest extent from the interaction point.
And that's why we really see that we do have efficiencies, all the way through six meters, starting around half a meter or so.
And then we can move down to the lower plot, looking at the link jet efficiency versus jet energy.
And we see that drive efficiencies significantly increase above, 40 GZ, which motivates the choice of our jet energy threshold for the lowest level one seed.
So in the number one seeds that have been implemented, we have lowest one requires that there is a delayed jet, meaning that it's flagged with these timing or depth variables that I mentioned earlier, and that jet energy would be over 40 gV, as well as
the level one each T is over 120 gV.
level one ht is over 120 GV. And then we can certainly increase both of those energy requirements to have more restrictive or more restrictive level one sees.
And I'd like to highlight again the integrated them and also the table here shown for the level one trigger.
So, this is really done by comparing to a flat ht threshold of either 360 or 420. Compare that to the dedicated long of political trigger requiring a delayed jet and lower ht thresholds.
So you can see that for this low mass point. Simply comparing to a flight at threshold of 360 GV, which has been used in the past as a level one scene.
We do have a significant integrate with the raw city gain factor of over three. And this is really contributed to by the fact that with the restrictive level one trigger, we are able to lower the HTC thresholds quite significantly, and therefore gain
quite a bit of integrated luminosity. So you can see that this table shows for a wide range of hits masses and critical masses and see tell values that we perform quite well particularly again at those bonuses and high CTR values.
And if you look at the integrated the Gnostic games comparing with the level one to the high level trigger, you see that they are fairly similar really showing that the efficiency we gain at level one has been a pass through to the high level trigger.
So moving on in terms of the trigger implementation.
This these new scenes have been included in level one menu and have been seen to fire in some of the initial that history gv collisions data is showing here.
So we've added a number of new bits in the level one venue. And you can see this is one of our lowest threshold ones you can see that one is firing at level one we have ht requirements from around 122 200 GDP.
Given that you're acquiring a single digit.
There's also the option to require to delay jets and in that case there's no he requirement.
Moving on to the high level trigger. We have been included in the most recent high level trigger menu in version two, as I just mentioned, there is a significant increase in all of critical games with acceptable added rate.
And this really complements the existing displace jet triggers. By increasing sensitivity to largest detail and lower ht so ihlt, we don't, we have lowered the ht requirements by 230 GV, relative to the existing delay jet triggers again really trying
to just push that down. In order to access more of the LP face space and were able to do so because we have this restrictive a whole one trigger.
And this trigger really relies on the HL timing information as I emphasize that the beginning from the phase one upgrade. And since this timing information has not used in level one trigger system before there's been a fair amount of work on the commissioning
and ensuring that we're getting accurate and precise timing information.
So these plots are showing the sort of a narrow range of times, given by the CDC values, versus the energy ratios, so you can sort of do like energy in times like 13 templates for over the some of them to time in the pulse.
And this nice linear relationship really shows that time, time alignment of the detector using this new TDC information is equivalent to the previous method which was a DC pulse shape information.
So the, we see that there's this whole shape timing correlation and that really shows that both of these methods give precise and correlated timing information.
So this gives further confidence that the timing information that we're relying on at the HL is working as expected and is as precise as we need it to be, to rely on for this trigger for the full time employment will be using similar scans and 900 gV
positions, just in order to align the entire detector and make sure that these timing measurements that we're relying on to determine our delayed signals are accurate.
Almost, and I'd like to give a timeline, showing what has been completed and where we're going with this.
So in terms of what's been completed, the HQ firmware has been completed all the needed emulators have been completed and tested, and the trigger has been included in both the level one, and the high level trigger menus.
In Progress are some ongoing firmware tests and upcoming is that timeline with that I just mentioned, and a full test of the trigger Parkway.
And again the satellite collisions, we aim to use that for monitoring the trigger since that provides a physical source of displaced collisions.
So giving an outlook and I would have reached the end of the presentation.
As we all know, along with protocols are really exciting avenue to search for beyond standard model of physics, and it's really vital to have triggers that are sensitive to these unique to case.
So this new trigger that will be running in run free.
It will be implemented at level one, the hardware level of the trigger system is really able to probe low ht Face Face by utilizing the each call timing and depth information.
This level one trigger provides a delayed object, and we see that being relevant to many long with critical signals. So we really see this as a flexible trigger that is still a jet, that's provided could be combined with another point of view, depending
on exactly what final state is being looked at.
I also like to highlight that the trigger makes use of the programmable firmware, which is really vital in the design of new triggers such as this and allowing us to be flexible.
So overall, there's been significant progress on all needed firmware and emulators and this trigger will be up and running in run three, so looking forward to the data that we get from that.
That's what I have for today. So thank you for the opportunity. Second here and happy to discuss and taking the questions.
Thank you.
So I see when questions come back, please go ahead.
Hi. I have a couple of math questions so what is achievable ethical timing resolution. Yeah.
Yeah, so the HK is a little bit of information in the background.
So, Basically we have the silicon put the multipliers. And then when those are processed through this dedicated check that we have. That gives us 50 time bins within our 25 nanoseconds.
So that means that we have the timing information in half nanosecond stuffs.
So this is fairly precise timing information, given that we have those 50 times since we really define for ranges, we define a prompt range, a slightly delayed range, a very delayed range.
And then the fourth code really just encapsulates invalid pulses. So we just take those 50 time bins and then chop it up into three ranges, and those slightly delayed and very delayed ranges are used to inform the timing trigger.
Okay, another question like, why not use equal time, like what is the motivation behind using exhale.
Because, and yeah so I've been primarily focusing on the age confirmation really just looking at given that we've upgraded the detector to Silicon for the multipliers.
What is the best that we can do at the level one trigger sense we went to the effort to upgrade that, and there is significant work also on the Ico and we've been having some discussions about how to think you can use combination of that at the high level
trigger etc.
So definitely both, both are in progress.
Okay, thank you.
Thanks a lot
for you.
So I see another question the mud, is go ahead.
Um, since you're assuming that the essentially in the construction of this trigger that the, the object that you're looking at is running a little slow so at least it's not highly boosted.
Its decay products might also fan out rather widely as they, as they move from the decay point.
Is that something you can potentially use.
Yeah, so you. So, in this example decay of a lot of critical to be quirkiness example, if the, if there's a significant opening angle between the longer protocol and the work that simple geometric passing difference will contribute to the delayed time
time that we see arriving at the perimeter.
I'm asking slightly different questions Sorry to interrupt Okay, so let's, let's take your LLP and instead let's just run it a little bit slowly because because it's got, you know, it's, it's produced with a beta less than, less than one.
So it arrives little late or its angles a little funny, but that means also the angles of its decay products are also little funny.
For example like added decay actually just before the age cow it's going to spread out and fam, and not look like a regular chat.
Okay. Okay, so you sort of saying if we had this long critical psycho more directly to the calorie matter, and then decay but have sort of a wide angle like a wide angle so you have a lot of cells eliminated with that.
Right, in an unusual pattern, somewhat unusual means yes it depends on detailed it.
Okay. Yeah, so it's a we haven't particularly focused on shower shape here really we're looking within the nine by nine region of a jet.
We're looking for multiple towers that are either flagged with the time that delayed timing information, or that are flagged with the depth information.
So, if that decay happened within those, then that sort of nine by nine region we'd be able to encapsulate it. We don't have, we don't currently have anything that's very particular to a unusual shower shape I would say, was very least, it might be something
that hlt already uses but but if it doesn't, maybe that's an additional handle.
Yeah, that's a really good point. Thank you.
Thank you.
Okay, I didn't see any more concise. So, once again, on the list move on to the last speaker who is Marco.
Hello, can you hear me. Yep.
All right, let me share my screen then.
Yeah. Anyway, let me say something like, really, the other so if you have any questions, don't hesitate to just raise your hand in the middle the dog.
So, this can pile up for the end of the for the questions
at the end of the top.
Okay, so we can see this nice, everything is on hold on. All right, first of all, I would like to say that this talk doesn't really fit that well into this session and that's my fault.
And I would like to just say thanks for the organizers to deflect to the flexibility of rescheduling my talk. So, and I hope that I can get some of the people in this session excited about astrophysics too because it's related to a lot of particles.
Alright so this talk is about White Wolf willing which is one thing that has been named as a motivator for the potential motivation for the existence of longer particles.
There is an anomaly here the cooling anomaly and what we investigated is whether or not this can be explained within the standard model so whether we can get rid of this motivation for longer particles.
All right, but let's start from the beginning.
So, stellar evolution is a probe of new physics stars are probably physics. Yes, a tree of the illusion of stars of different kind. So, and then there's present talk I mainly interested here in the final stage in the of the evolution of the star that
is similar to the sun, namely the stage where the stars become a white dwarf and then it slowly cools down to wear that off. So at this stage to start doesn't have any fuel left see at the end of its life and it just gradually cools down.
I've been in the beginning it's too hot, you can see it, like here there is a picture of a real white glove with arrow points, and then it will become invisible at some point because of the cooling and then it doesn't shine anymore.
And this cooling the different processes that could contribute to this cooling from white to black.
And, well, the emission of certain longer particles such as x Jones has been named as one possible contributor to this coding. Okay.
Good. So when I talk about cooling one should first specify what observable I'll be talking about So, since this cooling takes very long it's very difficult to direct you observe the cooling of the white loft.
So there are basically two methods so two possible observable that we can look at one of them is the so called White.
White one water music luminosity function. So that's the distribution of, number, number of white gloves that we see as a function of their brightness and as they come down the summer move along this curve.
So that tells us something about the cooling but only at the relation level. We can also learn something about the cooling off white dwarfs by looking at individual object if they're pulsating because the position of white gloves this link to their office
presenting white roses linked to them and also to the most famous example is this object here, and I give you some basic parameters of this object, this, this white dwarf here, its temperature and it sends it to you because these are the numbers that
it was for the numerical examples data, the top.
the numerical examples data, the talk. Good. So that's the observation. What about the theory. So in theory, there are many different processes that can contribute to the energy loss of such white dwarfs to their cooling, and which one of them dominates,
is usually displayed in the two dimensional plane. So here on the x axis we have the density on on the y axis we have the temperature of the plasma off the inside of these white dwarfs okay.
There are many different processes that can contribute here the only the most important ones name. One of them is the plasma process of the plasma decay, and the other one is food permission from the surface.
The rest is not so important for this talk. What I do want to say is that this is a two dimensional representation, but what we looked into is how can magnetic fields, change this picture so we're sort of adding a third access to this plot.
We're not the first people who did this so we are using a lot of results from the literature for this analysis but we looked into it specifically with a bet with recruiting anomaly in mind.
Alright so what's this cooling anomaly. Well, putting anomaly simply means that several stars, for example, the one that I just talked about this G 117 be 15 a quicker than expected and this has been seen as the him for the existence of excellent like
light particles also that have been emitted from the interior of these particles and then can freely travel outside just like neutrinos can.
Alright so this is an overview taken from this paper here of different anomalies can see.
All right.
And now about magnetic fields how the magnetic fields, effect potentially affect this cooling so once again I repeat, we are trying to explain this anomaly without new particles so I met along the particle workshop, but this is kind of the no longer particular
talk so I'm trying to convince you that no longer particular this year.
What let's see about that. Okay, so how can magnetic fields potentially modify this while they can modify the plasma process which is the decay of a photon into neutrinos, you might raise your hand and say that's impossible.
This process but it's possible inside the plasma because of the from him off at the photon picks up.
But this process is also possibly without it only requires the presence of the plasma to give an assignment must.
It can enable new processes, for example this synchrotron emission of, he knows from electrons which is only possible in the presence of the fields, and also the decay of the defect can contribute to the heating of the star, instead of pulling.
So let's start with the plasma process so this process photons decaying neutrinos is only possible inside a dense medium.
Due to the complicated dispersion relations that feed you photons have in a medium, the quantitative just good Christian is a bit complicated, but the scale that you should keep in mind here is the so called plasma frequency so the plasma frequency here,
expressed in terms of the electron density and the electron mass in the typical white dwarf is something in the KV ranch. Okay, then.
This is strongly affected by the electron density and the electron density is affected by the magnetic field because magnetic field forces the electrons to be on London levels.
Alright so the second for you, quantity that comes into play here is this frequency ami Gabi which is related to this site.
Psycho frequency and the magnetic field, and that forces the electrons to go under levels and this is just a standard formula for London levels, if you have seen it before it might remind you of something, all other effects are sub dominant.
So let's look into let's see how this can modify the mission, but emissivity of a white dwarf. So on the x axis so this is a white dwarf of a given the density plasma given density with the x axis being the temperature.
And here, these different curves they show you, various different emission processes that are classified according to how the photon is polarized which angle that has respective for the magnetic field and whatsoever.
Never mind the details but it's important is the dotted curve is without magnetic fields and the solid curve is with magnetic field so you see the magnetic field can really make a difference, but only happens at the relatively large temperature regime,
but other processes dominate.
One of these other processes, is this synchrotron radiation so this channel that is shown. Yes, electron system meeting neutrinos in the presence of field.
The efficiency of this process generally grows so this is the x axis, this time so a lot of the be fed here's the emissivity team grows with a magnetic field under some point when the magnetic field becomes so strong that the next level that is needed
for this condition becomes unacceptable. But we are always in this position with white gloves we never see this cut off.
So let's see. Well, at least not for the realistic parameters that we looked at.
So let's see how these different processes compared with each other. So here on the left hand side, this is basically the main plot of this talk on the x axis you see temperature on the y axis you see the emissivity per centimeter square cube again and
per second for given five o'clock density and again dotted lines.
These different lines gives you the, so here the different lines gives you the emissivity for different values of the magnetic fields. And here you see that for very large fields, the blue cuffs, you can be enhanced by a lot so the.
So the depending on the magnetic field the synchrotron emission can be dominant or sub dominant compared to the green line which is just surface for the mission for today mission from the surface by the blue crabs and you know emotion from the cough that.
What that tells us that we can tune up the emissivity of the white dwarf and therefore it's cooling rate considerably by having the fields. However, the beef fields that we need for that are quite large.
So this is the effect that one would need to.
If one aims at solving the anomaly. That's a really large effect and it's difficult to imagine astrophysical mechanism that generates this. So then we were a bit disappointed we said okay, we can principles of the cooling anomaly but we need really large
magnetic fields that
that I've quite hard to justify to us the physicists have been controlling the argument around and say well the normal observation of an even stronger anomaly imposes an upper bound on the internal magnetic field of weight loss which is a new advanced
we basically discovered a new way of probing the interior of astrophysical systems.
All right.
One thing that I should mention here is that what I have sort of wiped under the carpet is that, so far we have treated these magnetic fields are stable but in reality these magnetic fields with decay.
Let's do a quick estimates if you fear density energy density for the fear this, this one year, assuming that a decay is exponentially then the loss of energy here would give you the rate of heating, assuming some decay time of let's say 100 billion yes
which people claim this realistic, we find that the heating, through this process would be larger than the additional cooling due to synchrotron radiation so you would heat the wipe off instead of cooling it.
Well, that imposes and even strict up on the upper upper bound on the beaches, which is nice from an astrophysics viewpoint. But bear in mind that this is based on this very rough estimate your cooling time so it's not clear that this estimate actually
applies in some sense the synchrotron radiation calculation is more robust because it doesn't depend on this for you know an external parameters.
All right, I think I'm running out of time, but let me summarize here so magnetic fields can affect the fooling of white dwarfs. And interestingly, they could, in principle, explain this anomaly and therefore do away with a need for having any new particles
new particles. In particular, out longer particles, but it requires very large magnetic fields, so don't worry the motivation to search for apps is not taken away by this because the magnetic fields that we need are gigantic in the lodge and one would
have to convince astrophysicists that there are actually such magnetic fields in the white dwarf.
to convince astrophysicists that there are actually such magnetic fields in the white dwarf. On the other hand, the non observation of even louder anomalies allowed us to impose the new upper bound or the magnetic fields inside the white dwarf which means that even if we cannot expand the cooling anomaly, and to keep the objects and explanation
of life.
We can be found that the general mission can be a nice diagnostic tool for the internal structure of weight loss.
Okay, thank you very much for your attention, everybody.
Say hello.
So I see a question here from Michael Please go ahead. Yeah, thank you. It's very interesting but this process of, he goes to the new new bar.
Is that a fireman diagrams that is info info virtual said, Is that how you see it as a fireman diagram that we think about the family, so it's basically scattering of the magnetic field I'm just wondering whether it's charged for a new car and I think
think it says that I think it's as that but I don't have today. I should look, I guess, I guess so yeah so. All right, thank you.
Anything to to to be so I had a quick question.
Hi, it's a beginning of the slides you said that some whitewash schools but the others don't.
But some vital of school faster than the adults that can put it this way yeah well.
Okay so, whoops.
I should make a disclaimer Yeah, I'm not an expert on the astrophysical side so the, what I should also add pay for support for property in the beginning, which is unrelated to your question is that this work was done in collaboration with these people.
And these people in particular gentlemen Eduardo are the people that did most of the work that I presented so I should I should say that astrophysicist
connecting to your question, the most astrophysics knowledgeable person and our collaboration is the lotto would probably be in a better position to answer your question than I am.
But let me try. So, these, they are very different. So these are red giants. This is the pulsating white dwarf This is the overall distribution of different white dwarf so I suspect that these all have different systematic error bars, right, because they're
all very different environments in which people are looking, but what is quite funny is that the, this delta Ll which they actually access this on the same, they're all on the same side, you don't mean that none of them sits on this side.
Now I'm not sure how selective people wrote this summary paper here, collected these data sets. But if you look at it, there don't seem to be any anomalies in the other direction you see it I mean.
So to me, I don't know if that answers your question but it shows that overall there seems to be some tendency into this direction with, which is more or less pronounced for different systems that you can look at it again this comes with the disclaimer
that I'm not an expert on the underlying astrophysics and data sets.
Thank you very much.
Okay, thank you. last question Simon.
Oh yeah sorry so maybe I'm a miscellaneous understand but like can you elaborate how you get the photons the Gator neutrinos, I understand the sort of dispersion relation stuff but like, it tends not to neutrinos right so do you need some sort of mammals
dipole moment or some sort or like, how does it work.
It's
I should have drawn to fame and diagrams here. So, it goes to the weekend action. So there's after.
Yeah, receptor on something and organs your hardest class one process. I'm going to take.
Let me get back to you. You bought that in a few minutes to both of these family I put both of these diagrams here okay. Sorry I can't I can't grow the diagram now because it talks to you we took the rate for this process from the famous paper by bottom but
I have to look at the diagram.
Yeah, sorry about that. Maybe in this in this conversation to the matter most.
Yes. Absolutely.