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decision.

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cvazquez: i'm going to start now is syncing data we.

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cvazquez: Have.

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cvazquez: You know let's carry on, so in this first session is going to be one this procession research second session of the day is going to be able to give some tracking.

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cvazquez: If before starting, I want to announce that we have to do a little schedule of the agenda, so it is going to start first, then in them carry Julian and mark is going to give a talk at the end of the session so we, I think a lot of you connected.

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yeah.

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Prabhat Solanki: yep.

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cvazquez: The money well so stop sharing.

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cvazquez: Please, so those lights and you have to us means.

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Prabhat Solanki: Yes, thank you.

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Prabhat Solanki: Let me share my screen.

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Prabhat Solanki: Can you see my screen.

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cvazquez: yep.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, get visible.

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cvazquez: Yes, please what.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay okay so hi everybody, my name is matt and today i'm going to talk about dedicated admin triggers for display states coming from llp using time information from excel at alamo city llc.

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Prabhat Solanki: So so out of the some of the challenges we are facing in regards to me searches triggering is still remains i'm a major one, as it was rightly pointed out by Brian is talk.

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Prabhat Solanki: So triggered SEC used in any searches during run been and run to are not specifically designed for llp, so we are actually missing those.

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Prabhat Solanki: reality looks at the very first stage of the analysis so try to point out one thing that in this paper we are mainly focused on cms detector so analysis is done, keeping in mind cms geometry and future rates.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, so thanks to major upgrades at LSE they will have a timing and display stagnate album which we can effectively use to build a dedicated admin cheaters.

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Prabhat Solanki: But at high density lsc will have huge amount of piety, so we need to be very careful by selecting physics objects to trigger on.

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Prabhat Solanki: For example, for time based triggers, we need to find the best possible timing construct to cover several other essentials also we need to ponder about.

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Prabhat Solanki: These points so that, how can, how can we make full use of timing and can combine the specific information from me decontaminate so that they both complement each other.

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Prabhat Solanki: And how will trigger efficiency of these triggers waiting for like different scenarios, keeping in mind that background race is under permissible limit.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, so this history is completely signature based where we look for this place checks, so we have considered three llp scenarios in scenario a nice come from the game.

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Prabhat Solanki: He picks for the decay to two boxes now this night is experimentally motivated because it lets us study coupling of new physics particles to hicks.

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Prabhat Solanki: My example of one such model we are 60 case to lps the dark matter model where with the night frenetic games and the light is kilometer so in this scenario we study and it matches in rage.

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Prabhat Solanki: With the killing, ranging from one centimeter for scenarios B and C we study llp spear produced in a condition such employees can arise and are me susie.

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Prabhat Solanki: In scenario we have an SDK to to Cox while listening to see we have three sets coming from the Channel in the state for scenario BSE we study the masses in range hundred to five he went from one to 500.

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Prabhat Solanki: So this is just a schematic for the just just to show that for scenario a, we will have less electronic activity corroding he does it with less boost so they will be much harder to trigger on when compared to scenario dnc where we will have high quality checks and I checked multiplicity.

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Prabhat Solanki: OK, so now background and simulation, so we will mainly have to measure background services just from your city and the subjects compiler.

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Prabhat Solanki: Are these jets will be prompted produced, but some loopy teachers can populate the lower end object and institution also.

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Prabhat Solanki: One thing, also to note here that presents have several elements inside checks, like a short land Omega these can also lead to hijack timing.

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Prabhat Solanki: So in this distribution on the left, I have shown the JET multiplicity info pilots interviews just to just to like show on the file objects, we will have an event at LSE so at 200 pilot, as you can see, we will have around 30 pilot jets minimum of jets at 200 pilot will be around 30.

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Prabhat Solanki: And these checks will be even a BT 2020 and so also for also there will be an unwanted contamination from pilots insights legit So these are two major background.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, so simulation part so signal and diagrams what what generated using the API we generated tcg events in several meetings and stitch them.

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Prabhat Solanki: And dentists was actually use for the super detector simulation so in our study we are, we are talking about everyone triggers.

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Prabhat Solanki: calculating background rate accurately very chill so we followed this recipe for calculating Babylon rate, which is using the method described in this paper by colonization so wait for each event.

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Prabhat Solanki: Using this method was calculated in terms of rate, so we have actually fixed.

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Prabhat Solanki: fixed the trigger threshold for such nothing triggers special certain that the rate of displaced, it does it doesn't do 30.

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Prabhat Solanki: kilobytes So if you want to look at more technical details and how do they reach at his home they can actually have an interest paper, so this analysis is actually one of its kind of phenomenal logical study, where the rate calculation is done in such a way.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, so do to use amount of pilot at LSE the timing of single will be contaminated by the anointed by the Energy deposits, he came as a good idea.

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Prabhat Solanki: So on the left, I have shown the energy rated timing of signatures from here with nlp of mass 30 genealogical engineer centimeter dish all for for pilot scenarios now this time was calculated using just different hours, and it was calibrated to the aspect of origin.

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Prabhat Solanki: As you can see from this plot as pilot increases the tail of distribution gets shorter and shorter, so the checks, which had heightening To begin with, in La have some smaller and smaller tiny babies you to the huge pile of continuation.

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Prabhat Solanki: Now this file a patent munition can be somewhat reduced if we use the general idea, given that the left, these are contained in that a smaller area, so in the process on the top right.

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Prabhat Solanki: Say i'm in the process of the top right here shown how did you see full size from point four 2.2 affects the ability of US each X.

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Prabhat Solanki: y and let me check elevators are less affected meaning, most of the electronic activity of nlp jets can be contained in a smaller area which motivates the use of negligence.

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Prabhat Solanki: So on the bottom right, we have shown the effect of different sizes on timing and we can see the number details on energetics so from now onwards we will be talking about our article to find features.

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Prabhat Solanki: so next time to discuss the effect of solution and what gives some of the city jack's that high time so timing of the jets will be dominated by these brought in to blame so spread of practices in the DEMO as well as a special direction, in effect, how the time distribution of usage.

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Prabhat Solanki: So as as shown in these two top left plot, we will have got a distribution in timing you to do is participate, now we can have some spurious spurious chats with heightening coming from the presence of similarities inside visitors, as you can see, as you can see from this plot.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, now we can solution, so he can turn invisible nation will also have any.

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Prabhat Solanki: will also have huge effect on jet timing and it will degrade as we collect more and more that our time so on the bottom right, I have shown.

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Prabhat Solanki: To resolution scenarios when, during this sort of a jealousy and when, at the end of exodus so at a decal resolution corresponding to 40 500% per month.

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Prabhat Solanki: We will hardly hardly be able to distinguish between pregnancy so signal efficiency will definitely take our major hit to keep the rate under control.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, so we constructed the.

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Prabhat Solanki: We can accelerate any variables and offer them selected a couple of them, which were more efficient and by the system.

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Prabhat Solanki: Without this variable is energy waited meantime which I explained before and the other one is calculated the magnetic line calibrated timing of the Tower with this energy for five most energetic hits and taking the me.

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Prabhat Solanki: We also calibrated he get our time with primary vertex as well as Jeff vertex but we didn't see much of a difference compared to calculation than in respect to the origin, so we went ahead with the calibration with respect to the origin.

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Prabhat Solanki: So when the bottom for clots we have shown on trees and background rate as a function of timing and media objects now either both the variables, who are on par with each other for Heidi given second one works better, for your documents, especially for scenarios dnc.

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Prabhat Solanki: So we can keep her from the plot on the on the on the left the plot on the left, we can see that we can keep rate around 30 kilo hertz if you select a 4k TV chat with that energy wasted time determine our second so Similarly, we can put pressure on the, on the other, variable as well.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, so these are the.

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Prabhat Solanki: So these are the signal efficiency metrics for nlp scenario a for for the timing variables now this signal efficiencies are calculating the keeping in mind that technology doesn't exceed that introverts we can get almost 20% efficiency for an employee of mass.

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Prabhat Solanki: Sorry sorry 2030 so we get we can get a future for our 20% for you have mastered each individual enter and exit interview.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, so these are upper limits on expansion, for some of the most sensitive benchmark points from the previous clicks and one thing to note here is that these the actual sfo sections with our timing based triggers they assume the observation of 52nd event Center.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay.

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Prabhat Solanki: So, similarly, these are the efficiency rates for some next Saturday scenario be, and here we can get almost 40% efficiency for for me of masculinity gene, they can handle centimeter.

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Prabhat Solanki: Similarly.

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Prabhat Solanki: The upper limit on the cross section for some of the sensitive benchmark points assuming the observation or 50 signal demons determine.

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Prabhat Solanki: swear if a similar scenario see.

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Prabhat Solanki: Sorry yeah so here like So here we talked about how can be like improve the performance and I also want to discuss the importance of the early ones.

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Prabhat Solanki: At LSE so in the top two plots we have compared how background Rachel very active duty luminosity of 303,000 most.

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Prabhat Solanki: damning variables so for 40 chitty chat with energy to timing greater than 0.75 nanosecond.

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Prabhat Solanki: rate at 321 will be around 30 kilobytes which will increase up to 2000 kilohertz at 3000 you know step one, so we would require much stricter cuts to keep the background rate under control.

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Prabhat Solanki: which will see here the effect a single efficiency on the tape on the table on the right.

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Prabhat Solanki: We have single efficiencies calculated at the 371 for some of the benchmark points.

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Prabhat Solanki: In orange we have single efficiencies corresponding to integrate eliminate 60,000 euros from tomorrow, so we can see a slide determination in the single efficiencies going.

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Prabhat Solanki: into 2004 on benchmark points, even after compensating for the inquisitor luminosity so point to be noted here is that unbeaten set actual msc might be beneficial for me, such as compared to that runs at a later stage of security.

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Prabhat Solanki: And the bottom section, we have we have shown how a logical or trigger constructed with timing in the display strikes information can cover both know as well as high detail and 70.

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Prabhat Solanki: Bottom left pro show the rates was a sticker for to timing variables, we are, we require a certain amount of display strikes inside a jet.

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Prabhat Solanki: So specifically require at least see display section section to control background rate.

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Prabhat Solanki: So on the table on the right, we have shown the senior efficiencies for this trigger in order entry or smell efficiencies from bigger constructed using just an information, as you can see, there is a several fold increase.

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Prabhat Solanki: In the single efficiency for llp benchmarks for its modern dance.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, so this is myself somebody so at nsc high pilot will definitely have some adverse adverse effect on binding the spacex now this effect can be mitigated somewhat by considering smaller concise.

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Prabhat Solanki: timings relation with definitely very important role, so we actually find to efficient variables that can be used at everyone for concerning timing project.

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Prabhat Solanki: And in this in this specific analysis, we have actually calculated the background it accurately using this teaching method.

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Prabhat Solanki: Now he also calculate a single efficiencies for theoretically scenarios, with different mass and physical and also we showed how.

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Prabhat Solanki: These triggers will work best during the initial rounds of jealousy also the performance of the time we sit as it can be improved, improved the vertical or trigger by today that is specific information we are both of the document each.

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Prabhat Solanki: case study actually look at this.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay, thank you.

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cvazquez: very nice to have interesting work, so we have.

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cvazquez: time for one last question have.

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cvazquez: Two quick questions, so I see a movie at the.

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cvazquez: Whisky please.

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Juliette Alimena: hey thanks for the shock um I was wondering which i'm detector card you assumed it in in delphia and if you mean atlas or cms or or a toy detector.

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Prabhat Solanki: It was a piece to detect a diner for seniors.

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Juliette Alimena: Okay.

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Juliette Alimena: Great do you think it could also work with atlas.

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Prabhat Solanki: If not try, but it might.

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Juliette Alimena: Okay, great Thank you.

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cvazquez: Any other questions.

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cvazquez: Please raise your hand.

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cvazquez: Okay, I see none so.

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cvazquez: Thanks a lot again.

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Prabhat Solanki: Thank you.

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cvazquez: let's move on to the next speaker.

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cvazquez: Yes.

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cvazquez: yep so I see you have any slides so.

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Bing: i'll try to make it full screen.

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Okay.

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Bing: Is it clear now.

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cvazquez: Is it working them okay so.

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cvazquez: yeah Please go ahead.

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Bing: Alright cool yeah thanks for this opportunity i'd like to talk about the new atlas large previous tracking four and three.

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Bing: And these targets given on behalf of the collaboration and the particular the large radius tracking optimization team for three.

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Bing: yeah I think to this in this Community I don't have to see too much about why they need special algorithm for longer particles.

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Bing: Because you know the traditional reconstruction algorithm or not so Christian for long particles virtuous he, otherwise we have a lot of such special.

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Bing: algorithms and this large religious tracking algorithm is one of them, and it just a brief introduction to how the works so it's an additional tracking duration, on top of the standard tracking.

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Bing: So when we have, for instance, here in the sketch right and we have a lot of his new detector first we run.

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Bing: Through the We run the standard tracking algorithm which gives us a bunch of tracks, you know.

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Bing: Most most of the time, the our origin, the from the interaction point, and these are the common prompt tracks.

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Bing: And then we have some left over hits that are not used by the standard tracking and the large redistricting algorithm takes all those left or hits to run a new track integration.

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Bing: With re optimized tracking selections and algorithms in, in particular, for instance, the the zero and zero Max cut is changed or losing signal to the compared with the standard tracking.

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Bing: So yeah then we, on top of the standard tracking we have this new tracking division that gives us this so called long large radius tracks that can be used by longer protocol analysis.

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Bing: In run to it was proven to be very successful, we have a public out on the large reconstruction algorithm itself and the many longer particle searches around to it was applied.

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Bing: So.

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Bing: In foreign three in the past two years, and actually certain more or maybe three to four years.

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Bing: We did an extensive overhaul of the large really tracking algorithm to make it more efficient for ran three and also ram to reprocess data.

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Bing: So here in this diagram, we can see a general atlas chucky iteration starting from space point formation sit finding tech finding ambiguity solving and prt extension.

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Bing: pretty much or all the others are all the tracking iterations use the steps in our borehole we did many.

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Bing: were many like steps to optimize the performance right, for instance, we tune the cuts applied in the seed funding track funny and ambiguity solving sections.

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Bing: and also in the seed funding, which basically a very, which is very upstream step we tried and implemented some new algorithms and the logics to make sure the.

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Bing: Fake tracks can be eliminated, at the very early stage of the tracking reconstruction, so all these steps or all these improvements resulted in large reduced figure it and.

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Bing: Still wellman and simply efficiency so here in this slide we have.

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Bing: tracking efficiency for the the tracking reconstruction efficiency for a hydroponic decaying environment where we have here a haystack is too long the steelers and both skaters dedicated to four P quarks here on we use match technical efficiency to measure it.

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Bing: Because the displaced tracks may not come from the origin, so and the architecture is designed to cover the particles from the origin, so we make sure.

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Bing: That this place tracks are considered here, consider the here are visiting this specifically for the region so there'll be on the equal footing.

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Bing: Here you see when the production radius is around 30 centimeter the combined efficiency is around is about 60% in the majority comes from the large areas tracking.

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Bing: And next slide we have a similar study for down for our electronic environment where we have a have a neutral upon the kids to.

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Bing: laptops and neutrinos here, you see again the efficiency, the company efficiency is around or about 60%, so this is slightly smaller compared with what we had for the rental version.

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Bing: But the fixed rate is reduced greatly in this new version here if we check the number of tracks as a function of menu.

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Bing: For those standard tracking hours and large really striking algorithms in this Tiki bar event, you see the number of large reuse tracks is only is like 10 times fewer than the Center tracks, so this would consider this is considered as a background, as you know.

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Bing: In similar model we don't have real longer particles, so this is a good representative of the total amount of background we expect for large reads tracking.

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Bing: But I want to point out here that in this walk skill, we see a linear trend for the long large radius tracks, that means we have a strong dependence.

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Bing: With the the power up, so this is something we need to keep an eye on for the future as, especially for the high looming update.

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Bing: So this results in a very reduced.

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Bing: figure it down even downstream right for a lot of particle surgeries a lot of the analysis use special algorithm such as this second vertex reconstruction algorithm You can check the public here.

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Bing: It basically tries to reconstruct a displace were attacks from the law, they are key tracks.

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Bing: In this very dense plot it tells us the both deficiency and the fx rate so what's important and interesting is on the lower panel, where we compare.

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Bing: which shows the ratio between ran three and the rental versions.

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Bing: The solid dots correspond to the displaced vertex efficiency, as you can say this part of the agreement in the equipment in the tracking performance that devi efficiency is actually very similar and it's slightly higher when the killings is longer.

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Bing: But when it comes to the secret or the background, which is indicated by the dashed line, you can say compared with around two.

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Bing: We have more than 10 times fewer fake word is this really brings us large boost in the DNA analysis sensitivity.

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Bing: Even though we have not went the route of analysis, yet, but given the picture we saw here, we have seen here, we expect a large improvement in corresponding lot of political analysis, especially the ones, relying on displaced vertices.

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Bing: That much reduced fakery also makes it possible to add large release tracking in the standard tracking all stemmed out the last reconstruction here, you can see it as only a few.

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Bing: percent only as a small amount of additional time to the standard tracking iteration plus during the past few years, the overall tracking was sped up significantly miss miss all this possible and so it's really a collaborative efforts among the other striking community to make it happen.

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Bing: And that means the whole lot of product research program will shift and will increase a revolution, as now, the large restricts it in every single reconstructed our last event.

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Bing: Previously we had to apply an additional filter as we cannot process all the all the events visit additional algorithm and then we have a request additional reconstruction campaign with this algorithm.

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Bing: With all these things add really additional work to the analyzers.

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Bing: But now they're all gone right so really sorry I think I clicked too fast so really the whole analysis strategy and the whole analysis procedure is reduced significantly, we also had a first peek at the data simulation agreement here if we check the.

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Bing: Long RT distribution in data for the bias events we see amazing good agreement between data and simulation and here we have a distribution of the impact parameter.

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Bing: You see, on, we do have some specs, but the question they are just the the tracking layers so we have good performance in data as well.

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Bing: And here is a more physics, read the study, where we use this key short we compared the distribution of the key short candidates between data and the Monte Carlo here we have the background, the composition, we have the the simulation they can categorize into different.

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Bing: sources of the tracks, for instance, the grin corresponds to the common combination between two standard tracks.

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Bing: Again, we have really good data and simulation agreement, this indicates the efficiencies are quite similar in data and Monte Carlo even for longer particles.

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Bing: Because the the case or is our good a good candidate for nano particle incentive model yeah so.

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Bing: When it comes to future applications right because tracking is a very fundamental step very fundamental step in the reconstruction.

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Bing: We can expand this work too many, many downstream algorithms such as displace electrons neutrons be tagging towns.

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Bing: Along the protocol trigger which is being worked on and also even some other advanced machine learning techniques, so this year we really hope to see.

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Bing: More and more applications using this new algorithm for MP3 so as a closing remark, I think.

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Bing: The work we did here, show that what was considered as special before many years ago now, has gradually becomes the norm than the mainstream with this new on archie in the Atlanta standard reconstruction me for see very.

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Bing: flourish out piece of program in the future, and we should start thinking about even more interesting and more challenging signatures in the future.

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Bing: yeah that's it for my side.

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cvazquez: Since a lot is an amazing impressive Morgan yeah it's really nice to see this is coming up so yeah we have time for a couple of questions, so I see Please go ahead.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: yeah I definitely want a second one Carlos and, and this is it's you know clearly an impressive amount of work that turned out really well for atlas um.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: I guess i'm wondering, you had this really nice plot of efficiency and fake rate for the run to and run three reconstruction would have shown as a function of vertices.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And i'm wondering if there's additional opportunity for improvement, now that the display track Reconstruction has you know, been so much more well optimized.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Is there also room for improvement on the secondary vertex reconstruction algorithm or it's the plan, just to keep that the same as.

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Bing: Oh, I think, if I understand your question correctly, the better reply on optimizing the db or second or text ours as well.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Sorry, my.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: dogs are very excited about.

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Bing: yeah so yeah he um because the tracking the you know the tracking part has changed it's natural to expect that the the vertex Rico part would also be to be written and I do believe we have current ongoing efforts, maybe migrated wants to comment on this as well.

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Margaret Lutz: yeah that's an analysis level some people, such as the details which is like Christian talked about yesterday.

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Margaret Lutz: Already are looking into optimizing the SI further analyses so like in the dh and all sorts of we did we had the this place.

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Margaret Lutz: To uptown vertices mystically, and so we took aspects of the existing vs vs i'm up on and some inspirations from the improvements that were already being made for those surgeries walking and developed.

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Margaret Lutz: The so that we can run at the god stop.

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Margaret Lutz: So there's already some things that are happening like this.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: that's awesome yeah i'm really looking forward to seeing how that turns out.

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cvazquez: Okay, thank you, so the title is what.

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Rhitaja Sengupta: yeah can you hear me.

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Rhitaja Sengupta: yeah yeah so just like a cms has a.

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Rhitaja Sengupta: is thinking about including displays tracking at the very first level of the triggers so can this large area large radius tracking be included in the trigger living, I mean at the very first level.

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Bing: In Level one trigger.

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Yes.

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Bing: That i'm not sure that's not my expertise, the only thing I know is at the high level trigger level.

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Bing: Software level.

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Bing: People have tried to implement it and it turned out really well Actually, I think we might have public plus.

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Bing: A project, I did not include them, we should have a public plus for the trick performance as well, it was showing how to CP but for Level one I don't think so, but maybe people the trigger people have thought about it.

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Rhitaja Sengupta: OK.

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Rhitaja Sengupta: OK, thank you.

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cvazquez: Thank you, I don't see any malice hands.

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cvazquez: But they have a very quick question, can you please go to the last slide the then the last slide before the last one.

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cvazquez: yeah here, so a bit of it, and they have questions just for my curiosity, do you have any particular example a about this something machine learning so machine learning application for the.

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cvazquez: For the appeal is just.

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Bing: An idea okay.

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Bing: So here I think it's gender yeah I mean, for instance, we have yeah let's make have make an analogy read you know when we have jet constituents, we can work on.

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Bing: For instance, such substructure tiger right now we have additional tracks right, you can think about it, as we have additional jet costumes so there's a lot to do in terms of.

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Bing: developing new tiger or things like that yeah we have additional ingredients at the input for the tiger to for any machine any ideas you have in the in the concept of landing protocol search.

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cvazquez: Okay, thanks yeah I understand that's super nice so Okay, and then see any more questions on thanks again and we are moving.

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cvazquez: To our next speaker.

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scary.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Can you see my screen.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: yep okay.

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Great.

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cvazquez: Okay.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: So i'll be talking about a study that we did in the context of snowmass.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Trying to really comprehend totally understand hardware based track triggers and how to optimize them for a wide range of unconventional signatures.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: So the motivation here, I think I think we all know very well that, if you think about a wide range of unconventional long lived signatures tracks are often the most distinctive feature of those events right.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: You can think about heavy stable charged particles, where you would have a slowly moving or highly ionizing prompt track which points back to the primary vertex.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Long the particles the case which gives you displace jets or leptons and you might explicitly be looking for a high impact parameter.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: displays track or the secondary vertex and then finally for soft and clustered energy patterns or other exotic signatures, you might have large multiplicity of soft contracts.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And in the cases where these these tracks these anomalous tracks are the most distinctive feature of your event.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: This becomes an extreme challenge for general purpose detectors at the elysee.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Because that listen cms currently don't have tracking information in the Level one, the first step of the the trigger.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: and often only limited tracking information, the High Level trigger the second stage.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And this picture will change at the high luminosity it to see where both at this and cms are getting new tracking detectors and completely overhauling their trigger schemes incorporating more tracking on earlier stages of the trigger.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And so that brings us to the goal for this study and it's to determine the best track trigger parameters and most optimal trigger trigger parameters for the widest range of exotic signatures together.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Possible So what we do is we use three benchmark models and map this on to four distinct signatures kind of like what I had on the previous slide.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: So, this would be a gsb style scenario where, if you look directly at the long lifestyle.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: For longer longer lifetimes you would have a heavy stable charged particles for shorter lifetimes you would be looking for displays tracks are displaced leptons from the displaced out okay.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: We also look at a higgs portal scenario where your exit sticking to a long lives Gala which thunder case two pairs of for me on most often.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: displace jets and then finally soup signature, where you have a mediator, which the case to a large multiplicity of darkness on switch them to care decay two pairs of stoner model particles.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And these three models and for signatures are really supposed to span the space of all possible track PT impact parameter and track multiplicity scenarios, so that what we can do is try and identify the truck trigger configuration which cast the widest net fuel.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And the way that we do this is for each model we evaluate event level efficiencies for a range of possible track trigger configurations, this is done at truth level, but we do account for some realistic effects.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: For instance, having the displays tracking efficiency decrease as a function of displacement, is something that typically happens offline, and so we consider a variety of possibilities there and it does assume an atlas or cms style tracker geometry.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: You know, paying very close attention to the proposed phase two upgrades.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And so the way that we do this is for each model we consider we designed the simplest trigger possible so we say we would like, at least, and tracks per event or this could be one track five tracks or high multiplicity in the suitcase and then what we do is we define.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: sort of a per track acceptance and efficiency and acceptance is really meant to just capture.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: canvas charged particle be reconstructed so is the truth particle charge is it status, one is it within a geometric acceptance wave look at different Ada.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: For instance, like a barrel, only a baseline stupidity and then a far forward so rapidity, and then does it traverse have sufficient number of layers.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Informed again by the Atlas and cms style geometries and we, and we also sort of very this number of layers for one of the scenarios to investigate.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: You know, different possibilities for geometric acceptance and then, finally, the efficiency per track that we consider this mostly focuses on understanding trade offs in the PT and impact parameter.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: plane, so you might imagine that to go to lower PT you're increasing your competence or sort of latency and you would have to you know.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: make a realistic trade off and maybe focus only on prop tracks, or vice versa, if you wanted to extend to larger impact parameters, you might have to increase your pts threshold.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: So we try and Proba you know reasonable possibilities for a range of these PT and impact perimeter ranges and the idea here is that with all.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Four of these signatures consider all of these possible track trigger configurations considered we map out the event level efficiencies and can provide that as input to people who are actually designing and optimizing these track triggers.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And then, hopefully with those results, we can make sort of a conclusion about what is the optimal configuration, especially in terms of this ptsd zero claim.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: OK so moving to the the first signature that will talk about this is the heavy stable charged particle signature where your style as long lived in your.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: trigger that you're considering requires at least one prompt IP to track prevent.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: I think i'm I skipped a slide somewhere and so um so, starting with the geometric acceptance, this is the scenario where we really investigate and burying your data and your number of layers per track.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And so you can see sort of as you go from a barrel, only to afford forward scenario, the this pseudo rapidity range becomes the most important parameter for your geometric acceptance.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Limiting yourself to barrel only cuts your efficiency by about 50% for all style masses.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: But extending to the far forward region doesn't help you very much, and would be extremely challenging from a technical perspective.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And then, if you think about reducing the number of layers so trying to probe smaller lifetimes going from the full tracking detector being required like hits in the full tracking detector being required to loosening the number of hits when my wants to go into smaller distances.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: You only really get modest improvements in terms of these intermediate lifetimes and, in fact, for the one nanosecond lifetime, it would be more optimal to be looking for display tracks from the display static a.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Okay, and then.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: We also consider looking at the transverse momentum and some timing information to see if we could use these as additional handles for the efficiency.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And so, these heavy stable charged particle tracks are very high momentum and so any PT range that we considered at an angle negligible loss of efficiency.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: and using a cms style type of flight layer also proved to be a useful handled to reject background, with high efficiency so then coming to the displace leptons so the same model, the display static a.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: and considered a few different possible triggers so at least one, or at least to display strikes per event.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And the takeaways here are, if you vary the track trigger PT threshold or if you extend the the D zero range what ends up happening is that having a larger D zero range is much more impactful than keeping the PT threshold luck.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And this has to do, basically, with the high mass of the one with particle decay, the boost in your system and the number of tracks, that you have prevent so it's consistent with expectations.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Then we move to the higgs portal where you have displace shuts from a fairly low mass gaylor and we look at scenarios, where you have at least two or at least five displays tracks per event.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And you can see, if we do that same exercise of varying the PT threshold and the impact parameter range what ends up happening is that the PT threshold matters, the most.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: But you do really want to have some sort of non zero impact revenue range and again this is consistent with expectations for if you had a low mass along with particle which is decaying hydroponically um so you have a higher multiplicity of lower PT tracks.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And then the final signature that we looked into the super signature, where you have a high multiplicity of Loki tracks.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Which are all prompt and so the key features here are the impact the the PT spectra of is quite soft for all mediator masses considered an expected.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And what ends up happening is that the most important parameter to consider is the track trigger PT threshold is really important to know as low as possible.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: But if that's not possible say you need a PT threshold or two GB there are some other potential handles you can use such as the event shape.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Or the sum of charged particle transfers momentum so This brings us to the trends and so you can think about these four scenarios and.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: sort of think about their sensitivity to the PPT threshold of your track trigger and the impact perimeter range.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And this sort of summarizes the trends that I just talked about so having stable charged particles are you know fairly resistant to any sort of threshold that you would be considering reasonably.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Your high mass monotonic llp decays are not sensitive to PT but are sensitive to impact parameter little mouse had chronic long the particle decays are sensitive to both.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Whereas Soups are very sensitive to PT but not sensitive to input parameter fall and then we can take this information and try and come up with the best recommendation for the track trigger.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: In this sort of PT and D zero claim so like I said before going to lower PT means that you need to find some other way.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: To reduce your complexity, whereas going to longer impact parameters means that you probably need to reduce your PT threshold or.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: find some other way to reduce complexity, and so the conclusion that we come up with is what you could do is start with a trigger threshold of about one GB for contracts.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: and extend this for our impact premiere as possible, as you go to higher PT and with this scenario, you would be able to cover a wide range of the unconventional signatures that we considered and still be within realistic.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: constraints, for the harper.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: And so, those are our conclusions and thanks for having us and I just wanted to flash a picture of the team.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Because it was a really fun project to be working on, and I also really wanted to highlight the the undergrads who did the bulk of the work and then all got accepted to graduate school and are all moving on or have already moved on to to the next phase of their work.

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It.

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cvazquez: was very nice to see so any questions I see one.

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cvazquez: I think yeah I think about was first.

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Prabhat Solanki: thanks for the really nice talk, maybe a nice too, but could you please comment on how the display striking efficiency very attached entity, going from one to 24.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Sorry, could you repeat that how the display striking efficiency various.

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Prabhat Solanki: attendee very likeable it really make it charity going from one to two lunches and then.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: Okay, so I think it's easiest to take one experiment as an example, so an atlas.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: There was no displaced in our detector tracking i'm at run to my impression is at run three people are working very hard to see if they could get some amount of displays tracking and then for the ahl FC.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: I think this is, you know completely up in the air, people would love to have display tracking nhl team.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: For first cms.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: There has always been limited displaced tracking.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: yeah.

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Prabhat Solanki: My face your face when there was a specific.

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Prabhat Solanki: But i'm not sure like.

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It doesn't.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: it's like it, the the efficiency as a function of impact remember.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: you're not as.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: it's not as efficient as offline, for instance.

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Caroline Collard: hi carrie I was just wondering how realistic, it could come if you try to apply such trigger based on the on the low PT tax.

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Caroline Collard: It.

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Caroline Collard: In perspective of the high pilot that we will have we at teacher Lucy is something that you consider in your study or just to try to see the sensitivity that could have with the different on that.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: yeah so So this was a.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: study that was completely done entry level, and we did do some smearing to account for you know realistic detector effects and efficiencies.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: But being a truth level, we did not consider pile up or backgrounds, because that would completely increase you know the complexity of the study, but we, you know we've done these analyses and we have a feeling for what those backgrounds will be.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: This picture that I have here is not that different from what cms is planning right, you might just.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: You would be increasing the minimum threshold for prompt tracks to to gv and then several people in cms are working on extending your efficiency to larger impact parameters, but this wouldn't necessarily be for higher momentum tracks than the prompt case.

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Karri Folan DiPetrillo: So I do think this is like fairly close to a realistic scenario.

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Caroline Collard: Okay, thank you.

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cvazquez: hey Thank you.

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cvazquez: So do you have another question or the new forget maybe below your hand.

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cvazquez: norris just to be sure Okay, so I yeah I see no.

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cvazquez: mores hands so.

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Thanks Gary again.

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cvazquez: let's move on.

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cvazquez: To the next speaker.

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Thank you, Sir yeah.

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cvazquez: So yeah, we can see the slides.

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Gillian Kopp: Okay fantastic so today i'll be talking about the cms and three.

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Gillian Kopp: Long the protocol timing trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: So built and also the phase one upgrade of the cms hi john hello, remember, there were significant upgrades in this, and this is what will really be using to inform the dedicated long the particle trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: During the upgrade the hadron collider barrel section was upgraded to silicon photo multipliers.

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Gillian Kopp: Previously we had hybrid photo diodes and this upgrade really gives higher efficiency and higher gains and also gives timing information.

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Gillian Kopp: As you can see in this diagram on the lower right hand side here due to the phase one upgrade we have greatly increased depth segmentation in the.

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Gillian Kopp: hadron collider amateur so in the barrel of there are these four players and in the income there's up to seven players and in each of those players, we have an individual energy and timing readout.

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Gillian Kopp: This timing readout is actually in half nanosecond steps across our 25 nanosecond bunch of crossing, so it gives us fairly precise higher information.

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Gillian Kopp: And it's really this segmentation and timing information that will be using in the morning particle trigger so this project has been working on implementing a trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: Dedicated for long the particles implemented at Level one the hardware level of our trigger system primarily relying on cameraman or timing and segmentation.

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Gillian Kopp: Timing information is really important for long the particles as we've seen in previous talks.

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Gillian Kopp: But also, it will highlight here is that we have delayed hits due to the path lengths difference traveled by one the particle so in the diagram on the lower right hand side here, you can see that do TV, this is a higgs too long the protocol to.

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Gillian Kopp: institute long protocol to for be you can see that, due to the path length difference and due to the potential slow velocity of the longest particle that will all contribute to to that arriving at the color perimeter at a delayed time.

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Gillian Kopp: In addition, you can imagine a depth signature if the longest protocol decays within the perimeter of all yeah we expect significant energy in deep kilometer layers well there's little energy in the early layers So these are the two signatures that will be relying on Level one.

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Gillian Kopp: In terms of the html along with critical trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: We can see that the sorry i'm interested how long the critical trigger the new longer critical triggers using this age called timing in depth information really expand our physics speech in run free.

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Gillian Kopp: So we rely on the combination of the Level one timing signature and the Level one depth signature, as I highlighted on the previous slide.

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Gillian Kopp: These level ones are now used to seed new High Level trigger cars, following the existing run three displays japan's.

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Gillian Kopp: This display shop has have already been demonstrated to be very effective in run to and we're already improved upon them three so we're sort of using the same structure but seating with these dedicated Level one triggers.

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Gillian Kopp: The status is that the trigger has been included in the Level one venue and it's now included in the High Level trigger version two.

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Gillian Kopp: And we're preparing to commission the trigger pathway in 900 GB collisions we do see Level one displaced Jeff at fires in the initial collisions here's a link to some slides and i'll show a quick part of that later on.

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Gillian Kopp: In addition, we aim to use satellite collisions as a physical source of delayed time vertices for a reference, this is sort of similar to what was done for each of each trigger in atlas.

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Gillian Kopp: So i'd like to highlight some of the High Level trigger efficiency gains that we have.

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Gillian Kopp: And filling the shows that the new along the particle trigger expands the suite of cms along with critical triggers quite effectively.

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Gillian Kopp: So the new longest political level, one seed has lower each team and then some other local one seeds and this really becomes most effective above about above a long article seat how about point three meters.

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Gillian Kopp: Aside from the heavy flavor tie game which requires a new one, so this really emphasizes that we have complimentary contributions from all of these different high level triggers.

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Gillian Kopp: As you can see in this nice plot made by junior and the new displace jet with the new dedicated Level one long particle seed is shown in green here, and you can see that really does.

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Gillian Kopp: take over and become quite effective as the sea TAO increases on both in the lower costs and the higher mass cases shown in the plots here.

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Gillian Kopp: And also like to highlight this table of integrated luminosity gains comparing the new triggers to the existing triggers.

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Gillian Kopp: And this really shows that the dedicated Level one seated high level triggers perform well at low mass and pisces towel giving quite significant integrated luminosity gains in both of those places so overall This shows that the new trigger really does.

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Gillian Kopp: really bringing some complimenting your contributions, bringing us to be stronger suite of one of the critical triggers that will be running in run free.

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Gillian Kopp: And now for some specifics on the Level one trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: Just to show where this trigger really performs well and where we have the most efficiency.

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Gillian Kopp: i'd like to highlight the displacement the efficiency plots on the left hand side here so sprint starting at the highest one.

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Gillian Kopp: This is the link jet displacement efficiency versus long with particle displacement.

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Gillian Kopp: And really see that at Level one were able to maintain efficiencies for longer protocol decays before end throughout the color amateur volume.

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Gillian Kopp: DHL extends up to six meters, if you start to look at the farthest extent from the interaction point and that's why I really see that we do have efficiencies all the way through six meters starting around half a meter or so.

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Gillian Kopp: And then we can move down to the lower plot, looking at the link jet efficiency versus jet energy.

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Gillian Kopp: And we see that drive efficiencies significantly increase above 40 gv which motivates the choice of our energy thresholds at the lowest level one seed.

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Gillian Kopp: So in the Level one seeds that have been implemented, we have lowest one requires that there is a delayed jet.

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Gillian Kopp: Meaning that it's flagged with these timing or depth variables that I mentioned earlier, and not just energy would be over 40 gv as well as the Level one each T is over 120 gv.

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Gillian Kopp: And then we can select me increase both of those energy requirements to have more restrictive one or more restrictive Level one seats.

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Gillian Kopp: And like to highlight again the integrated email city table here shown for the Level one trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: So this is really done by comparing to a flat EG threshold of either 360 or 420 Compare that to the dedicated long the particle trigger requiring a delayed jet and lower ht thresholds.

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Gillian Kopp: So you can see that for the last point simply comparing to a flight at threshold of 360 gv which has been used in the past as a level one seed.

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Gillian Kopp: We do have a significant integrated the raw city gain a factor of over three, and this is really contributed to by the fact that, with the restrictive Level one.

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Gillian Kopp: trigger we are able to lower the ht thresholds quite significantly and therefore gain quite a bit of integrated luminosity So you can see that this table shows for a wide range of.

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Gillian Kopp: His master's in political masters and see how values that we perform quite well particularly again at those bonuses and high seat house values.

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Gillian Kopp: And if you look at the integrated with massive gains comparing the Level one to the High Level trigger you see that they are fairly similar really showing that the efficiency we gain at Level one has been passed through to the High Level trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: So, moving on in terms of the trigger implementation this these new scenes have been included in Level one menu and have been seen to fire in some of the initial manager gv collisions data is showing here.

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Gillian Kopp: So we've added a number of new BITs in the Level one menu, and you can see, this is one of our lowest threshold ones, you can see that one is very high level one we have at requirements from around 120 to 200 GDP.

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Gillian Kopp: Given that you're acquiring a single digit.

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Gillian Kopp: there's also the option to require to delay jets and in that case there's no he requirement, moving on to the High Level trigger we have been included in the most recent high level trigger minute version two.

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Gillian Kopp: And I just mentioned, there is a significant increase in law of political gains with acceptable added rate and it's really complements the existing displaced yet triggers.

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Gillian Kopp: By increasing sensitivity to our juice detail and lower ht so each lt we didn't we have lowered the hgtv requirements by 232 GB relative to the existing collegiate triggers again really trying to just push that down.

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Gillian Kopp: In order to access more of the key face face and were able to do so because we have this restrictive one trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: And this trigger really relies on the hl timing information as I emphasize that the beginning from the phase one upgrade.

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Gillian Kopp: And since this timing information has not used in Level one trigger system for there's been a fair amount of work on decommissioning and ensuring that we're getting accurate and precise timing information.

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Gillian Kopp: So these plots are showing the.

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Gillian Kopp: sort of a narrow range of times given by the CDC values versus.

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Gillian Kopp: The energy ratios it's just you can sort of do like energy in times three times place for over the some of them to time in the pulse.

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Gillian Kopp: And this nice linear relationship really shows that time time alignment of the detector using this new ttc information.

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Gillian Kopp: is equivalent to the previous previous method, which was the adc pulse shape information, so the we see that there's this bullshit timing.

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Gillian Kopp: correlation and that really shows that both of these methods give precise and correlated timing information.

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Gillian Kopp: So this gives further confidence that the timing information that we're relying on at the html is working, as expected, and is as precise as we need it to be to rely on for this trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: For the full time alignment will be using similar scans and 900 gv collisions just in order to align the entire detector and make sure that these timing measurements that we're relying on to determine our delayed signals are accurate.

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Gillian Kopp: i'm honest and i'd like to give a timeline showing what has been completed and where we're going with this.

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Gillian Kopp: So, in terms of what's been completed, the html firmware has been completed all the needed emulators have been completed and tested.

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Gillian Kopp: And the trigger has been included in both the Level one and the High Level trigger menus in progress are some ongoing firmware tests and upcoming is that timeline that I just mentioned.

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Gillian Kopp: And a full test of the trigger parkway and again the satellite collisions we aim to use that for monitoring trigger since that provides a physical source of displaced collisions.

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Gillian Kopp: So, giving an outlook and all that have reached the end of the presentation.

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Gillian Kopp: As we all know, along with particles are really exciting avenue to search for beyond standard model of physics and it's really vital to have triggers that are sensitive to these unique to case.

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Gillian Kopp: So this new trigger that will be running in run free and it will be implemented at Level one the hardware level of the trigger system is really able to pro low each T face face by utilizing the each call timing and depth information.

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Gillian Kopp: This level one trigger provides a delayed object, and we see that being relevant to many longest particle signals, so we really see this as a flexible trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: That is still a jet that's provided could be combined with another quantity depending exactly what final state is being looked at.

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Gillian Kopp: And I also like to highlight that the trigger makes use of the programmable firmware which is really vital in the design of new triggers such as this and allowing us to be flexible.

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Gillian Kopp: So overall they spend significant progress on all needed firmware and emulators and this trigger will be up and running in run three so looking forward to the data that we get from that.

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Gillian Kopp: that's what I have for today, so thank you for the opportunity to present here and happy to discuss and taking questions.

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cvazquez: hey Thank you.

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cvazquez: So I see one question, please go ahead.

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Prabhat Solanki: hi I have a couple of the knife questions, so what is achievable ethical timing resolution.

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Gillian Kopp: yeah so the html is a little bit of information in the background, so.

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Gillian Kopp: Basically, we have the silicon for the multipliers, and then, when those are processed through this dedicated check that we have.

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Gillian Kopp: That gives us 50 time bins within our 25 nanoseconds so that means that we have the timing information in half nanoseconds steps.

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Gillian Kopp: So this is fairly precise timing information, given that we have those 50 times since we really defined for ranges we define a prompt range.

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Gillian Kopp: A slightly delayed range a very delayed range and then the fourth code really just encapsulates invalid pulses, so we just take those 50 time bins and then chop it up into three ranges and those slightly delayed and very delayed ranges are used to inform the timing trigger.

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Prabhat Solanki: Another question why not use equal time, what is the motivation behind using excel.

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Gillian Kopp: And yeah so i've been primarily focusing on the HR information really just looking at, given that we've upgraded the detector to silicon for the multipliers, what is the best that we can do at the level one trigger.

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Gillian Kopp: sense we went to the effort to upgrade that and there is significant work also on the ICO and we've been having some discussions about how to.

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Gillian Kopp: it's like you can use combination of that at the high level trigger etc so definitely both both are in progress.

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Prabhat Solanki: Okay.

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Prabhat Solanki: Thank you.

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Thanks.

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Prabhat Solanki: Andy Thank you.

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cvazquez: So I see another question lady month Please go ahead.

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Matt Strassler: um since you're assuming that the essentially in the construction of this trigger that the, the object that you're looking at is running a little slow so at least it's not highly boosted.

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Matt Strassler: it's decay products might also fan out rather widely as they as they move from the decay point.

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Matt Strassler: Is that something you can potentially use.

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Gillian Kopp: yeah so you so in this example decay of a long the protocol to be quirkiness example.

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Gillian Kopp: If the if there's a significant opening angle between the longer protocol and the brickwork that simple geometric.

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Gillian Kopp: path length difference will contribute to the delayed time that we see arriving at the hell perimeter.

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Matt Strassler: i'm asking slightly different question sorry to interrupt.

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Matt Strassler: Okay, so let's let's take your llp and instead let's just run it a little bit slowly.

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Matt Strassler: Just because it's got you know it's.

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Matt Strassler: produced with a beta less than less than one, so it arrives little late or its angles, a little funny, but that means also the angles, of its decay products are also a little funny.

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Matt Strassler: example yeah to decay actually just before the age cow it's going to spread out in the fam.

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Matt Strassler: And not look like a regular job.

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Gillian Kopp: Okay okay so you're sort of saying, if we had this long a critical say go more directly to the calorie matter and then decay, but have sort of a wide angle, like a wide angle, so you have a lot of cells eliminated with that.

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Matt Strassler: Like in a in an unusual pattern somewhat unusual means, yes, it depends on detailed it.

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Gillian Kopp: Okay yeah so it's a we haven't particularly focused on shower shape here really we're looking within the nine by nine region of a jet we're looking for multiple towers that are either flagged with the time that delayed timing information or that are flying with the depth information.

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Gillian Kopp: So if that decay happened within those then that sort of nine by nine region we'd be able to encapsulate it we don't have we don't currently have anything that's very particular to a unusual shower shape, I would say.

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Matt Strassler: Well, the very least, it might be something that he already uses but, but if it doesn't maybe that's an additional handle.

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Gillian Kopp: yeah that's a really good point, thank you.

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cvazquez: Anything you okay I don't see any more concise so once again.

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cvazquez: On the list move on to the last speaker.

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Who is Marco.

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Marco Drewes: hello, can you hear me yep.

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Marco Drewes: All right, we.

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Marco Drewes: share my screen then.

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cvazquez: yeah anyway, let me say something crazy, we are suing if you have any questions don't hesitate to just raise your hand in the meeting the dog, so this can a pile up for the end of the for the question she.

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cvazquez: didn't have a dog.

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cvazquez: Okay, so we can see this Nice.

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Marco Drewes: Everything is an order all right, first of all I would like to say that this talk doesn't really fit that relevant.

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Marco Drewes: To this session and that's my fault.

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Marco Drewes: And I would like to.

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Marco Drewes: Say thanks for the organizers to deflect to the flexibility of rescheduling my talk so.

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Marco Drewes: And I hope that I can get some of you people in this session excited about astrophysics to because it's related to longer particles.

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Marco Drewes: Alright, so this talk is about whitewash good English is one thing that has been named doesn't motivate.

446
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Marco Drewes: Potential motivation for the existence of long the particles.

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Marco Drewes: There is an anomaly here the cooling anomaly and but we investigated, is whether or not this can be found within the standard models, whether we can get rid of this occupation for longer articles.

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Marco Drewes: All right, but let's start from the beginning, so stellar evolution is a probe of new physics stars are probably physics, yes it tree of the illusion of.

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Marco Drewes: stars of different kind so and then there's President talk I mainly interested in the final stage in the evolution of the star that is similar to the sun.

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Marco Drewes: Namely the stage where this style has become a white dwarf, and then who would slowly quotes don't wear black wall so at this stage the star doesn't have any fuel left see at the end of its life and it just gradually cools down.

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Marco Drewes: been in the beginning it's too hot, you can see it like yeah there is a picture of a real white dwarf, where the arrow points and then it will become invisible at some point, because of the cooling and then it doesn't shine anymore.

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Marco Drewes: And this cooling they're different processes that corner contribute to this cooling from white to black and well the emission of certain long the particles, such as actions has been named as one possible contributor to this cooling okay.

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Marco Drewes: Good So when I talk about cooling, one should first specify what observable i'll be talking about so.

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Marco Drewes: Since this pulling takes very long it's very difficult to direct you observe the coating of the white gloves, so there are basically two methods are two possible observer, but that we can look at one of them is awkward wife draft.

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Marco Drewes: whiteboard luminosity luminosity function so that's the distribution of number number of white dwarfs that we see as a function of the brightness and as they were down there somewhere move along this curve.

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Marco Drewes: So that tells us something about the cooling, but only get a relation level, we can also learn something about the cooling of white dwarfs.

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Marco Drewes: by looking at individual object if they're pulsating because the possession of white glove this link to their selfies presenting why process name for them, and also at.

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Marco Drewes: The most famous example is this object here and I give you some basic parameters of this object this this white dwarf here, its temperature and its density, because these are the numbers that we use for the numerical examples data, the top.

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Marco Drewes: Good so that's the observation, what about the theory, so, in theory, there are many different processes that can contribute to the energy loss of such quite close to their cooling.

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Marco Drewes: and which one of them dominates is usually displayed in the two dimensional plane so here on the X axis, we have the density on the y axis, we have the temperature of the.

461
01:08:42.480 --> 01:08:49.530
Marco Drewes: plasma the inside of these white gloves Okay, there are many different processes that can contribute here they are only the most important ones name.

462
01:08:50.070 --> 01:08:55.200
Marco Drewes: One of them is the plasma process of the plasma DK and the other one is food permission from the surface.

463
01:08:55.650 --> 01:09:07.560
Marco Drewes: The rest is not so important for this talk What I do want to say is that this is a two dimensional representation, but what we looked into, is how can magnetic fields change this picture so we're sort of adding a third access to this plot.

464
01:09:07.950 --> 01:09:16.260
Marco Drewes: we're not the first people who did this, so we are using a lot of results from the literature for this analysis, but we looked into it specifically with a BAT with a cooling anomaly in mind.

465
01:09:17.700 --> 01:09:28.920
Marco Drewes: All right, so what's this cooling anomaly well putting a nominee simply means that several stars, for example, the one that I just talked about this G 117 be 15 a.

466
01:09:30.300 --> 01:09:41.790
Marco Drewes: cooler quicker than expected, and this has been seen as the him for the existence of action, like particles or so that has been emitted from the interior of these particles and then can freely travel outside, just like neutrinos can.

467
01:09:42.660 --> 01:09:47.190
Marco Drewes: Alright, so this is an overview taken from this paper here of these different anomalies team.

468
01:09:48.420 --> 01:09:57.600
Marco Drewes: All right, and now about magnetic fields, how the magnetic fields effect potentially affect the schooling so once again, I repeat, we are trying to.

469
01:09:57.930 --> 01:10:07.620
Marco Drewes: explain this anomaly without new particles, so I met along the particular workshop, but this is kind of a no longer particle talk so i'm trying to convince you that no longer particles needed here.

470
01:10:08.610 --> 01:10:18.780
Marco Drewes: Well let's see about that Okay, so how can magnetic fields potentially modify this while they can modify the plasma process, which is the DK have a phone interview he knows.

471
01:10:19.290 --> 01:10:27.120
Marco Drewes: You might raise your hand and say that's impossible is process but it's possible inside the plasma because of the summit master the photon picks up.

472
01:10:28.230 --> 01:10:33.990
Marco Drewes: But this process is also possibly without medics you'd only advice, the presence of the plasma to give the full Summit last.

473
01:10:34.680 --> 01:10:47.760
Marco Drewes: It can enable new processes, for example, this synchrotron emission of neutrinos electrons, which is only possible in the presence of the fields and also the decay of the be fed can contribute to the plumbing heating of the star instead of cooling.

474
01:10:48.930 --> 01:10:55.260
Marco Drewes: So let's start with the plasma process, so this process photons decaying neutrinos is only possible inside a dense medium.

475
01:10:56.430 --> 01:11:03.690
Marco Drewes: Due to the complicated dispersion relations that video photons have in a medium the quantitative discouraged corruption is a bit complicated.

476
01:11:04.050 --> 01:11:17.160
Marco Drewes: But the scale that you should keep in mind here is the so called plasma frequency, so this plasma frequency here expressed in terms of the electron density and the electron mass in the typical wiped off is something in the kV range okay.

477
01:11:18.600 --> 01:11:19.020
Marco Drewes: Then.

478
01:11:20.970 --> 01:11:31.620
Marco Drewes: This is strongly affected by the electron density and the electron density is affected by the magnetic field, because magnetic field forces the electrons to be on land all levels.

479
01:11:32.430 --> 01:11:39.270
Marco Drewes: Alright, so the second free quantity that comes into play years this frequency AMI gabi which is related to this psycho.

480
01:11:40.680 --> 01:11:51.510
Marco Drewes: psycho frequency and the magnetic field and that forces the electrons to go on and all levels, and this is just a standard formula fall under leopards if you have seen it before it might remind you of something all other effects are sub dominant.

481
01:11:52.200 --> 01:12:02.160
Marco Drewes: So let's look into let's see how this can modify emission emissivity have a white draft so on the X axis, so this is a wide swath of a given that density.

482
01:12:02.910 --> 01:12:12.480
Marco Drewes: Plus Martha given density with the X axis being the temperature and here, these different curves to show you various different admission processes.

483
01:12:13.110 --> 01:12:19.260
Marco Drewes: that are classified according to how the photons polarized which angle that has perspective for the magnetic field and whatsoever.

484
01:12:19.650 --> 01:12:33.180
Marco Drewes: nevermind the details, what is important is the dotted curve is without magnetic fields and solid surface with magnetic field, so you see the magnetic field can really make a difference, but only happens at the relatively large temperature regime, but other processes dominate.

485
01:12:34.350 --> 01:12:43.440
Marco Drewes: One of these other processes is this synchrotron radiation, so this channel that is shown, yes electrons are submitting pinos in the presence of fear i'm.

486
01:12:45.360 --> 01:12:56.610
Marco Drewes: The efficiency of this process generally grows, so this is the X axis, this time, so a lot of the 30th emissivity he grows with a magnetic field under some point when the magnetic field becomes so strong that the.

487
01:12:57.390 --> 01:13:05.310
Marco Drewes: next level whether that is needed for this condition becomes an accessible, but we are always in this vision before last, we never see this cut off.

488
01:13:06.060 --> 01:13:09.600
Marco Drewes: So let's see well, at least not for the realistic parameter said okay.

489
01:13:10.500 --> 01:13:17.850
Marco Drewes: So let's see how these different processes compare with each other so here on the left hand side, this is basically the main plot of this talk.

490
01:13:18.330 --> 01:13:29.700
Marco Drewes: On the X axis, you see temperature on the y axis, you see the emissivity per centimeter square Eric you again and per second for giving five o'clock density and again dotted lines.

491
01:13:31.680 --> 01:13:41.820
Marco Drewes: The these different lines if you'd be so here the different lines if you emissivity for different values of the magnetic fields and here you see that for very large fields, the.

492
01:13:43.350 --> 01:13:46.410
Marco Drewes: Blue curves you can be enhanced by lot, so the.

493
01:13:49.350 --> 01:13:55.380
Marco Drewes: So the depending on the magnetic fields this synchrotron and mission can be dominant or sub dominant compared to the.

494
01:13:56.160 --> 01:14:04.140
Marco Drewes: Green Line which is just surface photon mission for today mission from the surface by the blue gloves on each you know mission from the the call that white glove.

495
01:14:04.620 --> 01:14:16.560
Marco Drewes: What that tells us that we can tune up the emissivity of the white dwarf, and therefore it's cooling rate considerably by having atheists However, the fields that we need for that are quite large, so this is the deeper that one would need to.

496
01:14:17.670 --> 01:14:31.800
Marco Drewes: If one aims at solving the anomaly that's a really large be fit and it's difficult to imagine astrophysical mechanism that generates this so then we were a bit disappointed we set up a you can print this off the cooling anomaly, but we need really large magnetic fields that.

497
01:14:33.930 --> 01:14:41.460
Marco Drewes: That i've quite hard to justify to astrophysicists over one country and the argument around and say, well, the normal observation of an even stronger normally.

498
01:14:41.790 --> 01:14:50.850
Marco Drewes: imposes an upper bound and the internal magnetic field of white cross, which is a new, advanced we basically discovered a new way of probing the interior of astrophysical systems.

499
01:14:51.960 --> 01:14:57.150
Marco Drewes: All right, one thing that I should mention here is that what I have sort of wipe under the carpet is that.

500
01:14:57.720 --> 01:15:02.460
Marco Drewes: So far we have treated these magnetic fields are stable, but in reality, these magnetic fields with DK.

501
01:15:02.940 --> 01:15:19.320
Marco Drewes: let's do a quick estimate if the fifth density energy density for the fear this this one here, assuming that is the case exponentially, then the loss of energy here would give you the rate of eating assuming some decay time of let's say 100 billion, yes, which.

502
01:15:20.370 --> 01:15:30.090
Marco Drewes: People claim this realistic, we find that the heating to this process would be larger than the additional according to to synchrotron radiation, so you would heat the whiteboard instead of cooling it.

503
01:15:31.200 --> 01:15:38.730
Marco Drewes: Well, that imposes and even strict up on on the upper upper bound to be feared, which is nice from astrophysics you find.

504
01:15:39.060 --> 01:15:45.690
Marco Drewes: A bear in mind that this is based on this very rough estimate your cooling time so it's not clear that this estimate actually applies.

505
01:15:45.960 --> 01:15:53.280
Marco Drewes: In some sense the synchrotron radiation calculation is more robust because it doesn't depend on this fully known extended parameters.

506
01:15:53.910 --> 01:15:55.530
Marco Drewes: All right, I think i'm running out of time.

507
01:15:56.280 --> 01:16:09.300
Marco Drewes: But let me summarize here so magnetic fields can affect the cooling off white dwarfs and, interestingly, they could, in principle, explain this cleaning anomaly, and therefore do away with the need for having any new particles.

508
01:16:09.870 --> 01:16:21.480
Marco Drewes: In particular outs long the particles, but it requires very large magnetic fields so don't worry the motivation for search for ABS is not taking away by this because magnetic fields that one need are.

509
01:16:21.840 --> 01:16:27.420
Marco Drewes: gigantic large and one would have to convince astrophysicists that there are actually such magnetic fields in the white dwarf.

510
01:16:28.260 --> 01:16:40.410
Marco Drewes: On the other hand, and non observation of, even though the anomalies allowed us to impose a new upper bound to the magnetic fields inside the white glove, which means that even if we cannot extend the cooling anomaly, and to keep the objects and explanation in life.

511
01:16:41.220 --> 01:16:49.770
Marco Drewes: We can be found that the Juno mission can be a nice diagnostic tool for the internal structure of white boss Okay, thank you very much for your attention, everybody.

512
01:16:52.440 --> 01:16:53.370
cvazquez: hey thanks a lot.

513
01:16:55.140 --> 01:16:58.080
cvazquez: So I see a question here from Michael please.

514
01:16:58.890 --> 01:17:12.090
Michael Albrow: yeah Thank you it's very interesting, but this process of he goes to a new new bar is that that i'm thinking of firemen diagram, for that is involved involved virtual said does that how you see as a fireman diagram.

515
01:17:14.190 --> 01:17:21.210
Marco Drewes: And you think what's the famous so it's basically scattering of the magnetic field i'm just wondering whether it's charged for a new.

516
01:17:22.530 --> 01:17:25.560
Marco Drewes: Car and I think it's is it I think it's as that but I don't know if.

517
01:17:26.430 --> 01:17:27.480
Marco Drewes: I should look.

518
01:17:28.050 --> 01:17:30.300
Michael Albrow: I guess I guess so yeah so all right, thank you.

519
01:17:35.550 --> 01:17:36.360
Anything do you.

520
01:17:39.090 --> 01:17:40.200
Suchita Kulkarni: Have a quick question.

521
01:17:41.460 --> 01:17:46.350
Suchita Kulkarni: hi it's a beginning of the slides, you said that some Bible school, but the others don't.

522
01:17:48.540 --> 01:17:51.540
Suchita Kulkarni: But some Bible school faster than the others didn't put it this way.

523
01:17:51.600 --> 01:17:52.320
Marco Drewes: yeah well.

524
01:17:54.960 --> 01:17:56.940
Marco Drewes: Okay, so whoops.

525
01:17:59.610 --> 01:18:06.090
Marco Drewes: I should make a disclaimer yeah i'm not an expert on the astrophysical side, so the.

526
01:18:06.900 --> 01:18:18.150
Marco Drewes: way, I should also add a festival I forgot to say in the beginning, which is unrelated to your question is that this work was done in collaboration with these people and these people in particular Jamie and Eduardo are the people that did most of the work.

527
01:18:18.630 --> 01:18:19.680
That I presented so I should.

528
01:18:23.040 --> 01:18:23.490
Suchita Kulkarni: know.

529
01:18:23.850 --> 01:18:33.750
Marco Drewes: Connecting to your question, the most astrophysics knowledgeable person in our collaboration is the model would probably be in a better position to answer your question than I am, but let me try so.

530
01:18:34.950 --> 01:18:45.120
Marco Drewes: These they are very different, with these are giants, this is the pulsating white dwarf, this is the overall distribution of different white dwarf, so I suspect that these all have different systematic error bars right.

531
01:18:45.390 --> 01:18:51.180
Marco Drewes: Because they're all very different environment in which people are looking, but what is quite funny is that the.

532
01:18:52.080 --> 01:19:02.280
Marco Drewes: This delta X over the air cooling access is on the same they're all on the same side is huge, I mean none of them sits on this side now i'm not sure how selective new people.

533
01:19:02.970 --> 01:19:11.550
Marco Drewes: who wrote this summary paper here collected these data sets, but if you look at it, they don't seem to be any anomalies in the other direction, you see what I mean.

534
01:19:12.600 --> 01:19:23.940
Marco Drewes: So, to me, I don't know if that answers your question, but it, it shows that, overall, there seems to be some tendency into this direction with which is more or less pronounced for different systems that you can look at.

535
01:19:24.090 --> 01:19:24.480
Suchita Kulkarni: I see.

536
01:19:24.720 --> 01:19:29.490
Marco Drewes: And again, this comes with the disclaimer that i'm not an expert on the underlying astrophysics and data sets.

537
01:19:30.720 --> 01:19:31.290
Suchita Kulkarni: Thank you very much.

538
01:19:33.480 --> 01:19:35.730
cvazquez: Okay, thank you last question, Simon.

539
01:19:36.960 --> 01:19:40.800
Simon Knapen: yeah sorry so maybe I missed on the arm is understand, but like can you.

540
01:19:40.800 --> 01:19:54.180
Simon Knapen: elaborate how you get the photons the gator neutrinos I understand the sort of dispersion relations stuff but like it tends not to neutrinos right So do you need some sort of mammals dipole moment or some sort or like How does it work.

541
01:19:55.830 --> 01:19:57.030
Marco Drewes: it's a.

542
01:19:58.830 --> 01:20:04.350
Marco Drewes: SEC, I should have talked fame and diagrams here, so it goes to the weekend action.

543
01:20:08.010 --> 01:20:09.060
Marco Drewes: So there's two.

544
01:20:11.130 --> 01:20:13.800
Marco Drewes: yeah receptor on some payment diagrams your host.

545
01:20:15.030 --> 01:20:22.980
Marco Drewes: plus one process i'm going to take it, but let me get back to you about that in a few minutes up to both of these family I put both of these diagrams okay.

546
01:20:28.050 --> 01:20:30.330
Marco Drewes: Sorry, I can't I can't draw the diagram now because.

547
01:20:31.560 --> 01:20:37.650
Marco Drewes: He took the took the rate for this process from the same as paper by bottom, but I have to open the paper, not to look at the diagram.

548
01:20:41.310 --> 01:20:42.150
Marco Drewes: yeah sorry about that.

549
01:20:42.540 --> 01:20:46.530
cvazquez: Maybe maybe in this in this conversation to the matter most.

550
01:20:47.220 --> 01:20:49.020
Marco Drewes: Yes, absolutely.

551
01:20:49.920 --> 01:21:04.950
cvazquez: Okay, so thanks a lot again medical and so this session it's now in a finalized, we will reconvene at the 5pm for the next hour session so thanks everyone and see doing.

552
01:21:06.240 --> 01:21:06.990
cvazquez: 30 minutes.