Introduction

Radiation detection and measurement

• Abdallah Lyoussi (CEA)

Instrumentation and measurement methods in nuclear environments are key aspects that contribute to the quality of scientific and technological programs in the fields of physics, energy, nuclear fuel cycle, safeguards and radioactive waste management. Furthermore, measurements relying on nuclear physics now play an important role in various fields of application such as biology, medicine and environment. For nuclear physics and technology side, nuclear power and/or experimental/research reactors are widely used around the world for various purposes, such as energy production, irradiation of material or fuel samples for present and future power reactors, safety studies, assessment of neutronic parameters (such as neutron absorption cross sections or reaction rates), production of artificial radio-elements, etc. The lecture will focus on nuclear radiation detection and measurement. It will start from the physical principles by presenting the basics, performances and limitations of the main nuclear radiation detectors used in the frame of nuclear measurement and monitoring needs such as: - Gaseous detectors (fission chambers, proportional counters, GM), - Scintillators and semi-conductors with neutron convertor materials/layers - Self-Powered Neutron Detectors (SPND) - Activation detectors/Dosimeters Furthermore example of applications dealing with nuclear non-destructive measurements will be presented and discussed during the second part of the lecture.

Nuclear non-destructive measurements for characterization and control

• Abdallah Lyoussi (CEA)

Particle Physics Instrumentation (part 1)

• Christian Bohm (Stockholm University (SE))
• Bruce Mellado Garcia (University of the Witwatersrand)

A brief introduction with the basics of the design of the ATLAS detector at CERN where the need for statistics is emphasized. After this, the path of the ATLAS upgrades, following the CERN accelerator upgrades, is presented, high lighting the problems of verifying sufficient radiation tolerance. This part is then compared to the different strategies chosen by the CMS detector collaboration. If time allows other experiments (e.g. neutrino experiments) will be discussed as well. During 2021 there was an ECFA process leading to a Detector Research and Development Roadmap for the next ?? years. The last part of the lectures will give an overview of this.

Particle Physics Instrumentation (part 2) questions and references

• Christian Bohm (Stockholm University (SE))
• Bruce Mellado Garcia (University of the Witwatersrand)

Signal levels and bus standards-past, present and future

• Zhen-An Liu (IHEP,Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN))

This Lecture will first give an overview in a physics experiment, where a standardization is a must. Then Details go to standard for signal levels commonly used in the physics experiments. Standards in instrumentation, especially those common used BUS standard like NIM, CAMAC,VME will be introduced also in depth, and finally the new standard: xTCA for Physics, including AMC, ATCA, MTCA will be prospected with some experiments as examples.

Radiation Detectors: Imaging What You Cannot See

• Cinzia Da Via (University of Manchester (GB))

Radiation instrumentation has played a fundamental role in nuclear and particle physics discoveries as well as in life saving medical and biological imaging and other fields since more than a century. The presentation will review the historic progression of radiation detectors and imaging technologies in correlation with key physics discoveries. Special emphasis will be given on more recent silicon detectors and their application in the large experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider and in other fields like Space, Environment, Biology and Medicine. Finally, a review on future detector developments will be explored.

Introduction to Nuclear Medical physics

• Patrick LE DU (DAPNIA CEA)

The main objective of this introductory lecture would be to present the basic of medical nuclear medicine seen from an experimental particle physicist. It is particularly designed as a basic educating lectures. The outlines are: - What is medical Physics? – A little bit of history from the 1900’s origin – A refreshing presentation of Radiation units (Curie, Becquerel, Gray’s , Sievert ..) and their effects on the human body. – The basic of Radiology (from standard exam to the Computed Tomography) – Fighting again cancer with modern tools and techniques : a short overview from past, present and future. – Introduction to Nuclear medicine, with details about dosimetry and production of tracers.

An overview of proton therapy

• Martin Grossmann (Paul Scherrer Institut)

The use of proton beams for radiotherapy has been proposed in the 1940s and patients have been treated with this modality since the 1960s. With the advent of more powerful computers for therapy planning and fast electronics for sophisticated controls in the 1990s it became possible to even better exploit the therapeutic advantage of protons by employing magnetic pencil beam scanning. While pioneering work was carried out in physics research laboratories therapy facilities have now become commercially available by a number of vendors. Technology-driven research is ongoing to further improve the quality of protontherapy and make it available to a larger number of patients. The talk will give an overview of the development of protontherapy and illustrate how therapeutic innovations have been driven by technological progress. Current research topics like ultra-high dose rate beam delivery ("FLASH") and approaches to compensate the effect of organ motion will be presented.

From (very) basic ideas to complex gaseous detector systems

• Maxim TITOV (CEA Saclay)

Since long time, the compelling scientific goals of future high-energy physics experiments were a driving factor in the development of advanced detector technologies. A true innovation in detector instrumentation concepts came in 1968, with the development of a fully parallel readout for a large array of sensing elements – the Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber (MWPC), which earned Georges Charpak a Nobel prize in physics in 1992. Since that time radiation detection and imaging with fast gaseous detectors, capable of economically covering large detection volumes with low mass budget, have been playing an important role in many fields of physics. Advances in photolithography and microprocessing techniques in the chip industry during the past decade triggered a major transition in the field of gas detectors from wire structures to Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) concepts, revolutionizing cell-size limitations for many gas detector applications. Novel structures where MPGDs are directly coupled to the CMOS pixel readout represent an exciting field allowing timing and charge measurements as well as precise spatial information in 3D. Originally developed for the high-energy physics, MPGD applications have expanded to nuclear physics, photon detection, astroparticle and neutrino physics, neutron detection, and medical imaging.

Semiconductor detectors for dosimetry in photon radiotherapy

• Anatoly Rozenfeld (University of Wollongong)

In this lecture I will explore fundamental principles behind operation of the different semiconductor radiation detectors for medical dosimetry, their advantages and disadvantages . I will discuss the state-of-the-arts of semiconductor dosimetry based on recent development with example of their applications in contemporary X-ray therapy including External Beam Radiotherapy and Brachytherapy. Special attention will be put for high spatial resolution dosimetry of small radiation fields.

Electronics and Data Acquisition

• Stefan Ritt (Paul Scherrer Institut (Switzerland))

Particle and Nuclear Physics uses all kinds of detectors to measure properties such as energy and time of elementary particles. All detectors produce electrical signals, which need to be amplified, digitized and recorded by special electronics and computers. Modern experiments pose very high demands on these systems in accuracy such as time resolutions down to a few Picoseconds as well as the amount of produced data reaching may GBytes per seconds. This talk gives an introduction to basic digitization techniques, signal processing, triggering, bus standards and data acquisition software.

Data acquisition and radiation detection essentials for Positron Emission Tomography

• Marc-André Tétrault (Université de Sherbrooke)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful medical imaging modality used in preclinical research and in clinical patient care. A small quantity of a short-lived radioactive isotope is attached to a chemical tracer molecule of interest and injected into a study subject or a patient. The PET scanner then measures the radioactive signal and recovers the distribution of the tracer molecule in the field of view. Modern research strives to improve image quality, continuously pushing the limits of physics and technology. This talk presents the fundamental concepts of PET imaging and establishes the relationship between image quality and past, present and future detector designs.

Artifical Intelligence in image processing

• Mitra Safavi Naeini

Handling of Petabyte-Scale datasets in modern Physics Experiments

• Martin Lothar Purschke (Brookhaven National Laboratory (US))

Nuclear Security and Safeguards

• Richard Kouzes (PNNL)

The detection of ionizing radiation is a little over 100 years old, dating from the first observation of natural radioactivity. Today, radiation detection plays a key role in diverse fields from medicine to defense to basic science. For homeland security, countries around the world are deploying passive radiation detection instrumentation to interdict the illegal shipment of radioactive material crossing international borders at ports of entry. These efforts include deployments in the United States and several European and Asian countries by governments and international agencies. Safeguards are activities carried out by national and international agencies to assure that nuclear material is secure and not diverted for clandestine use. Administered by the International Atomic Energy Agency, international safeguards serve to monitor nuclear activities under the Non-Proliferation Treaty and are the primary vehicle for verifying compliance with peaceful use and nuclear nonproliferation undertakings. For safeguards, radiation detection is used to assure accountancy for nuclear materials to protect us from the illicit production and use of nuclear weapons. This talk will discuss some of the aspects of radiation detection applied to safeguards and our experience with radiation detection interdiction for national security.

How to present your work from abstract to poster

• Patrick LE DU (DAPNIA CEA)

Some simple ‘personal’ suggestions & guidelines extracted from my own long experience illustrated with some typical examples taken mostly from NPSS material like conferences workshop and instrumentation schools. This lecture on science writing intend to train young scientists to become more effective and confident writers. It will address some essential and challenging skills like: - Scientific writing: structure and format according to the target (conference record, journal papers, status report, grant proposal …etc.) reviewing: tittle, abstract, summary, conclusions and references. - Oral and remote (virtual) presentation using PPT and PDF. - Poster presentation.

Introduction and Welcome

Complementary Lecture #3 Waveform Digitizing

• Stefan Ritt

This advanced lecture will explain the techniques used to digitize signals from detectors with ultra-high speed. It elaborates on the consequences of limited digitization speed and introduces switched-capacitor-array chips to overcome the limitations. It finishes with examples of how to process, store and analyze recorded waveforms.

FPGA Tips and Tricks for Nuclear Physics

• Marc-André Tétrault

Complementary Lecture #2 :Photodetectors : PMT to SIPM

• MASAHARU NOMACHI

Scintillator is one of popular detectors on radiation measurements. Energy deposit in a scintillator causes scintillation light. Photo detectors are key component of the measurements. Scintillation light is very weak. Therefore, photo detectors are necessary to be highly sensitive. They may need to detect a small number of photons. The signal caused by one photon is too small to be amplified by electric circuit. Photo detectors for scintillators are required to “multiply”. Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) and Silicon Photo Multiplier (SiPM) will be introduced. The feature of those “multiplication” are also discussed.

Introduction to all Exercises

Exercises

Complementary lecture #1 Statistics and Data Analysis

• Christian Bohm (Stockholm University (SE))

Some key concepts: Significance and increased statistics, Bayesian statistics, Look elseware effect, Aliasing

Exercises 2

Exercises 2

Exercises 3

Exercises 3

Exercises 4

Exercises 4

Prepare Student Presentations

Prepare Student Presentations

Prepare Student Presentations

Prepare Student Presentations

Journey with hybrid pixel detectors from biomedical imaging through particle physics up to outer space

• Stanislav Pospisil (Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague)

Student Presentations

Student Presentations

Student Presentations