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Open Annotation:
Annotating Scholarly Communication on the Web

                                      Robert Sanderson
                                           rsanderson@lanl.gov
                                           Los Alamos National Laboratory
                                           @azaroth42

                                      Herbert Van de Sompel
                                           herbertv@lanl.gov
                                           Los Alamos National Laboratory
                                           @hvdsomp


                                          http://www.openannotation.org/

                                      This research is funded, in part, by the
                                      Andrew W. Mellon Foundation



                             Open Annotation                                     1
            AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Overview


•  Motivation

•  Open Annotation Model
    •  Basics
    •  Segments
    •  Resources Changing over Time
    •  Machine Annotations

•  Network Model

•  Quick Demo



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                   AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Scholarly Communication

Scholarly Communication is increasingly:
   •  Online
   •  Open
   •  Distributed
   •  Collaborative
   •  Data-Oriented

Annotation is a scholarly primitive, spanning discipline and level.

Need to ensure that Digital Annotations fall under these headings!

    •  Apply the standards and architecture of the World Wide Web to the
        Annotation use case.
    •  Even if scholar doesn’t share annotations with others, she will want
        to access them from different tools and environments.


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                       AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Open Annotation Collaboration

                     http://www.openannotation.org/

Focus on interoperable sharing of annotations
   •  Web-centric and open, not locked down silos
   •  Create, consume and interact in different environments
   •  Build from a simple model for simple cases,
          to more detailed for complex scholarly annotation requirements

The Collaboration:
   •  Los Alamos National Laboratory
   •  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
   •  University of Queensland
   •  University of Maryland
   •  George Mason University
   •  … plus many adopters and partners


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                      AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Open Annotation Data Model


Design Guidelines:
   •  Based on the Architecture of the World Wide Web
   •  … and on Linked Open Data
   •  Should be general enough for ease of adoption
   •  … and rich enough to cover scholarly use cases

Status: Beta, with 9 ongoing funded experiments to inform 1.0

Hardest part: Define what an Annotation is!
   •  "Aboutness" is key to distinguish from general metadata


         A document that describes how one resource is about
            one or more other resources, or part(s) thereof.


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                      AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Basic Model

The basic model has three resources:
   •  Annotation   (an RDF document)
   •  Body         (the ‘comment’ of the annotation)
   •  Target       (the resource the Body is ‘about’)




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Basic Model Example




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Additional Relationships and Properties

Any of the resources can have additional information attached,
such as creator, date of creation, title, etc.




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Additional Properties Example




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Annotation Types

There can be further types of Annotation, such as a Reply.
Example: Replies are Annotations on Annotations.




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Annotation Types Example




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Inline Information


It is important to be able to have content contained within the
Annotation document for Client Autonomy:

    •  Clients may be unable to mint new URIs for every resource
    •  Clients may wish to transmit only a single document
    •  Third parties can generate new URIs if the client does not



The W3C has a Content in RDF specification:
   •  http://www.w3.org/TR/Content-in-RDF10/




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                     AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Inline Information: Body

•  We introduce a resource identified by a non resolvable URI,
   such as a UUID URN, as the Body.
•  We then embed the data within the Annotation document using
  'chars’ from Content in RDF.




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                   AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Inline Body Example




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Multiple Targets

There are many use cases for multiple targets for an Annotation:
   •  Comparison of two or more resources
   •  Making a statement that applies to all of the resources
   •  Making a statement about multiple parts of a resource

The OAC Data Model allows for multiple targets by simply having
more than one hasTarget relationship.




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                    AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Multiple Targets Example




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 AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Segments of Resources


Most annotations are about part of a resource


Different segments for different media types:

   •  Text: paragraph, arbitrary span of words
   •  Image: rectangular or arbitrary shaped area
   •  Audio: start and end time points, track name/number
   •  Video: area and time points
   •  Other: slice of a data set, volume in a 3d object, …




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                    AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Segments of Resources


Web Architecture Segmentation:

   •  A URI with a Fragment identifies part of the resource:
   •  IETF Mime-type fragment identifiers; eg xpointer
   •  W3C Media Fragments URI specification for simple
      segments of media: http://www.w3.org/TR/media-frags/

We introduce a method of constraining resources:

   •  Introduce an approach for arbitrarily complex segments that
   cannot be expressed using Fragments
   •  Can be applied to Body or Target resource



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                     AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Segments of Resources: IETF Fragment URIs


URI Fragments are a syntax for creating subsidiary URIs that
identify part of the main resource

The syntax is defined per media type:

    •  X/HTML:   The named anchor or identified element

    •  XML:       An XPointer to the element(s)

    •  PDF:       Many options, especially page and viewrect

    •  Plain Text: Either by character position or line position




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                     AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Segments of Resources: W3C Media Fragments

Media Fragments allow anyone to create URIs that identify part of
an image, audio or video resource.

The most common case is for rectangular areas of images:
    •  http://www.example.org/image.jpg#xywh=50,100,640,480

Link to the full resource as well, for all Fragment URIs




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                     AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Media Fragments Example




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Complex Constraints
Fragment URIs are not always possible
    •  Introduce a Constraint that describes the segment of interest
    •  And a ConstrainedTarget that identifies the segment of interest
    •  Constraints are entire resources, so can be more expressive
    •  Constraints may also describe 'contextual' information




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                        AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Constraint Example




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Constrained Body

The Body may also be constrained in the same way as Targets




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                   AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Web-Centric Annotation: No Persistence




Google Sidewiki Annotation on http://news.bbc.co.uk/ as of 2010-06-14

                                     Open Annotation                     25



                                                                     2
                    AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Web-Centric Annotation: No Annotations




                       Archived page from:
http://www.dracos.co.uk/work/bbc-news-archive/2010/03/08/07.05.html
                                   Open Annotation                     26



                                                                   2
                  AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Web-Centric Annotation: Desired Cross-Linking




                            Open Annotation                     27



                                                            2
           AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Annotations and Time

There are three different types of Annotation with respect to Time:

   •  Timeless Annotations
        •  These are always relevant, regardless of the current
        state of the resources. This is the base model.

   •  Uniform Annotations
        •  There is a single timestamp at which all of the resources
        should be considered.

   •  Varied Annotations
        •  Each of the resources (Body, Targets) should be
        considered at a different time.




                                     Open Annotation                     28



                                                                     2
                    AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Uniform Annotations

If the same time is applicable to all resources, we attach it to the
Annotation using the oac:when predicate.




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Uniform Annotation Example




                   Open Annotation                     30



                                                   3
  AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Varied Annotations

If different timestamps are required for each resource, we use
oac:when from an oac:WebTimeConstraint.




                                     Open Annotation                     31



                                                                     3
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Varied Annotation Example




                   Open Annotation                     32



                                                   3
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Finding Archived Resources with Memento




                          Open Annotation                     33



                                                          3
         AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Annotations for/by Machines?


•  The Body consists of one or more Statements
    •  Human understandable: Text, Image, Video, Symbols, …
    •  Machine understandable: Data

•  Humans can infer relationships and context, Machines cannot
    •  Need to be as explicit as possible
    •  Need structured information

•  When would we do this?
   •  Attaching data to another resource
   •  Nano-Publications: publication of data for further processing
   •  Semantic Annotations


                                        Open Annotation                     34



                                                                        3
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Semantic Annotation: Single Named Entity




                          Open Annotation                     35



                                                          3
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Semantic Annotation: Entity Relationships




                          Open Annotation                     36



                                                          3
         AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Advantages of this Approach

•  Only uses existing OAC constructions
    •  No new ‘isTopicOf’ or similar shortcut relationships
    •  Creator of Body is not confused with Creator of Annotation!

•  Aligns very closely with human annotation practices

•  Consistent model that scales from resource to part of resource
    •  Can annotate data extracted at most appropriate level
    •  Could extract from sentence/paragraph/section/entire text

•  Consistent model that allows association of any amount of data:
    •  From Single Entity
    •  To scholarly discourse extraction from entire document

                                        Open Annotation                     37



                                                                        3
                       AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Annotation Protocols

Unlike previous systems, Open
Annotation does not mandate a
protocol.

No reliance on a client/server
combination gives the client
autonomy.

Instead we promote a publish/
subscribe methodology, where
annotations may be stored and
consumed from anywhere.



                              Protocol: publish, subscribe, consume tied together

                                         Open Annotation                     38
                        AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Publish/Subscribe Method




          We don’t specify how this transfer should occur




publish
                                        Open Annotation                     39



                                                                        3
                       AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Publish/Subscribe Method




             Nor this.




publish     subscribe
                            Open Annotation                     40



                                                            4
           AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Publish/Subscribe Method




                                                            Nor this.




publish     subscribe                                       consume
                            Open Annotation                             41



                                                                4
           AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Publish/Subscribe Advantages

•  Client can use most appropriate method for transferring annotation to
   storage service
    •  May already be specified in certain domains
    •  Can use existing services without requiring direct adoption

•  Annotations are web resources in their own right
    •  Can be protected for limited access using existing technology
    •  Have their own URIs by necessity, not good-will of service

•  Promotes a market-place of services
    •  Archiving Annotations and resources for preservation
    •  Enriching with additional metadata and information
    •  Aggregation and curation to provide trusted annotation feeds

                                        Open Annotation                     42



                                                                        4
                       AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Demo!

               http://www.shared-canvas.org/impl/demo3/

•  Took the PDF of Dirac’s thesis on Quantum Mechanics and split into
   individual page images
•  Allow transcription by annotation, and commentary by annotation
•  Allows storage at different services, both public and private




                                       Open Annotation                     43



                                                                       4
                      AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
Thank You



                        Robert Sanderson
                            rsanderson@lanl.gov
                            azaroth42@gmail.com
                            @azaroth42




                      Web:            http://www.openannotation.org/
                      Paper:           http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.2643

                      Slides:                    http://slidesha.re/qolpwI




                 Open Annotation                                      44
AAHEP5,   22nd   of September 2011, Ithaca, NY

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Open Annotation: Annotating High Energy Physics on the Web

  • 1. Open Annotation: Annotating Scholarly Communication on the Web Robert Sanderson rsanderson@lanl.gov Los Alamos National Laboratory @azaroth42 Herbert Van de Sompel herbertv@lanl.gov Los Alamos National Laboratory @hvdsomp http://www.openannotation.org/ This research is funded, in part, by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Open Annotation 1 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 2. Overview •  Motivation •  Open Annotation Model •  Basics •  Segments •  Resources Changing over Time •  Machine Annotations •  Network Model •  Quick Demo Open Annotation 2 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 3. Scholarly Communication Scholarly Communication is increasingly: •  Online •  Open •  Distributed •  Collaborative •  Data-Oriented Annotation is a scholarly primitive, spanning discipline and level. Need to ensure that Digital Annotations fall under these headings! •  Apply the standards and architecture of the World Wide Web to the Annotation use case. •  Even if scholar doesn’t share annotations with others, she will want to access them from different tools and environments. Open Annotation 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 4. Open Annotation Collaboration http://www.openannotation.org/ Focus on interoperable sharing of annotations •  Web-centric and open, not locked down silos •  Create, consume and interact in different environments •  Build from a simple model for simple cases, to more detailed for complex scholarly annotation requirements The Collaboration: •  Los Alamos National Laboratory •  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign •  University of Queensland •  University of Maryland •  George Mason University •  … plus many adopters and partners Open Annotation 4 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 5. Open Annotation Data Model Design Guidelines: •  Based on the Architecture of the World Wide Web •  … and on Linked Open Data •  Should be general enough for ease of adoption •  … and rich enough to cover scholarly use cases Status: Beta, with 9 ongoing funded experiments to inform 1.0 Hardest part: Define what an Annotation is! •  "Aboutness" is key to distinguish from general metadata A document that describes how one resource is about one or more other resources, or part(s) thereof. Open Annotation 5 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 6. Basic Model The basic model has three resources: •  Annotation (an RDF document) •  Body (the ‘comment’ of the annotation) •  Target (the resource the Body is ‘about’) Open Annotation 6 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 7. Basic Model Example Open Annotation 7 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 8. Additional Relationships and Properties Any of the resources can have additional information attached, such as creator, date of creation, title, etc. Open Annotation 8 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 9. Additional Properties Example Open Annotation 9 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 10. Annotation Types There can be further types of Annotation, such as a Reply. Example: Replies are Annotations on Annotations. Open Annotation 10 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 11. Annotation Types Example Open Annotation 11 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 12. Inline Information It is important to be able to have content contained within the Annotation document for Client Autonomy: •  Clients may be unable to mint new URIs for every resource •  Clients may wish to transmit only a single document •  Third parties can generate new URIs if the client does not The W3C has a Content in RDF specification: •  http://www.w3.org/TR/Content-in-RDF10/ Open Annotation 12 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 13. Inline Information: Body •  We introduce a resource identified by a non resolvable URI, such as a UUID URN, as the Body. •  We then embed the data within the Annotation document using 'chars’ from Content in RDF. Open Annotation 13 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 14. Inline Body Example Open Annotation 14 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 15. Multiple Targets There are many use cases for multiple targets for an Annotation: •  Comparison of two or more resources •  Making a statement that applies to all of the resources •  Making a statement about multiple parts of a resource The OAC Data Model allows for multiple targets by simply having more than one hasTarget relationship. Open Annotation 15 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 16. Multiple Targets Example Open Annotation 16 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 17. Segments of Resources Most annotations are about part of a resource Different segments for different media types: •  Text: paragraph, arbitrary span of words •  Image: rectangular or arbitrary shaped area •  Audio: start and end time points, track name/number •  Video: area and time points •  Other: slice of a data set, volume in a 3d object, … Open Annotation 17 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 18. Segments of Resources Web Architecture Segmentation: •  A URI with a Fragment identifies part of the resource: •  IETF Mime-type fragment identifiers; eg xpointer •  W3C Media Fragments URI specification for simple segments of media: http://www.w3.org/TR/media-frags/ We introduce a method of constraining resources: •  Introduce an approach for arbitrarily complex segments that cannot be expressed using Fragments •  Can be applied to Body or Target resource Open Annotation 18 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 19. Segments of Resources: IETF Fragment URIs URI Fragments are a syntax for creating subsidiary URIs that identify part of the main resource The syntax is defined per media type: •  X/HTML: The named anchor or identified element •  XML: An XPointer to the element(s) •  PDF: Many options, especially page and viewrect •  Plain Text: Either by character position or line position Open Annotation 19 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 20. Segments of Resources: W3C Media Fragments Media Fragments allow anyone to create URIs that identify part of an image, audio or video resource. The most common case is for rectangular areas of images: •  http://www.example.org/image.jpg#xywh=50,100,640,480 Link to the full resource as well, for all Fragment URIs Open Annotation 20 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 21. Media Fragments Example Open Annotation 21 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 22. Complex Constraints Fragment URIs are not always possible •  Introduce a Constraint that describes the segment of interest •  And a ConstrainedTarget that identifies the segment of interest •  Constraints are entire resources, so can be more expressive •  Constraints may also describe 'contextual' information Open Annotation 22 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 23. Constraint Example Open Annotation 23 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 24. Constrained Body The Body may also be constrained in the same way as Targets Open Annotation 24 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 25. Web-Centric Annotation: No Persistence Google Sidewiki Annotation on http://news.bbc.co.uk/ as of 2010-06-14 Open Annotation 25 2 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 26. Web-Centric Annotation: No Annotations Archived page from: http://www.dracos.co.uk/work/bbc-news-archive/2010/03/08/07.05.html Open Annotation 26 2 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 27. Web-Centric Annotation: Desired Cross-Linking Open Annotation 27 2 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 28. Annotations and Time There are three different types of Annotation with respect to Time: •  Timeless Annotations •  These are always relevant, regardless of the current state of the resources. This is the base model. •  Uniform Annotations •  There is a single timestamp at which all of the resources should be considered. •  Varied Annotations •  Each of the resources (Body, Targets) should be considered at a different time. Open Annotation 28 2 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 29. Uniform Annotations If the same time is applicable to all resources, we attach it to the Annotation using the oac:when predicate. Open Annotation 29 2 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 30. Uniform Annotation Example Open Annotation 30 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 31. Varied Annotations If different timestamps are required for each resource, we use oac:when from an oac:WebTimeConstraint. Open Annotation 31 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 32. Varied Annotation Example Open Annotation 32 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 33. Finding Archived Resources with Memento Open Annotation 33 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 34. Annotations for/by Machines? •  The Body consists of one or more Statements •  Human understandable: Text, Image, Video, Symbols, … •  Machine understandable: Data •  Humans can infer relationships and context, Machines cannot •  Need to be as explicit as possible •  Need structured information •  When would we do this? •  Attaching data to another resource •  Nano-Publications: publication of data for further processing •  Semantic Annotations Open Annotation 34 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 35. Semantic Annotation: Single Named Entity Open Annotation 35 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 36. Semantic Annotation: Entity Relationships Open Annotation 36 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 37. Advantages of this Approach •  Only uses existing OAC constructions •  No new ‘isTopicOf’ or similar shortcut relationships •  Creator of Body is not confused with Creator of Annotation! •  Aligns very closely with human annotation practices •  Consistent model that scales from resource to part of resource •  Can annotate data extracted at most appropriate level •  Could extract from sentence/paragraph/section/entire text •  Consistent model that allows association of any amount of data: •  From Single Entity •  To scholarly discourse extraction from entire document Open Annotation 37 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 38. Annotation Protocols Unlike previous systems, Open Annotation does not mandate a protocol. No reliance on a client/server combination gives the client autonomy. Instead we promote a publish/ subscribe methodology, where annotations may be stored and consumed from anywhere. Protocol: publish, subscribe, consume tied together Open Annotation 38 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 39. Publish/Subscribe Method We don’t specify how this transfer should occur publish Open Annotation 39 3 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 40. Publish/Subscribe Method Nor this. publish subscribe Open Annotation 40 4 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 41. Publish/Subscribe Method Nor this. publish subscribe consume Open Annotation 41 4 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 42. Publish/Subscribe Advantages •  Client can use most appropriate method for transferring annotation to storage service •  May already be specified in certain domains •  Can use existing services without requiring direct adoption •  Annotations are web resources in their own right •  Can be protected for limited access using existing technology •  Have their own URIs by necessity, not good-will of service •  Promotes a market-place of services •  Archiving Annotations and resources for preservation •  Enriching with additional metadata and information •  Aggregation and curation to provide trusted annotation feeds Open Annotation 42 4 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 43. Demo! http://www.shared-canvas.org/impl/demo3/ •  Took the PDF of Dirac’s thesis on Quantum Mechanics and split into individual page images •  Allow transcription by annotation, and commentary by annotation •  Allows storage at different services, both public and private Open Annotation 43 4 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY
  • 44. Thank You Robert Sanderson rsanderson@lanl.gov azaroth42@gmail.com @azaroth42 Web: http://www.openannotation.org/ Paper: http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.2643 Slides: http://slidesha.re/qolpwI Open Annotation 44 AAHEP5, 22nd of September 2011, Ithaca, NY