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\begin{document}

\title{LHC Injection}

\author{W. Bartmann, M.J. Barnes, C. Bracco, F. Burkart, E. Carlier, B. Goddard, V. Kain, M. Meddahi,\\ R. Steerenberg, L. Stoel, F. Velotti, C. Wiesner, C. Xu, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland}
	
\maketitle

%
\begin{abstract}
   Losses at injection will be distinguished between the two main loss causes, transverse loss shower from the transfer line collimators and longitudinal loss shower due to satellites which are placed on the kicker field rise and thus improperly kicked into the machine. The dependence of this losses on the different beam types, TL stability and injector performance will be reviewed. A status and potential improvements of the injection quality diagnostics and new values for the SPS and LHC injection kicker rise times will be suggested.
\end{abstract}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Injection losses}
Injection losses during run 1 were dominated by showers from the transfer lines TI 2 and TI 8 onto the ring beam loss monitors (BLM) of the matching regions in P2 and P8, Fig.~\ref{injlosscomp}. These showers were originating from the transfer line collimators (TCDI) and impacting the ionization chambers in the tunnel area common to ring and transfer lines from the outside, without attenuation from the cryostat. This loss scenario was mitigated by installation of additional shielding, opening the TCDIs from 4.5 to 5 $\sigma$ and by stabilising the transfer line trajectory with filters on the SPS extraction septa power converters. In addition, a temporary inhibit of the interlock input from the BLM system was developed. This inhibit possibility is implemented but remains to be fully validated with trains of 288 bunches, which were never injected in run 2.

\begin{figure}[!htb]
%   \vspace*{-.5\baselineskip}
   \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{iqc2012.png}
	\vspace{0.5cm}
	
	\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{iqc2016.png}
   \caption{Injection losses in 2012 (top) were dominated by transverse showers, the losses in 2016 (bottom) by longitudinal losses on the TDI.}
   \label{injlosscomp}
%   \vspace*{-\baselineskip}
\end{figure}
Since Long Shutdown 1 (LS1), the injection losses were dominated by particles which were outside the nominal filling pattern and therefore filling the gaps used for the SPS extraction and LHC injection kickers to rise and fall their magnetic fields. The particles in these gaps were sprayed on protection devices at SPS extraction (TPSG), in the transfer line (TCDI), onto the injection dump (TDI), and onto the collimators in P7. These losses can be well distinguished with the help of diamond detectors, Fig.~\ref{diamonds}.
%
\begin{figure}[!htb]
   \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{diamonds.png}
   \caption{Injection losses as measured by the diamond detectors and kicker waveforms schematically.}
   \label{diamonds}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Injection losses in 2016}
The high intensity proton operation in 2016 can be separated in two periods. The first period until September is characterized by swapping between different beam types or machine configurations of which both have significant impact on injection loss levels. In the second period from September until the ion run a stable period of luminosity production with low injection loss levels was observed which allows to estimate loss levels for 2017.
Transverse injection losses do not vary significantly during 2016 and the median loss level over the injection region is below 2$\%$ of the dump threshold. Also the maximum loss levels which are a factor 2-3 above the median provided a comfortable loss level to inject the beam. This was mainly due to the improved line stability and a trajectory reference which allowed for straightforward steering by the operators.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
   \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{B1trans_untilSept.png}
	\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{B2trans_untilSept.png}
   \caption{Median of transverse losses from TCDI shower onto the matching region of the ring for B1 (top) and B2 (bottom) for the period from September until the end of the run.}
   \label{transuntilSept}
\end{figure}
The transverse losses scale linearly with the total injected beam intensity, thus there are no issues expected with injection of 288 bunch trains from the SPS.
\begin{figure}[htb]
   \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{B1long_untilSept.png}
	\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{B2long_untilSept.png}
   \caption{Median of longitudinal losses for B1 (top) and B2 (bottom) for the period until September. A significant loss reduction between the different running scenarios of up to a factor 10 can be seen. Courtesy C. Xu.}
   \label{longuntilSept}
\end{figure}

The longitudinal losses were much more sensitive to changes in beam types or machine configuration. Figure~\ref{longuntilSept} shows the high loss level of up to 50-60$\%$ of dump threshold for the median for the period when changing from standard to BCMS beam and again after reducing the MKI flattop length. Such a high median level resulted in several beam dumps at injection when the beam quality was only slightly deteriorating. In order to maintain a high availability at injection, the loss levels should be below 20$\%$ of the dump threshold. A significant improvement of these loss levels was reached by improving the transfer from the PS to the SPS where a bunch rotation at PS extraction is required to reduce the bunch length from about 11 ns to 4 ns to fit into the 200 MHz rf structure of the SPS. Deployment of a second 40 MHz cavity during the bunch rotation improved the PS to SPS transfer such that losses at LHC injection were reduced by a factor 10.

The second period of the year from September until the end of the run showed a remarkable stability at low loss levels during injection, see Fig.~\ref{ion}. Only the ion run has strikingly high losses given the low intensity during the transfer of 28 bunches. The ion run setup suffered from several machine problems and therefore setup time was reduced which explains the poor injection performance compared to the high intensity proton run. While the absolute loss levels during the ion run were acceptable with median loss levels below 5$\%$, the spread in loss levels between good and bad injections was much higher than for the late proton run. While the maximum losses for protons were a factor 2-3 above the median, the ion losses even caused several dumps at injection. Both, the proton and ion run show that it requires a phase of several fills until beam parameters at LHC injection are tuned and stable.
\begin{figure}[htb]
   \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{B1_all_cap.png}
	\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{B2_all_cap.png}
   \caption{Injection losses for B1 (top) and B2 (bottom) for the period from September until the end of the run.}
   \label{ion}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Injection quality check}
The injection quality check tool IQC has become an orphan in the control room and was rarely used by the operators. Most likely this is caused by two problems. First, the tool is not maintained since LS1 and therefore adapting of internal thresholds to beam types did not happen. This caused the monitoring tool to be on red alert for too many cases and it got ignored. The second problem is that that too much information is displayed.

As improvement it was suggested to simplify the internal thresholds and raise the level for red alert to become meaningful again.
Transverse loss scaling can remain as it is, longitudinal thresholds should be adapted at the TDI to show green for losses less than 30$\%$ of dump threshold, orange between 30$\%$ and 50$\%$, and red above 50$\%$. If the loss level is above 50$\%$, operation should be focussed to solve the cause of this loss level. The triplet magnets in the shower of the TDI should have colour limits of 10$\%$ between green and orange, and 25$\%$ between orange and red.
Also, an overall reduction of the displayed information is suggested. These improvements are pending implementation by the operations group.

The above mentioned diamond loss monitors showed to be very useful in detecting where losses are caused, Fig.~\ref{diamonds}. During the development phase of these devices, their maintenance became very diverse over different groups. At this stage their functionality is mature enough to be added into online monitoring tools as already done in the SPS. It is suggested to also add a diamond tab in the IQC.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Injection process}
Time spent at injection energy of LHC is a significant contributor to the turn-around-time. Stability of the injectors is not the cause because the orbit position at SPS extraction is very stable over several hours, Fig.~\ref{spsorbit}.
\begin{figure}[htb]
   \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{spsorbitdriftzoom.png}
   \caption{Closed orbit stability at SPS flattop in 2015.}
   \label{spsorbit}
\end{figure}
So in order to minimize the waiting time for beam while LHC is ready, it is suggested to automatize the preparation of the LHC in the injectors as soon as LHC starts its ramp down. In the injectors there could be an automatic fall-back to a prepared supercycle for LHC filling. A disadvantage is that several supercycle templates have to be maintained in parallel. The automatization should have almost no impact on non-LHC physics program compared to a dedicated LHC filling cycle. There is most likely some impact on MD programs in the injectors in case LHC is not ready for injection as expected.
Daily tuning of the LHC beams is very valuable and lead to impressive beam quality at SPS extraction. This daily tuning is supported by a continuous improvement of beam quality monitoring in the injectors which should help for automatizing the LHC beam preparation process.



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{SPS and LHC batch spacings}
\begin{figure}[htb]
   \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{mkp_nodamper.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{mkp_withdamper.png}
   \caption{Intensity along the batch for 200 ns batch spacing without damper (top) and with damper (bottom).}
   \label{mkp}
\end{figure}The batch spacings for the SPS and LHC injection kickers have both been reduced for the ion run after performance measurements. The SPS batch spacing was first increased from the nominal 225 ns to 250 ns after load balancing between the different units of the injection kicker hardware which lead to a possible increase of the rise time. Tuning the timing of each unit allowed finally to reduce the batch spacing to 200 ns with an acceptable effect on the beam quality. 

In Figure~\ref{mkp} the intensity loss of the first and last bunch of a batch is shown. Without damper this lead to an intensity loss of 25$\%$ while this effect is barely visible with the transverse damper working. 
The drawback of a 200 ns batch spacing is the higher sensitivity to synchronisation drifts of the injection kicker switches. This might require regular tuning in the SPS, which is however transparent to LHC beam time.
\begin{figure}[htb]
   \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{mkibatch.png}
   \caption{Emittance growth and injection oscillations as a function of the batch spacing at LHC injection.}
   \label{mki}
\end{figure}
The minimum required batch spacing in the LHC was measured with low intensity bunches and bunch trains, observing injection oscillations and emittance growth.

By reducing the batch spacing from the nominal 900 ns to 800 ns increased injection oscillations for the last and first bunches of a train can be measured, Fig.~\ref{mki}. The growth of the emittance of these bunches is however well within the variation along a batch. 

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{conclusions}
During run 2 injection losses were dominated by satellites being kicked onto the injection dump. These loss levels were reduced by a factor 10 by improving the PS to SPS transfer. After this improvement, the proton operation showed a very good loss performance at injection. There are no issues expected with injection of 288 bunches. Ion run losses were high compared to the proton run given the low intensities injected. This is mostly due to the limited time spent during setup.

The injection quality check identified the various loss scenarios but requires updates on its thresholds to be less sensitive and also to reduce its visual over-stimulation.

Diamond loss detectors are ready to migrate from being only available for experts to be included in the injection quality check application.

In order to reduce the idle time at injection it is suggested to fully automatize the LHC beam preparation in the injectors.

Batch spacings of 200ns for the SPS and 800 ns for the LHC injection kickers have been fully validated and should be deployed in 2017.


\end{document}




\subsection{General Layout}

These instructions are a typical implementation of the
requirements. Manuscripts should have:
\begin{Itemize}
    \item  Either A4 (\SI{21.0}{cm}~$\times$~\SI{29.7}{cm}; \SI{8.27}{in}~$\times$~\SI{11.69}{in}) or US
           letter size (\SI{21.6}{cm}~$\times$~\SI{27.9}{cm}; \SI{8.5}{in}~$\times$~\SI{11.0}{in}) paper.
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           (\SI{0.2}{in}) separation. More recent versions of MSWord have a default spacing of 1.5 lines;
           authors must change this to 1 line.
    \item  The text located within the margins specified in Table~\ref{l2ea4-t1}.
\end{Itemize}
\begin{table}[hbt]
%   \vspace*{-.5\baselineskip}
   \centering
   \caption{Margin Specifications}
   \begin{tabular}{lcc}
       \toprule
       \textbf{Margin} & \textbf{A4 Paper}                      & \textbf{US Letter Paper} \\
       \midrule
           Top         & \SI{37}{mm} (\SI{1.46}{in})            & \SI{0.75}{in} (\SI{19}{mm})        \\ %[3pt]
          Bottom       & \SI{19}{mm} (\SI{0.75}{in})            & \SI{0.75}{in} (\SI{19}{mm})        \\ %[3pt]
           Left        & \SI{20}{mm} (\SI{0.79}{in})            & \SI{0.79}{in} (\SI{20}{mm})        \\ %[3pt]
           Right       & \SI{20}{mm} (\SI{0.79}{in})            & \SI{1.02}{in} (\SI{26}{mm})        \\
       \bottomrule
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   \label{l2ea4-t1}
%   \vspace*{-\baselineskip}
\end{table}

\subsection{Fonts}

In order to produce good Adobe Acrobat PDF files, authors
using the LaTeX template are asked to use only the fonts
defined in the class file in standard, bold (i.\,e. \verb|\textbf|)
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
%   \vspace*{-.5\baselineskip}
   \centering
   \includegraphics*[width=174pt]{JACpic_mc}
   \caption{Layout of papers.}
   \label{l2ea4-f1}
%   \vspace*{-\baselineskip}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[!tbh]
    \centering
    \includegraphics*[width=\textwidth]{JACpic2v5}

    \caption{Example of a full-width figure showing the JACoW Team at their annual
    	     meeting in 2015. This figure has a multi-line caption that has to be
    	     justified rather than centred.}
    \label{l2ea4-f2}
%    \vspace*{-\baselineskip}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Title and Author List}

The title should use \SI{14}{pt} bold uppercase letters and be centred on the page.
Individual letters may be lowercase to avoid misinterpretation (e.\,g., mW, MW, SPRing-8, SwissFEL).
To include a funding support statement, put an asterisk after the title and
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Section headings should not be numbered. They should
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column. All section headings should appear directly above
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\subsection{Subsection Headings}

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\end{equation}

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\subsection{Units}
	
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\subsection{References}
%
% References examples given here are not formatted using \cite as there
%			 are only reference numbers [1] and [2] in the template
%
All bibliographical and web references should be numbered and listed at the
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\subsection{Footnotes}

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\subsection{Acronyms}

Acronyms should be defined the first time they appear.

\section{styles}

Table~\ref{style-tab} summarises the fonts and spacings used in the styles of
a JACoW template. In \LaTeX, these are implemented in the ‘jacow’ class file).

\section{page numbers}

\textbf{DO NOT include any page numbers}. They will be added
when the final proceedings are produced.

\begin{table}[h!t]
	\setlength\tabcolsep{3.5pt}
	\centering
	\caption{Summary of Styles}
	\label{style-tab}
	%    \begin{tabular}{p{60pt}p{90pt}cc}
	\begin{tabular}{llcc}
		\toprule
		\textbf{Style} & \textbf{Font}               & \textbf{Space}  & \textbf{Space} \\
		&                             & \textbf{Before} & \textbf{After} \\
		\midrule
		\textbf{PAPER}  & \SI{14}{pt}                 & \SI{0}{pt}      & \SI{3}{pt}  \\
		\textbf{TITLE}  & \textbf{UPPERCASE}          &                 &      \\
		& \textbf{EXCEPT FOR}         &                 &      \\
		& \textbf{REQUIRED lowercase} &                 &      \\
		& \textbf{letters}            &                 &      \\
		& \textbf{Bold}               &                 &      \\[5pt]
		%\midrule
		Author list  & \SI{12}{pt}                 & \SI{9}{pt}      & \SI{12}{pt} \\
		& UPPER- and lowercase        &                 &      \\[5pt]
		%\midrule
		\textit{Abstract} & \SI{12}{pt}                 & \SI{0}{pt}      & \SI{3}{pt} \\
		\textit{Title}  & \textit{Initial Caps}       &                 &      \\
		& \textit{Italic}             &                 &      \\[5pt]
		%\midrule
		\textbf{Section}  & \SI{12}{pt}                 & \SI{9}{pt}      & \SI{3}{pt}  \\
		\textbf{Heading}  & \textbf{UPPERCASE}          &                 &      \\
		& \textbf{bold}               &                 &      \\[5pt]
		%\midrule
		\textit{Subsection} & \SI{12}{pt}                 & \SI{6}{pt}      & \SI{3}{pt}  \\
		\textit{Heading}  & \textit{Initial Caps}       &                 &      \\
		& \textit{Italic}             &                 &      \\[5pt]
		%\midrule
		\textbf{Third-level} & \SI{10}{pt}                 & \SI{6}{pt}      & \SI{0}{pt}  \\
		\textbf{Heading}     & \textbf{Initial Caps}       &                 &      \\
		& \textbf{Bold}               &                 &      \\[5pt]
		%\midrule
		Figure        & \SI{10}{pt}                 & \SI{3}{pt}      & $\ge$\SI{3}{pt}  \\
		Captions      &                             &                 &      \\[5pt]
		%\midrule
		Table         & \SI{10}{pt}                 & $\ge$\SI{3}{pt} & \SI{3}{pt}  \\
		Captions      &                             &                 &      \\[5pt]
		%\midrule
		Equations     & \SI{10}{pt} base font       & \SI{12}{pt}     & \SI{12}{pt} \\[5pt]
		%\midrule
		References\footnotemark    
		& \SI{9}{pt}, justified with  & \SI{0}{pt}      & \SI{0}{pt} \\
		& \SI{0.52}{cm} (\SI{0.2}{in}) hanging       &                 &  \\
		& indent                      &                 &        \\
		\bottomrule   %\SI{0.25}{in}
	\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\footnotetext{In the case of more than 9 references, to ensure their proper alignment,
	Refs. 1 to 9 only should also have a \SI{0.16}{cm} (\SI{0.06}{in}) left indent, while Refs. 10
	onwards should have their hanging indent increased to \SI{0.68}{cm} (\SI{0.26}{in}). Further
	information is given in \SEC{Annex~B}.}

\section{templates}

Template documents for the recommended word processing
software are available from the JACoW website~\cite{jacow-help}
and exist for \LaTeX, Microsoft Word (Mac and PC)
and LibreOffice/Apache OpenOffice for US letter and A4
paper sizes.

Use the correct template for your paper size and version
of Word. Do not transport Microsoft Word documents across
platforms (e.\,g., Mac\,$\leftrightarrow$\,PC). To ensure
that fonts are embedded in Word 2010 documents (PC), the
“Embed fonts in file” option must be selected from within the
Word Options$\rightarrow$Save window. Fonts are embedded by
default when printing to PDF on MAC OSX.


\section{checklist for electronic publication}

\begin{Itemize}
	\item  Use only Times or Times New Roman (standard, bold or italic) and Symbol
	fonts for text---\SI{10}{pt} minimum except references, which can be \SI{9}{pt} or \SI{10}{pt}.
	\item  Figures should use Times or Times New Roman (standard, bold or italic) and
	Symbol fonts when possible---\SI{6}{pt} minimum.
	\item  Check that citations to references appear in sequential order and
	that all references are cited.
	\item  Check that the PDF file prints correctly.
	\item  Check that there are no page numbers.
	\item  Check that the margins on the printed version are within \SI{\pm1}{mm}
	of the specifications.
	\item  \LaTeX\ users can check their margins by invoking the
	\texttt{boxit} option.
\end{Itemize}

\raggedend
\newpage

\section{Conclusion}

Any conclusions should be in a separate section directly preceding
the \SEC{Acknowledgement}, \SEC{Appendix}, or \SEC{References} sections, in that
order.

\section{acknowledgement}
Any acknowledgement should be in a separate section directly preceding
the \SEC{References} or \SEC{Appendix} section.


\section{appendix}
Any appendix should be in a separate section directly preceding
the \SEC{References} section. If there is no \SEC{References} section,
this should be the last section of the paper.

\iffalse  % only for "biblatex"
	\newpage
	\printbibliography

% "biblatex" is not used, go the "manual" way
\else

%\begin{thebibliography}{99}   % Use for  10-99  references
\begin{thebibliography}{9} % Use for 1-9 references

%\bibitem{accelconf-ref}
%	C. Petit-Jean-Genaz and J. Poole,
%	``JACoW, A service to the Accelerator Community,''
%	EPAC'04, Lucerne, July 2004, THZCH03,  p.~249,
%	\url{http://www.JACoW.org/e04/papers/THZCH03.PDF}

\bibitem{jacow-help}
	JACoW,
	\url{http://www.jacow.org}

\bibitem{IEEE}
	\textit{IEEE Editorial Style Manual},
	IEEE Periodicals, Piscataway,
	NJ, USA, Oct. 2014, pp. 34--52.
\end{thebibliography}
%\null  % this is a hack for correcting the wrong un-indent by package 'flushend' in versions before 2015

\fi

\newpage

\twocolumn[\vspace*{-1.8ex}\section{ANNEX A:\endgraf FORMATTING OF AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS}]

The names of authors, their organizations/affiliations
and postal addresses should be grouped by affiliation and
listed in \SI{12}{pt} upper- and lowercase letters. The name of
the submitting or primary author should be first, followed
by the co-authors, alphabetically by affiliation. If the
author list for a given affiliation spans multiple lines,
please be sure to break the line in a manner that does not
split the author’s initials from the author’s last name. This
is easily done by placing unbreakable spaces between the
initials and last name. The affiliation name and address
are also best kept together on the same (but not necessarily
separate) line, wherever possible. (See, for example,
the entry for GSI in the following). In cases where authors
have multiple affiliations, the secondary affiliation is
inserted below the author/primary affiliation listing and is
indicated with a superscript, as shown in the following. A
spacing of \SI{3}{pt} is added to before the secondary affiliation.

\newpage

Footnotes on the title and author lines may be used for
acknowledgements and e-mail addresses, using a nonnumeric
sequence of characters (\textsuperscript{*}, \textsuperscript{†}, 
\textsuperscript{‡}, \textsuperscript{§}, \textsuperscript{\#}). In Word,
footnotes are best inserted manually in a text box at the
bottom of the first column with a line at the top of the text
box to separate the footnotes from the rest of the paper’s
text.

For examples of the preferred formatting of authors and
affiliations, please consult the following list of JACoW
collaboration members.

For manuscripts submitted by large collaborations with
potentially many tens of authors and where, additionally,
there may be page number limitations, a format consisting
of the principle author’s name and institute, followed by
“on behalf of the … collaboration”, is preferred.


\clearpage
%
% Include the title/author page of the JACoW Coolaboration
%
\includepdf[pages=-, noautoscale, pagecommand={}]{jacow-collaboration-2016.pdf}{}

\clearpage

\twocolumn[\vspace*{-1.8ex}\section{ANNEX B:\endgraf IEEE REFERENCE STYLE GUIDE AS APPLIED TO \NoCaseChange{JACoW} 
	PAPERS, PERIODICALS AND OTHER WORKS}]


\subsection{Referencing JACoW Proceedings}

The format for published JACoW proceedings papers
can be readily deduced from Refs. [1-3].

\subsubsection{Author Listing} Careful attention should be given to the
placing of commas and the use of ‘and’ in the author list.
In particular, for the case of six or more authors
(Ref. [3]), a comma also follows the penultimate author.
The preference for ‘\emph{et al.}’\ takes precedence when the number
of authors becomes large (e.g., $>$6).

\subsubsection{Paper Title} As is modern practice in references, the title
of the paper is written in sentence case, i.e., only the
initial letter of the first word in the title is capitalised.
Proper nouns, however, also have a capital. Capital letters
appearing in acronyms likewise remain unaltered

\subsubsection{Conference Proceedings} The proceedings title is written
in title case in italics using standard abbreviations,
such as Int. and Conf. The preposition, “in”, in normal
font, precedes the proceedings title. The location,
i.e., city, state (if USA), and country of the conference
venue, the month (three-letter abbreviation) and the year
the conference took place, is then listed. Finally, details
pertaining to the paper itself, such as the conference paper
ID and mandatory page numbers are given. The conference
paper ID is optional, and may be included in the
interest of facilitating a search through internet search
engines. The complete or abbreviated form for citations,
as shown in the following section, is recommended. The
former is more informative to readers outside the immediate
conference sphere. Both forms, however, ensure a
proper import into digital libraries and information
sources such as INSPIRE, Scopus, and Google Scholar.
To this end, the minimal form is also listed for convenience.
Although this form is not advocated, it nevertheless
remains acceptable.

Authors are also reminded to make a distinction between
papers published in JACoW proceedings (which
will always have page numbers) and those papers that
may have been presented at past JACoW conferences but
were not published [4]. References to contributions presented
at the same conference should be written as shown
in Ref. [5]; the wording “this conference” may be optionally
appended.

\subsection{Referencing Periodicals and Other Sources}

The IEEE style is also shown for periodicals [6-11],
online sources [12], books [13, 14], internal reports [15],
theses [16], manuals or handbooks [17], patents [18] and
unpublished material [19, 20]. Examples of correctly
formatted references can be found at the JACoW website,
under ‘Formatting Citations’ which is reached through the
‘for Authors’ link.

\subsection{Alignment of References}

Entries to the References section follow a hanging indent
structure. In this way, reference numbers in the first
line of each reference entry are right aligned, while subsequent
lines within a given reference are indented by a
specified amount. The indentation values for Word are
shown in Table~1 of this Annex and depend on whether
the number of references exceeds single digit values.

In the \LaTeX\ template, \verb|\bibliography{9}| is used for
when the total number of references is less than ten. This
should be changed to \verb|\bibliography{99}| if the number of
references is ten or more.

\begin{table}[h!t]
	\centering
	%\setlength\tabcolsep{3.5pt}
	\caption{Formatting of References}
	\label{format-refs}
	%    \begin{tabular}{p{60pt}p{90pt}cc}
	\begin{tabular}{lllcc}
		\toprule
		\textbf{Font} & \textbf{Left}   & \textbf{Hanging}  & \textbf{Space}   & \textbf{Space} \\
		              & \textbf{Indent} & \textbf{Indent}   & \textbf{Before}  & \textbf{After} \\
		\midrule
		\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textbf{No. References $\le$9}}  \\
		\SI{9}{pt},   & \SI{0.00}{cm}   & \SI{0.52}{cm}     & \multirow{2}{*}{\SI{0}{pt}} 
																			   & \multirow{2}{*}{\SI{3}{pt}}  \\
		justified     & \SI{0.00}{in}   & \SI{0.20}{in}     &                  &             \\
		\midrule
		\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textbf{No. References $\ge$10}}  \\[1mm]
		\multicolumn{5}{l}{\textbf{Refs. 1 to 9}}           \\[1mm]
		\SI{9}{pt},   & \SI{0.16}{cm}   & \SI{0.52}{cm}     &  \multirow{2}{*}{\SI{0}{pt}} 
																			   & \multirow{2}{*}{\SI{3}{pt}}  \\
		justified     & \SI{0.06}{in}   & \SI{0.20}{in}     &                  &             \\[3mm]		\multicolumn{5}{l}{\textbf{Refs. 10 onwards}}    \\[1mm]
		\SI{9}{pt},   & \SI{0.00}{cm}   & \SI{0.68}{cm}     &  \multirow{2}{*}{\SI{0}{pt}} 
																	           & \multirow{2}{*}{\SI{3}{pt}}  \\
		justified     & \SI{0.00}{in}   & \SI{0.26}{in}     &                  &             \\
		\bottomrule  
	\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\patchcmd\thebibliography{\section*{REFERENCES\@mkboth {REFERENCES}{REFERENCES}}}{}{}{}
\section{PAPER PUBLISHED IN A CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS}

\definecolor{jgreen}{cmyk}{0.81, 0.00, 0.97, 0.00}
\definecolor{jred}{cmyk}  {0.00, 0.99, 1.00, 0.00}
\definecolor{jgrepc}{cmyk}{0.74, 0.05, 1.00, 0.00}
\definecolor{jblue}{cmyk} {0.87, 0.54, 0.00, 0.00}
\definecolor{jvio}{cmyk}  {0.41, 0.82, 0.00, 0.00}
\definecolor{jbook}{cmyk} {0.28, 0.88, 0.79, 0.25}
\definecolor{jrept}{cmyk} {0.07, 0.70, 1.00, 0.00}
\definecolor{jmanu}{cmyk} {0.28, 0.77, 1.00, 0.23}
\definecolor{junpu}{cmyk} {0.00, 0.83, 0.65, 0.00}


\subsection{Complete Form}

%\begin{thebibliography}{99}   % Use for  10-99  references
\begin{thebibliography}{9} % Use for 1-9 references
	
	\bibitem{item:1-1}
	A.~Alpha and B.~T.~Beta, “An interesting paper”, 
	in \textit{Proc. 1st Int. Particle Accelerator Conf. (IPAC’10)}, 
	Kyoto, Japan, May 2010, 
	paper MOP057, pp. 567--569.\\
	\textcolor{jgreen}{[Conference Proceedings, two authors; optional paper ID]}

	\bibitem{item:1-2}
	A.~Alpha \emph{et al.}, 
	“A fascinating paper about FELs”, 
	in \emph{Proc. 35th Int. Free-Electron Laser Conf. (FEL’13)}, 
	New York, NY, USA, Aug. 2013, 
	paper WEP033, pp. 27--29.\\
	\textcolor{jgreen}{[Conference Proceedings, for six or more authors use \emph{et al.};	
		paper ID is optional]}
	
	\bibitem{item:1-3}	
	A.~Alpha, B.~T.~Beta, C.~Gamma, and D.~Delta, 
	“An overview of control systems”, 
	in \emph{Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS’11)}, Grenoble, France, Oct. 2011, 
	paper TUP014, pp. 89--91.\\
	\textcolor{jgreen}{[Conference Proceedings, four authors; optional paper ID]}
\end{thebibliography}

\newpage
\subsection{Abbreviated Form}

\begin{thebibliography}{9} % Use for 1-9 references
	\bibitem{item:2-1}
	A.~Alpha and B.~T.~Beta, “An interesting paper”, 
	in \textit{Proc. IPAC’10}, 
	Kyoto, Japan, May 2010, 
	paper MOP057, pp. 567--569.\\
	\textcolor{jgreen}{[Conference Proceedings, two authors; optional paper ID]}
	
	\bibitem{item:2-2}
	A.~Alpha \emph{et al.}, 
	“A fascinating paper about FELs”, 
	in \emph{Proc. FEL’13}, 
	New York, NY, USA, Aug. 2013, 
	paper WEP033, pp. 27--29.\\
	\textcolor{jgreen}{[Conference Proceedings, for six or more authors use \emph{et al.};	
		paper ID is optional]}
	
	\bibitem{item:2-3}	
	A.~Alpha, B.~T.~Beta, C.~Gamma, and D.~Delta, 
	“An overview of control systems”, 
	in \emph{Proc. ICALEPCS’11}, Grenoble, France, Oct. 2011, 
	paper TUP014, pp. 89--91.\\
	\textcolor{jgreen}{[Conference Proceedings, four authors; optional paper ID]}
\end{thebibliography}

\subsection{Minimal Form}

\begin{thebibliography}{9} % Use for 1-9 references

	\bibitem{item:3-1}
	A.~Alpha and B.~T.~Beta,
	in \textit{Proc. IPAC’10}, 
	pp. 567--569.\\
	\textcolor{jgreen}{[Conference Proceedings, two authors]}
	
	\bibitem{item:3-2}
	A.~Alpha \emph{et al.}, 
	in \emph{Proc. FEL’13}, 
	pp. 27--29.\\
	\textcolor{jgreen}{[Conference Proceedings, for six or more authors use \emph{et al.}]}
	
	\bibitem{item:3-3}	
	A.~Alpha, B.~T.~Beta, C.~Gamma, and D.~Delta, 
	in \emph{Proc. ICALEPCS’11}, 
	pp. 89--91.\\
	\textcolor{jgreen}{[Conference Proceedings, four authors]}
\end{thebibliography}

\section{UNPUBLISHED PAPER PRESENTED AT A PREVIOUS CONFERENCE}

\subsection{Complete Form}

\begin{thebibliography}{9} % Use for 1-9 references
\setcounter{enumi}{3}
 \bibitem{item:41}
	A.~Alpha and B.~T.~Beta, 
	“An interesting talk”, 
	presented at the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf. (IPAC’14), 
	Dresden, Germany, Jun. 2014, paper MOP057, unpublished.\\
	\textcolor{jred}{[Unpublished paper; conference name in normal font; paper
	ID may only be given if material supplementing the proceedings
	exists on the JACoW website, e.\,g., PDF of talk]}
\end{thebibliography}

\subsection{Abbreviated Form}

\begin{thebibliography}{9} % Use for 1-9 references
\setcounter{enumi}{3}
 \bibitem{item:42}
	A.~Alpha and B.~T.~Beta, 
	“An interesting talk”, 
	presented at IPAC’14, 
	Dresden, Germany, Jun. 2014, paper MOP057, unpublished.\\
	\textcolor{jred}{[Unpublished paper; conference name in normal font; paper
	ID may only be given if material supplementing the proceedings
	exists on the JACoW website, e.\,g., PDF of talk]}
\end{thebibliography}


\section{PAPER PRESENTED AT THE CURRENT CONFERENCE}

\subsection{Complete Form}

\begin{thebibliography}{9} % Use for 1-9 references
\setcounter{enumi}{4}
 \bibitem{item:51}
	A.~Alpha and B.~T.~Beta, 
	“An interesting talk”, 
	presented at the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf. (IPAC’16), 
	Busan, Korea, May 2016, 
	paper MOAB01, this conference.\\
	\textcolor{jgrepc}{[Current conference; conference name in normal font; the
			           wording “this conference” is optional]}
\end{thebibliography}

\subsection{Abbreviated Form}

\begin{thebibliography}{9} % Use for 1-9 references
\setcounter{enumi}{4}
	\bibitem{item:52}
	A.~Alpha and B.~T.~Beta, 
	“An interesting talk”, 
	presented at IPAC’16, 
	Busan, Korea, May 2016, 
	paper MOAB01, this conference.\\
	\textcolor{jgrepc}{[Current conference; conference name in normal font; the
		wording “this conference” is optional]}
\end{thebibliography}


\section{PAPER PUBLISHED IN, OR SUBMITTED TO, A PERIODICAL}

\begin{thebibliography}{99} % Use for 1-9 references
  \setcounter{enumi}{5}
	\bibitem{item:6}
		P.~Mercury \emph{et al.}, 
		“Title of paper published in journal”,
		\emph{Phy. Rev. Lett.}, vol. 114, no. 5, 
		p. 050511, Feb. 2014. \\
	\textcolor{jblue}{[Periodical, Phys. Rev. Lett.; 
		             issue no. and month may be omitted]}

	\bibitem{item:7}
		P.~Venus \emph{et al.}, 
		“New techniques in laser wakefield accelerators”,
		\emph{Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams}, vol. 18, 
		p. 120198, Dec.~2015.   \\
	\textcolor{jblue}{[Periodical, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams; 
			              month may be omitted]}

	\bibitem{item:8}
		T.~Earth \emph{et al.}, 
		“Low dose irradiation impact on modern silicon detectors”, 
		\emph{Nucl. Instr. Meth.}, vol. 692, pp. 256--280, 2014.
	\textcolor{jblue}{[Periodical, Nucl. Instr. Method.]}
	
	\bibitem{item:9}
		T.~Earth, L.~Moon, and A.~Belt, 
		“Temporal correlations of x-ray free electron lasers”, 
		\emph{Optics Express}, vol. 20, pp. 11396--11404, 2012.
	\textcolor{jblue}{[Periodical, Optics Express]}

	\bibitem{item:10}
		J.~B.~Good, 
		“A paper accepted for publication”, 
		\emph{Phys. Rev. Lett.}, to be published.
	\textcolor{jblue}{[Periodical, paper accepted for publication 
		              by Phys. Rev. Lett.]}

	\bibitem{item:11}
		G.~D.~Read, 
		“Title of paper submitted for publication”,
		submitted for publication.
	\textcolor{jblue}{[Paper submitted for publication; the name of the 
					  periodical does not appear]}
\end{thebibliography}

\section{ONLINE SOURCE}

\begin{thebibliography}{99} % Use for 1-9 references
  \setcounter{enumi}{11}
	\bibitem{item:121}
		JACoW, \url{http://www.jacow.org} \\
		\textcolor{jvio}{[online source; no hyperlink, no period at end of URL
						  unless there is a trailing “/” as shown below. A monospace
						  font, such as Lucida Sans Typewriter (size 8 pt), is used in
					      Word, while the ‘url’ package in \LaTeX\ uses the Latin Modern Typewriter font]}

  \setcounter{enumi}{11}
	\bibitem{item:122}
		JACoW, \url{http://www.jacow.org/}.  \\
	\textcolor{jvio}{[online source; no hyperlink, period after traling “/” in
					 URL allowed. A monospace font, such as Lucida Sans Typewriter 
					 (size 8 pt), is used in Word, while the ‘url’ package in \LaTeX\  
					 uses the Latin Modern Typewriter font]}
\end{thebibliography}

\section{CITATIONS TO BOOKS}

\begin{thebibliography}{99} % Use for 1-9 references
	\setcounter{enumi}{12}
	\bibitem{item:13}
		T.~Earth and L.~Moon, 
		“Title of chapter in the book”, 
		in \emph{Title of Book}, R Mars, Ed. New York, NY, USA: 
		Wiley, 1994, pp.~42--48. \\
	\textcolor{jbook}{[Chapter in book]}
	
	\bibitem{item:14}
		A.~Belt, \emph{Title of Book}. Cambridge, MA, USA: 
		MIT Press, 1986. \\
	\textcolor{jbook}{[Book]}
\end{thebibliography}

\section{REPORTS AND THESES}

\begin{thebibliography}{99} % Use for 1-9 references
	\setcounter{enumi}{14}
	\bibitem{item:15}
		G. Jupiter \emph{et al.}, 
		“Title of report”, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
		Rep. CERN-2012-333, Oct. 2012.\\
	\textcolor{jrept}{[Report]}

	\bibitem{item:16}
		A.~Student, “Title of thesis”, 
		Ph.D. thesis, Phys. Dept.,
		Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, 
		Germany, 2014.\\
	\textcolor{jrept}{[Thesis]}
\end{thebibliography}

\newpage

\section{MANUAL}

\begin{thebibliography}{99} % Use for 1-9 references
	\setcounter{enumi}{16}
	\bibitem{item:17}
		\emph{IEEE Editorial Style Manual}, 
		IEEE Periodicals, 
		Piscataway, NJ, USA, Oct. 2014, pp. 34-52; 
		\url{http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf} \\
	\textcolor{jmanu}{[Handbook/Manual, no hyperlink, no period after URL]}
\end{thebibliography}

\section{PATENTS}

\begin{thebibliography}{99} % Use for 1-9 references
	\setcounter{enumi}{17}
		\bibitem{item:18}
		A.~N.~Inventor, 
		“Title of patent”, 
		Patent Authority and No., Jan. 20, 2016.

\end{thebibliography}

\newpage

\section{UNPUBLISHED WORK AND PRIVATE COMMUNICATION}

\begin{thebibliography}{99} % Use for 1-9 references
	\setcounter{enumi}{18}
	\bibitem{item:19}
		P.~Neptune, “Title of paper”, unpublished.\\
	\textcolor{junpu}{[Unpublished]}
	
	\bibitem{item:20}
	P.~Uranus, private communication, Jun. 2015.\\
	\textcolor{junpu}{[Private communication]}

\end{thebibliography}
\null  % this is a hack for correcting the wrong un-indent by package 'flushend' in versions before 2015

\newpage

\twocolumn[\vspace*{-1.8ex}\section{ANNEX C:\endgraf THE DILIGENT AUTHOR’S CHECKLIST}]

\subsection{Common Oversights}

In order to lessen the load on a small team of editors
and to help expedite publication of the Proceedings, authors
are kindly asked to give themselves an extra few
minutes to go over the following points, which highlight
the most common errors, before uploading their paper. By
providing a properly formatted JACoW paper, the Proceedings
Office is able to benefit from an autodistill process
which automatically converts the author's PDF file
into a version that adheres to the JACoW-compliant PDF
standard. The process further ensures that all fonts required
to view the entire document are embedded, rendering
a final PDF that qualifies technically for publication.


\subsection{Author and Affiliation Listing}

The names of authors and their affiliations should be in
\SI{12}{pt} uppercase and lowercase letters, with standard,
roman fonts (i.\,e., not italics). When there is more than
one author, the submitting author should be first, followed
by the co-author. Co-authors should be grouped by affiliation
and then be listed alphabetically. Please refer to \SEC{Annex~A}
for further details and examples, particularly for
the case where authors have multiple institutes.

\subsection{Title, Abstract, and Author Listing in the SPMS}

Authors are prompted to verify that the title, the abstract
and the author/institute listing, previously submitted
to the SPMS, has been updated to match that now appearing
in the final manuscript. In particular, primary authors
are reminded that it is their responsibility to check the
accuracy of the co-authors entered in the SPMS database.
These should be an exact match to that appearing in the
paper. This is required to ensure the proper indexing of
authors to papers in the published proceedings.

\subsection{Subsection Headings}

Subsection Headings use \SI{12}{pt} italic lowercase and uppercase.
The initial letter of every principle word is capitalised,
and the heading is left aligned in the column.

\subsection{Figure Captions}

Figure captions should be placed below the figure and
centered if on one line, but justified if spanning two or
more lines:
\begin{center}
	Figure 1: A one line figure caption is centered.
\end{center}
\begin{justify}
	Figure 2: A lengthy figure caption that spans 
	two lines is justified.
\end{justify}
Note the colon “:” after the figure number and the period
“.” at the end of the caption.

\newpage

When referring to a figure from within the text, the
convention is to use the abbreviated form, i.\,e., Fig.~1,
unless the reference to the figure is at the start of the sentence:
\begin{quote}
	Figure 1 shows a schematic view of...
	
	... as shown in Fig.~1.
\end{quote}

\subsection{Table Headings}

Table captions should be placed above the table and
centered if on one line, but justified if spanning two or
more lines:
\begin{center}
	Table 1: Table Heading
\end{center}
\begin{justify}
	Table 2: A Particularly Long Table Heading 
	Spanning Two Lines
\end{justify}

Note the colon ":" after the table number, that the initial
letters of the principle words in the table heading are
capitalised, and the absence of a period at the end of the
caption.

When referring to a table from within the text, the convention
is NOT to abbreviate, i.\,e., Table 1.

\subsection{Equations}

If a displayed equation requires a number, it should be
placed flush with the right margin of the column. Please
leave sufficient space immediately before and after the
equation, i.\,e., in Microsoft Word, \SI{12}{pt} before and after.

\subsection{Units}

An unbreakable space should always precede a unit. In \LaTeX\ use 
a “\verb|\,|” or the ‘siunits’ package to format units.
Examples are:
\SI{3}{keV}, \SI{4}{GeV}, \SI{100}{kW}, \SI{7}{µm}.

\subsection{References}

References are written in \SI{9}{pt} size and should be neatly
presented in a consistent format with reference numbers
aligned. Please refer to \SEC{Annex~B} for the preferred format
and proper alignment.

Please also ensure that references in the text are cited in
sequential order.


\end{document}
	