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Community Meeting towards a R&D collaboration on Tracking Detector Mechanics and Cooling
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Europe/Zurich
40/S2-D01 - Salle Dirac (CERN)
Registration
Community meeting registration
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Introduction
- The context: ECFA Detector Roadmap
- Outcome of the Survey for an R&D collaboration
- Relations to other DRD collaborations
- Goals of the Community Meeting
Speaker: Burkhard Schmidt (CERN) -
Presentations by Institutes about research interests and intended contributions
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IPHC interest for R&D on low-mass pixel detection modules
Various scientific and technical groups from IPHC have a strong interest in developing very light detection structures. The targeted material budget would be around 0.1%X0 for vertex detector layers and below 1%X0 for tracker layers.
Past achievements from IPHC include the development and production of detection modules with silicon strip sensors or monolithic sensors. In particular, within the PLUME project, double-sided monolithic sensor layers were built with 0.4%X0. Currently in the laboratory, CMS tracker staves are being assembled and experience in curving small or large area monolithic sensors is accumulated. IPHC benefits from a strong expertise and adequate equipments for assembling light objects and investigating their quality. In addition, the Strasbourg groups owns a variety of monolithic sensors that can be used for prototyping light modules.
IPHC proposes to join activities focused on double-sided layers, modules built from bended sensors and layers cooled by air.Speaker: Jerome Baudot (IPHC - Strasbourg) -
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University of Sheffield, ATLAS and beyond !!
Abstract for DRD8 or FTDM meeting
Over the past decade or so the University of Sheffield has been heavily involved with several of the topics to be discussed at this meeting. I would like this opportunity to give a brief overview of our past and current work and our goals for future projects.
Our involvement in the ATLAS tracker upgrade has led us to be at the forefront of orbital welding of thin walled titanium tubing. This includes the design and manufacture of bespoke size materials and fittings in conjunction with external suppliers, along with developing unique techniques and procedures beyond standard norms.
Our input has been instrumental in the overall design and development of the cooling system in the upgrade with our knowledge of hardware constraints, both in equipment terms and material availability being crucial.
We have trialed orbital welding techniques on 3D printed materials in Gr2 titanium for the first time as part of the R&D required for the upgrade. Undergone testing regimes and proven procedures on unique parts and designs.
The former spin off group “ESIM” did undergo work on ATLAS decommissioning and working with robotic devices in radioactive environments and some knowledge/expertise and equipment is still available to us from that project.
Most of these applications are now being channeled into production of components for the upgrade in the UK and the USA and Italy. Alongside this we are also going to be heavily involved in the integration of parts in the Strip barrel in CERN and in Pixel EC on-site in Liverpool,UK and Frascati, Italy.Our future goal is to continue to be leaders in our field, gaining experience from the production and integration of the upgrade in orbital welding but also to look forward into upcoming future detector needs and development of existing and new horizons with different materials and technologies to suit whatever comes next.
In this regard we are striving to upgrade our in-house equipment, creating R&D level additive manufacturing capabilities and high end inspection of parts both electronic and mechanical.
Sheffield has also been an integral part of module production for the ITK Upgrade.
Making use of our Semiconductor Development Facility, that comprises both IOS 5 and 7 Cleanrooms. The facility has a range of state of the art equipment for the construction and test of semiconductor electronics, including, Hesse BJ820 Semi Automatic Wire Bonder, Wentworth Pegasus S200 Probestation, OGP CNC 200 Smart scope and Dage 4000+ bond tester.
This facility, equipment and the expertise of staff gained on ITK Upgrade would definitely be transferable to future projects, working with micro-electronic technologies.Speaker: Paul Neil Kemp-Russell (University of Sheffield (GB)) -
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CONTRIBUTION FROM THE CMS GROUP OF PERUGIA
A working group based in Perugia (Italy) has been involved since many years in the international collaboration of the CMS experiment, historically participating in activities related to the physics and the detector construction, from the first CMS phase-0 collaboration to the current R&D for the phase-2 upgrade. Starting from 2017, the group has expanded to also embrace the topics of the mechanics and cooling of the Tracker detector, merging in them people and expertise from both Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) – Sezione di Perugia and the University of Perugia (Engineering and Physics departments). The main activities of the mechanics group concerned numerical simulation with the Finite Volume Method (FVM) and their comparison with data coming from tests, adopted so far mainly , in the context of detector mechanics, for the design optimization of the Modules for the future Tracker of CMS. The same method was also extensively used for the thermo-electrical simulation and analisys of power cables and electronics assemblies. Simulations of fluids inside silicon microchannels have also been done. The Perugia group can therefore offer a contribution in thermo-mechanical and CFD simulations, also having the possibility of building “in-house” small-size test apparatuses to compare the numerical results with real objects, relying to the support of local infrastructures as a mechanical workshop, electronics laboratory, and clean rooms. Furthermore, the group has the possibility to measure properties of materials on small samples using the hot-disk and hot-plate methods. The group has also gained experience in studies on two-phase cooling, especially those using CO2 as refrigerant, both from the point of view of numerical simulation and also in conducting experimental tests.
Speaker: Dr Cristiano Turrioni (INFN, Perugia (IT)) -
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Investigating mechanical and cooling structures for future trackers (University of Manchester)
Mechanical supports and cooling structures will be needed by future large-scale CMOS trackers. Our (University of Manchester) current R&D is focussed on the needs of the LHCb Upgrade II tracking system to be deployed in the early 2030s. We would be keen to participate to generic R&D as common solutions that can be applied to multiple projects would be useful. Small scale prototypes have been produced for carbon-fibre and carbon-foam sandwiches with embedded Kapton (polyimide) cooling tubes for liquid cooling. Metal piping would be used if evaporative CO2 cooling is needed.
Due to the large surface and relatively large number of modules in the LHCb future CMOS tracker (~20m^2), a simple and nearly seamless module interconnectivity is highly desirable to keep a high track reconstruction efficiency. Therefore, a close collaboration with the CERN EP-DT team that are developing ceramics interconnectors is expected. Simulation work has demonstrated the importance of minimising the gap between modules.
We are also keen to collaborate on R&D on non-PFAS low Gloabal warming potential liquid coolants. The Novec coolants would have been potential solutions for liquid cooling of the tracker modules but as they will be phased out replacements are needed. We would be interested to test replacements in our prototype systems.
A further line of development is on metal 3D printing and ceramic microchannel cooling plates for bi-phase CO2, as an alternative to silicon microchannel plates that have been used in LHCb and NA62. This research is currently driven by the requirements for the VELO LHCb Upgrade 2 hybrid pixel detector and again may be of more general applicability and interest as the cost may be significantly lower that the silicon solution.
The list of items which our contribution would cover include:
- Single- and two-phase liquid cooling R&D
- Thermal management
- Thermal performance verification
- Pipe materials, pipe connection techniques and fittings (Kapton tubes and interconnections)
- 3D printing (Metal [SLM] and Ceramics – LTCC/HTCC)
- FEA and its comparison to real objects (Thermal simulations)
Speaker: Oscar Augusto De Aguiar Francisco (University of Manchester (GB)) -
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Seamless Integration of Lightweight Mechanics in the Silicon Tracking System for the CBM Experiment at FAIR
The Silicon Tracking System is a core tracking detector for the heavy ion CBM experiment at the future FAIR facility in Darmstadt. The STS is designed to handle the unprecedented heavy ion beam-target interaction up to 10 MHz, resulting in >700 charged particle tracks in a sensitive volume. It features eight tracking stations in the aperture of the 1Tm superconducting dipole, covering a solid angle of 2.5°≤θ≤25°; the readout electronics are located outside the detector aperture, allowing a material budget of 0.3%-1.4% X₀.
The mechanical design of the STS has recently been completed. The accompanying R&D study demonstrated the feasibility of the selected materials for the mechanical structures of the STS: aluminium for the station support structures, CFRP sandwich panels for the enclosure walls and glass fibre composite profiles for the frame, and various 3D printed ABS plastic components for secondary elements such as cable supports, clamps, brackets, etc. The active area itself features lightweight, thin carbon fibre support structures for the silicon sensors. Another part of the detector R&D was the development of a low mass, custom-shaped composite carbon fiber beam tube with an upstream thin walled window.
Speaker: Maksym Teklishyn -
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Ferrara's BESIII Group: Current Activities, Research Interests, Facilities
The BESIII group in Ferrara is one of the main contributors in the realization of the new Cylindrical GEM Inner Tracker for the BESIII experiment. The construction of such a large cylindrical detector, replete with floating electrodes, poses numerous challenges necessitating the development of sophisticated mechanical solutions leveraging top-tier materials and cutting-edge techniques.
Ranging from the realization of extremely lightweight sandwich-structured composites to the development of methods for testing FEM simulations of very thin cylindrical shells, the knowledge gained through the hardships of making something that lies at the edge of feasibility gave the group the momentum to branch out into new projects, with a strong focus on pushing the current limits of tracking MPGD mechanics with flexible PCBs.
This presentation aims to showcase the group's ongoing activities, its upcoming objectives, and the research interests of its members. Additionally, it will shed light on the facilities supporting our research endeavors within INFN's Ferrara division.
Speaker: Stefano Gramigna (Universita e INFN, Ferrara (IT)) -
16:20
Coffee break
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Composites for Tracking Detectors
Following the successful workshop "Composites For High Energy Physics" held at Bristol Composites Institute and the UK National Composites Centre, with participants from CERN, I will deliver an overview of capabilities at BCI and NCC that are relevant to this community and the many potential topics for collaboration discussed at this meeting. The areas of focus are cryogenics and materials for extreme environments, truss structures and microvascular channels.
Speaker: Laura Rhian Pickard (University of Bristol) -
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Detector mechanics, cooling and integration at DESY
The particle physics division of DESY is engaged in several on-site and off-site experiments, with a group structure according to experiment affiliation. A horizontal detector R&D platform is nurturing exchange across groups and experiments. The main detector R&D aspects are monolithic silicon detectors, highly granular SiPM on tile calorimeter, cryogenic detectors, as well as detector mechanics and cooling, with involvement in DRD3, DRD6 and DRD7.
For the phase-2 upgrades of the ATLAS and CMS tracking systems an entire endcap for each experiment will be built at DESY. For this purpose a Detector Assembly Facility has been established with a wide range of detector construction and testing equipment.
Although for the time being our focus lies on the construction of the endcaps, some R&D activities are still possible. We are also planning for future R&D, particularly as we have to define research goals of our future funding period starting after 2027.
The contribution will give highlights of the ongoing mechanics and cooling R&D as well as ideas and plans for future projects. An overview of the available detector development and construction infrastructure will be given, as well as a brief introduction to the organisational structure and resources.
Speakers: Andreas Mussgiller (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DE)), Moritz Guthoff (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DE)) -
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Carbon fiber composites structures: R&D goals at Purdue University for future detectors
Future colliders, such as the Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh/ee) or the muon collider will collide particles at unprecedented collision rates and energies resulting in harsh conditions for support structures and services. Waste heat on the order of 10-100’s of kW is generated in future innermost tracking detectors, namely silicon detectors, and has to be efficiently removed through support structures to keep the silicon modules at the optimal operating temperatures. However, future silicon tracking detectors and their supports have restricted material budget of ~0.1 to 1\% $X_0$ (radiation length) per layer. Integrated carbon fiber support structures with multi-functional cooling, temperature and humidity sensing capabilities have higher promise of resolution improvement at lower cost. At Purdue University there is active research on four fronts to tackle the needs of the future HEP and Nuclear physics detectors.
Firstly, to achieve the high increase in granularity of particle detectors, Purdue University has active research programs for carbon fiber composite materials that for the development of scalable, low-mass tracking detector systems with integrated services. We have expanded the capabilities at Composites Manufacturing and Simulation Center (CMSC) to print with continuous fibers, which enables the integration of material systems that are capable of carrying mechanical loads, electrical current, and dissipating thermal energy. A compression molding process was developed to integrate cooling lines, to remove voids in the highly tailored printed preforms, and to mold in plastic or metal connections for cooling fluids. The current research goals on this front include scale-up and pressure and temperature testing of prototypes with thermal cycling to cryogenic operating temperatures and testing the repeatability of the manufacturing process for integrated end connectors.
The second research goal is development of a concise and cohesive material database with radiation degradation information. This goal is to build upon the currently available MaxRad database with CERN and to collaborate with other experiments (ATLAS, ALICE, CMS, DUNE, EIC, LHCb, STAR, et al.) to have a single place to get radiation degradation properties for polymers, adhesive and structural materials with test data links and validated reports for radiation testing. This requires a huge support from the HEP and Nuclear physics materials research community and is a big collaboration avenue to standardize and document material characterization efforts across all experiments and teams for future detectors.
The third research direction is for a highly synergistic all-CF low mass multi-wire proportional chamber, which is an ideal match for the needs of an FCC-ee tracking device. A calculation of material budget between state-of-the-art gold-plated tungsten wires and CF wires of similar dimension show a drastic potential reduction of $X_0$ by a factor 10. Low $Z$-materials like carbon fibers have been under study for use as multiwire chambers since 1986 which can be further developed with current technologies to mitigate the short-comings of CF wires like low conductivity and difficulty to apply tension during assembly, there is tremendous interest in this research. At Purdue's CMSC the technology developed for carbon fiber pultrusion to be used in structural applications for integrated multifunctional cooling structures, can be extended and studied for application to carbon fiber wire chambers. To this end we have started preliminary proof of concept studies to understand the tension needed versus CF strength. Our initial tests made us confident to propose R\&D for an all-CF wire chamber including a viable coating process of fiber bundles (and individual fibers) with the pultrusion technology developed at Purdue CMSC.The fourth research direction is the application of non-destructive quality control and evaluation techniques for carbon fiber composite support structures. The state of the art tools used for HL-LHC CMS upgrade include x-ray scans for tubes and adhesive interfaces inside a manufactured detector support structure. While these are very insightful, the scan size is limited to a small volume and are expensive to be used for QA/QC application for the entire structure. We propose the use of terahertz-time domain spectroscopy developed at Purdue University's Interfacial Multiphysics Lab for application to adhesive interfaces, evaluation of cracks and defects in manufacturing and for measurement of cohesive zone models/parameters for adhesives in detector support structures.
Speaker: Sushrut Rajendra Karmarkar (Purdue University (US)) -
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Overview of the Work package on Mechanics in the CERN EP-R&D
The EP R&D programme at CERN aims at the development of new technologies for future Detectors for High Energy Physics experiments.
The unprecedented requirements for minimum material budget, mechanical stability, higher radiation environment, and lower operational temperature necessitate the development of new design solutions for future HEP experiments.
The Work package on Mechanics targets the development of innovative and more sustainable solutions.
The primary focus of the EP R&D activity is to develop new mechanical and cooling solutions for future low-mass vertex and tracking detectors. These detectors are designed to meet a diverse set of requirements for lepton and hadron colliders. To address these requirements, mechanical designs are being developed based on either gas or liquid coolants. These designs need to operate effectively in a wide range of conditions, from ambient temperatures to as low as -55°C. For the air cooling, innovative solutions are being developed, specifically focusing on carbon foam radiators that offer improved cooling capabilities. On the other hand, for fluid cooling, the focus is on carbon cold plates that incorporate microvascular embedded networks. Additionally, additive manufacturing and ceramics materials are being explored for the development of microchannel substrates. These advancements aim to enhance fluid cooling efficiency and performance to address cooling requirements in future HEP applications. By developing such solutions, we aim to ensure optimal performance and functionality of the future detectors in various operational environments.Speaker: Corrado Gargiulo (CERN) -
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Future detector cooling R&D lines at CERN
In the coming years the R&D activity on thermal management of silicon detector electronics at CERN will follow the lines presently engaged in the frame of the CERN-funded EP-RDET programme (WP4) and of the EC-funded projects AIDAinnova (WP10) and ATTRACT (AHEAD project).
This will articulate along two main subjects:
1) The introduction of Additive Manufacturing (3D printing) in metal and ceramics for the production of advanced cooling devices, including at – but not limited to – the mini- and micro-scale.
2) The study of the application of new natural refrigerants to detector cooling in different temperature ranges, typically including Carbon Dioxide and Krypton in supercritical state (sCO2 and sKr) and CO2/N2O mixtures in subcritical state.
The first line of R&D will be in particular closely related to the parallel work on ultra-light detector structures with integrated cooling features. This will include the on-going studies on advanced air-cooling techniques for ultra-low power detectors and the consolidation and extension of the acquired knowledge on the properties and modelling of CO2 boiling flows at the micro-scale.
The talk will briefly review the challenges at stack and will pass in review the CERN experimental facilities already available as well as those being completed for the above-mentioned studies. They account altogether for several hundreds of kEUR in investment by CERN, and have a natural vocation to host test campaigns by researchers from partner institutes to maximise the positive impact of such large investments for the whole silicon detector community.Speaker: Paolo Petagna (CERN)
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Discussion about the way forward
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