A new high-precision timing sensor — the Radio-Frequency Photo Multiplier Tube (RF PMT) — has been recently developed and tested. The detector performs circular scanning of photoelectrons or secondary electrons using a dedicated radio-frequency (RF) deflector operating at 500–1000 MHz. The scanned electrons are detected by a position-sensitive system comprising dual chevron microchannel plates...
Owing to their single photon sensitivity and fast rise time, micro-channel-plate photomultipliers (MCP-PMTs) make a good candidate for photon detectors for the Time Of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light detector (TORCH) that is proposed as part of the phase two upgrade of the LHCb experiment. TORCH has a target time resolution per photon of approximately 70 ps, required to achieve an...
In the LHC Long Shutdown 3, the ALICE experiment at the LHC will upgrade the three innermost layers of its Inner Tracking System (ITS). This next-generation tracking detector will feature wafer-scale, truly cylindrical Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) fabricated using a 65 nm CMOS imaging process. The sensors, thinned to 50 $\mu m$, will be flexible enough to form ultra-lightweight...
MCP-PMT devices represent the state-of-the-art in terms of picosecond timing resolution combined with low noise, high gain, and radiation hardness. However, with experiment upgrades producing higher luminosities, there are concerns over the ability of the existing technologies to achieve sufficiently high rates and longer tube lifetime in terms of extracted charge. To overcome these...
The System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection (SAND), part of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), is designed to monitor the long-term stability of the neutrino beam at Fermilab. SAND reuses the lead scintillating-fiber electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the KLOE experiment with excellent time and energy resolutions. The calorimeter is read-out by approximately 5000 PMTs requiring...
1-ps timing resolution is the entry point to signature-based searches relying on secondary/tertiary vertices and particle identification. We describe PSEC5, an 8-channel 40 GS/s waveform-sampling ASIC in the TSMC 65 nm process targetting 1 ps resolution at 20 mW power per channel.
Each channel consists of four fast and one slow switched capacitor arrays (SCA), allowing ps time resolution...
Recent advancements in scintillation detection and imaging have focused on two emerging concepts: metascintillators and nanophotonic scintillators. Metascintillators leverage an energy-sharing approach with at least two scintillator components: one with high stopping power and another with fast response characteristics. Conversely, nanophotonic scintillators integrate scintillating materials...
The Electromagnetic Calorimeter ECAL of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is a homogeneous calorimeter made of lead tungstate scintillating crystals. An upgrade of ECAL is in preparation to cope with the challenging conditions anticipated for the High Luminosity phase of LHC. The endcap part of the ECAL will be replaced by a new detector. In the ECAL barrel the crystals...
The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will enable a more detailed exploration of new physics phenomena by significantly increasing collision rates, leading to pileup levels of approximately 200 simultaneous interactions. Several CMS systems will undergo substantial upgrades, including the MIP Timing Detector (MTD) project to prepare for this new era. The MTD is designed to...
During the LHC Long Shutdown 3, the ALICE Collaboration will replace the innermost three layers of the existing ALICE silicon tracker, ITS2. The upgraded inner tracker will consist of cylindrical, wafer-scale monolithic silicon sensors using a 65 nm CMOS imaging process. To evaluate the performance of the technology, test structures were fabricated on a multilayer reticle (MLR1). One such...
The High Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), with an integrated luminosity of approximately 3000 fb⁻¹ over ten years, will enable experiments to search for rare processes and perform precision measurements. However, it will also present significant challenges for the detectors, due to high pile-up, up to 200 interactions per bunch crossing, and extremely high radiation...
Since the spatial density of particle collisions is expected to rise significantly in the upcoming high-energy physics experiments, silicon detectors are required to provide precise timing information to perform an accurate track reconstruction and particle identification. Several experiments will face this challenge, including the next-generation heavy-ion experiment named ALICE 3, which will...
The High Granularity timing detector (HGTD) is one of the ATLAS upgrades and is designed to provide a per-track timing information of tens of ps over the full detector lifetime. This information will contribute to pileup mitigation in the operations of the ATLAS detector at the High-Luminosity LHC. HGTD deploys low gain avalanche silicon detectors (LGADs) with a segmentation into a 15x15...
Future experiments at hadron colliders require an evolution of the tracking sensor technologies to ensure sufficient radiation hardness and timing resolution to cope with unprecedented fluxes of charged particles.
3D diamond sensors with laser-graphitized electrodes, featuring strong binding energy, small atomic number and high carrier mobility, could provide an appealing option. However,...
Timing resolution of LGAD sensors with different thicknesses, ranging from 45 down to 20 $\mu$m will be presented. The results are obtained through a $\beta$-source stimulus and electron beam test at the DESY facility. A timing resolution down to 16.6 ps has been reached by 20 $\ mum$-thick sensors, reduced to 12.2 ps by using the information from 2 different planes of 20 $\mu$m sensors....
