Opening / Local presentation

• Frank Tecker (CERN)

Collider physics beyond the HL-LHC

• Guy Wilkinson (University of Oxford (GB))

The LHC has been a remarkably successful project, exceeding expectations in many aspects, and the HL-LHC is designed to make further great steps forward. Why then is there a need for a future collider beyond the HL-LHC? The motivation lies in seeking answers to the questions that the Standard Model leaves unanswered, primarily in the Higgs section. Here a high-luminosity electron-positron collider, in particular FCC-ee, provides the opportunity to extend our understanding tremendously. Such a machine will also allow for corresponding advances in parallel lines of inquire, such as ultra-precise electroweak and flavour measurements. Looking forward into the further future, the need for an energy-frontier collider, such as the ~100 TeV FCC-hh, remains paramount. This collider would be able to directly observe new particles at high mass scales, and also complete the survey of the Higgs sector through a precise measurement of the self-coupling. Colliders will remain an essential instrument in fundamental physics for the coming century.

Future Circular Collider (FCC)

• Frank Zimmermann (CERN)

Synchrotron Light Sources

• Caterina Biscari (ALBA Synchrotron)

Synchrotron Light Sources Science (applications side)

• Andrew Harrison

Recap transverse beam dynamics

• Frank Tecker (CERN)

This lecture will give a brief overview of transverse beam dynamics.

1 slide 1 minute

Recap longitudinal beam dynamics

• Ivan Karpov (CERN)

Synchrotron radiation I

• Caterina Biscari (ALBA Synchrotron)

Beam dynamics - lattice design I

• Pantaleo Raimondi (Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (US))

Synchrotron radiation II

• Caterina Biscari (ALBA Synchrotron)

FCC-ee challenges with 90 km ring

• Frank Zimmermann (CERN)

Synchrotron Light low emittance rings challenges

• Yannis Papaphilippou (CERN)

Beam dynamics - lattice design II

• Pantaleo Raimondi (Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (US))

Beam loading, feedback, advanced longitudinal dynamics

• Ivan Karpov (CERN)

Dynamic aperture, momentum acceptance

• Sofia Kostoglou (CERN)

Dynamic aperture (DA) and momentum acceptance (MA) are key quantities determining the performance of circular accelerators, with direct implications for injection efficiency, beam lifetime, particle losses and operation. Both are governed by the interplay of nonlinear beam dynamics, resonances, synchrotron radiation, beam–beam interactions and machine imperfections. This lecture introduces the concepts of DA and MA and the numerical tracking methods used to evaluate them. It discusses the main mechanisms limiting particle stability and presents diagnostic tools, including resonance driving terms and frequency map analysis, to understand the underlying nonlinear dynamics. Particular emphasis is placed on FCC-ee, highlighting the challenges of chromatic correction, nonlinear optics optimization and maintaining sufficient acceptance across different operating energies. Traditional parameter scans and multi-objective optimization techniques are discussed, together with the transition from ideal lattices to realistic machines including errors and correction procedures. Finally, experimental methods for measuring DA and MA are presented, with examples from operational machines.

Collective effects: beam-beam + mitigation + beamstrahlung

• Xavier Buffat (CERN)

Collective effects: Touschek + IBS + mitigation

• Sofia Kostoglou (CERN)

Intrabeam scattering (IBS) and the Touschek effect originate from Coulomb collisions between particles of the same bunch. IBS describes small-angle collisions that gradually change the beam emittances and the energy spread. The Touschek effect describes large-angle collisions that lead to particle losses when the momentum acceptance is exceeded. This lecture summarises the main framework of these mechanisms, starting from a single pair collision and extending to the full bunch and ring. The main IBS models are compared, and the equilibrium emittance in electron rings is discussed, where radiation damping and quantum excitation counteract IBS. Mitigation measures for light sources and colliders are reviewed together with their cost, and illustrated with measurements and design studies from several lepton colliders and light sources.

SR community experiments for colliders

• Yannis Papaphilippou (CERN)

Magnets (NC, PM)

• Gael Le Bec

Magnets (SC, HTS)

• Susana Izquierdo Bermudez (CERN)

Instrumentation: BPM, profile, SR monitors

• Lorraine Bobb

Vacuum systems: requirements, materials, equipment, particle transport I

• Oleg Malyshev (UKRI/STFC Daresbury Laboratory)

RF systems, Power sources

• Lukas Stingelin

Introduction to Superconducting RF

• Franck Peauger (CERN)

Vacuum systems: requirements, materials, equipment, particle transport II

• Oleg Malyshev (UKRI/STFC Daresbury Laboratory)

Cavities, coupler, HOM couplers

• Franck Peauger (CERN)

Harmonic cavities

• Alexis Gamelin (Synchrotron SOLEIL)

Harmonic cavities are a key component of low-emittance electron storage rings. They can be used to lengthen the bunches, relaxing intra-beam scattering and the Touschek effect. This lecture introduces the longitudinal dynamics of double rf systems, starting from the derivation of the flat and near-flat-potential conditions. It then explains the physical implications of the technical choices of the harmonic cavity type: active vs passive and normal-conducting vs superconducting. The transient beam loading effect, which makes each bunch see a different rf voltage when there is a gap in the bunch train, is presented with what drives the effect and how to reduce it. The last part of the lecture focuses on beam instabilities specific to double rf systems.

Entertaining Seminar "Physics of beer"

• Martin Rybář

FCC IP region design

• Rogelio Tomas Garcia (CERN)

Collective effect: ion + ecloud instabilities + dust + mitigation

• Lotta Mether (CERN)

Orbit correction + control - Beam dynamics

• Boris Keil

Optics corrections and beam based alignment, tolerance studies

• Rogelio Tomas Garcia (CERN)

Orbit + optics correction + control - Technology

• Boris Keil

Experience from SuperKEKB

• Katsunobu Oide (KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP))

Insertion devices - Radiation

• Jim Clarke

This lecture reviews the synchrotron radiation properties generated by different sources, such as bending magnets, undulators and wigglers. It provides an explanation as to why magnets with centimetre periods generate electromagnetic output at nanometre scale because of relativistic effects. The differences between undulators, which rely on interference, and other sources, which are less subtle, are compared with numerical examples being provided.

Collective effects: Impedence related + mitigation I

• Ryutaro Nagaoka

Insertion devices - Technology

• Jim Clarke

This lecture reviews the options for building insertion device magnets. It highlights why permanent magnets are the most popular choice and explains how more complex magnetic field shapes, such as helical, can be generated with simple rectangular permanent magnet blocks. The use of iron is discussed to enhance the performance of insertion devices, as are the engineering challenges of building and adjusting these devices. Finally more exotic examples are discussed, including superconducting magnets and cryogenic permanent magnets.

Hands-on: Radiation

• Marton Ady (CERN)
• Gabriel De Gois Saretti (Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - (CNPEM) (BR))

Hands-on: Radiation

• Marton Ady (CERN)
• Gabriel De Gois Saretti (Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - (CNPEM) (BR))

Collective effects: Impedence related + mitigation II

• Ryutaro Nagaoka

Injection methods

• Masamitsu Aiba

Injector complex and systems I

• Paolo Craievich

Injectors play a key role in determining the performance, reliability, and operational flexibility of circular electron and positron accelerators, from synchrotron light sources to high-energy e+/e− colliders. Their design is driven by the requirements of the downstream rings and by key beam parameters such as bunch charge, emittance, energy spread, bunch length, repetition rate, and beam current. This lecture provides an overview of the main injector concepts and technologies used for circular lepton accelerators, highlighting the different requirements of light sources and electron-positron colliders. The main functions and design principles of injector linacs will be introduced, together with important challenges in preserving beam quality during acceleration, including trajectory-jitter amplification and energy-spread control. Beam-manipulation systems, such as bunch compressors and energy compressors, and their role in matching the beam to the downstream accelerator will also be discussed. The lecture will then introduce electron and positron source technologies, with particular attention to the challenges associated with positron production and capture. Finally, the role of damping rings in reducing the beam emittance and preparing high-quality beams for injection into the collider or storage ring will be presented. The lecture aims to provide an integrated view of the injector chain and to illustrate how the requirements of circular light sources and e+/e− colliders drive the choice and optimization of injector technologies.

Advanced Instrumentation

• Thibaut Lefevre (CERN)

Injector complex and systems II

• Paolo Craievich

Simulated / real commissioning

• Masamitsu Aiba

Hands-on: Xsuite

• Szymon Lopaciuk (CERN)
• Giovanni Iadarola (CERN)

Hands-on: Xsuite

• Giovanni Iadarola (CERN)
• Szymon Lopaciuk (CERN)

Survey and alignment

• David Martin

Spin Polarization

• Jacqueline Keintzel (CERN)

Sustainability, energy efficiency

• Denise Voelker

Machine protection and collimation

• Roderik Bruce (CERN)

ML + AI: Applications in light sources, foreseen for FCC-ee

• Andrea Santamaria Garcia

Closing

• Frank Tecker (CERN)