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The paper studies the quantum motion of a photon in an arbitrary medium. Using the Yang-Mills equations for Abelian fields within the SU(2)×U(1) gauge symmetry, we derive a system of second-order partial differential equations for the photon's three-component wave function. For a homogeneous medium along the direction of motion, we obtain an equation for the full wave function that accounts for transverse dispersion. In particular, in a waveguide, the photon's state is shown to satisfy the equation of a two-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator with variable frequency. The model is further extended to the case of a photon in a waveguide repeatedly scattered by two-level quantum dots, enabling processes of absorption and emission of entangled photon pairs. The work provides all necessary expressions for calculating expectation values of photon parameters, develops numerical algorithms, and presents test calculations with visualizations. It has been shown that in addition to frequency, spin and polarization, the photon has a spatial structure characterized by two quantum numbers, which plays a key role in processes involving photons. In conclusion, the photon — a fundamental particle central to astrophysics and cosmology — exhibits new properties directly relevant to space research, which we hope will provide fresh insights into the exploration of the Universe.