The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN is expected to collide protons at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV and to reach the unprecedented peak instantaneous luminosity of $5-7.5x10^{34} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ with an average number of pileup events of 140-200. This will allow the ATLAS and CMS experiments to collect integrated luminosities up to 3000-4500 fb$^{-1}$ during the...
The ATLAS pixel sensors use a non-zero Lorentz angle to increase the spread of the charge and thus improve the achievable spatial resolution. The value of the Lorentz angle in the four pixel layers is constantly monitored during data taking. The presentation summarises the results of the study of its magnitude as a function of the operational parameters (temperature and depletion voltage) and...
In this talk I will review the possibility of using very thin Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGAD) (∼ 25μm thick) as tracking detector at future hadron colliders, where particle fluence will about 1E17 n$_{eq}$/cm$^2$ In the present design, silicon sensors at the High-Luminosity LHC will be 100- 200μm thick, generating, before irradiation, signals of 1-2 fC. In our talk, we will show how very...
The Phase 2 upgrades of silicon pixel detectors at HL-LHC experiments feature extreme requirements, such as: 50um x50um pixels, high rate (3 GHzx/cm2) unprecedented radiation levels (1 Grad), high readout speed, serial powering. As a consequence a new readout chip is required
The RD53 collaboration has designed RD53A, a large scale chip demonstrator designed in 65 nm CMOS technology,...
High Luminosities planned at colliders of the next decades pose very severe requirements on vertex detector systems in terms of space resolution (tens of µm), radiation hardness (5 to 10 x 10^16 1 MeV neutron equivalent cm^-2 and some Grad) and data throughput (nxTbit/s). Expected event pile-up (more than 100) introduces the need to add high resolution time measurements (better than 100 ps)...
The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN is expected to collide protons at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV and to reach the unprecedented peak instantaneous luminosity of $5-7.5$x$10^{34} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ with an average number of pileup events of 140-200. This will allow the ATLAS and CMS experiments to collect integrated luminosities up to 3000-4500 fb$^{-1}$ during the...
The LHC is planning an upgrade program which will bring the luminosity up to about $7.5\cdot 10^{34} \text{cm}^{-2}\text{s}^{-1}$ in 2027, with the goal of an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb$^{-1}$ by the end of 2037. This High Luminosity scenario, HL-LHC, will present new challenges of higher data rates and increased radiation tolerance for the pixel detector ($2\cdot 10^{16}...
In view of the LHC upgrade phases towards the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the ATLAS experiment plans to upgrade the Inner Detector with an all-silicon system.
The n-on-p silicon technology is a promising candidate to achieve a large area instrumented with
pixel sensors, since it is radiation hard and cost effective.
The paper reports on the performance of thin n-on-p planar pixel sensors...
Silicon detectors for applications in future high energy particle physics experiments face the challenge to withstand increasing radiation doses, while stringent requirements are set on resolution and material budget. The RD50 collaboration strives to understand the effects of radiation defects in silicon detectors and investigates novel ideas for radiation-hard detector concepts. One...
Nowadays silicon strip sensors in high luminosity experiments usually consist of a p-doped bulk with n-type strip implants. General consensus is that such a design requires an additional interstrip isolation structure like a p-stop implant. If no additional implant is implemented between the strips, it is expected that the interstrip resistance will be insufficient before and especially after...
Over the past years, an in-depth study of irradiated and annealed p-type silicon strip sensors as they will be used for HL-LHC Upgrades was performed. Measurements of the collected charge, noise and cluster size were regularly performed as a function of increasing annealing time and bias voltage. A large number of sensors under study showed a signal larger than the one originally deposited....
For medium and highly irradiated silicon devices such as
strip detectors or diodes it has been observed that the commonly used CV
method for deriving depletion voltage as well as doping level is not as easily
applicable as for unirradiated devices. The reason for the arising difficulties is
that defects created in silicon can capture and release charge
carriers and therefore show a time...
Radiation damage incurred by the silicon modules in the ATLAS Pixel Detector B-Layer, Layer-1, Layer-2, and disks from the beginning of 2011 through November 2018 has been monitored through measurement of the leakage current. The measurement makes use of the fact that leakage current changes by an amount proportional to the received hadronic fluence. The data are compared to predictions made...
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) pixel detector has been replaced in 2017 to meet the challenges of the high-pileup and high-luminosity environment from proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The current phase 1 CMS pixel detector has 4 barrel layers and 3 endcap disks to maintain tracking performance at instantaneous luminosities of 2x10e34/cm2/s, and now has withstood...
The LHCb experiment is dedicated to studying CP violation in heavy flavour quark sector, rare decays of mesons containing beauty and charm quarks and searching for New Physics. This challenging physics programme requires excellent tracking system capable of providing high spatial resolution for single hit detection, best possible impact parameter and primary and secondary vertices...
For protecting the inner detectors of experiments and for monitoring the delivered luminosity at HL-LHC a radiation hard beam monitor is being developed. The BCM' proposal consists of a set of detectors based on poly-crystalline Chemical Vapor Deposition (pCVD) diamonds and dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuit. Due to the large range of particle flux through the detector,...
A silicon 3D detector with a single cell of 50x50 um2 was produced and evaluated for timing applications. The measurements of time resolution were performed for 90Sr electrons with dedicated electronics used also for determining time resolution of Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs). The measurements were compared to those with LGADs and also simulations. The studies showed that the dominant...
Detectors based on Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond have been used
extensively and successfully in beam conditions/beam loss monitors as the
innermost detectors in the highest radiation areas of Large Hadron Collider
(LHC) experiments. Over the last two years the RD42 collaboration has
constructed a series of 3D pixel detectors using CVD diamond as the active
material with laser...
The vertex detectors of the future hadronic colliders will operate under proton fluencies above 10E16 p/cmsq. Crystalline Silicon detector technology, up to now, has kept the pace of the increasing fluencies in the LHC era and it is still the prevalent vertex detector technology for the present and for the immediate future. Looking ahead in time an alternative solution for such a detector has...
Silicon carbide (SiC) is a semiconductor material with highly suitable properties for high-power, high-frequency, and high-temperature applications. Silicon carbide (SiC) is a semiconductor with a wide, indirect band gap. Among all the wide band gap semiconductors, silicon carbide is presently the most intensively studied one and the one with the highest potential to reach market maturity in a...
Compact silicon and silicon-carbide detectors were developed to qualify and monitor the intense thermal neutron field produced at the e_LIBANS facility in Torino, where typical fluence rates are of the order of 2 x 106 cm-2s-1 . The devices are sensitized to neutrons by means of a 6LiF deposit process optimized to maximize the neutron capture probability and the subsequent detection of the...
The replacement to the existing endcap electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters in CMS for the high-luminosity running at the LHC (HL-LHC), will be a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) that will provide unprecedented information on electromagnetic and hadronic showers in the intense pileup of the HL-LHC. The electromagnetic section and the high-radiation region of the hadronic section will...
The planned upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) requires the development of new tracking silicon sensors for the future ATLAS detector. These new devices must fulfil the specifications established by the ATLAS collaboration, in order to guarantee the proper performance of the tracking system during the life time of the experiment. A prototype strip sensor layout have been designed at...
Near Ultraviolet, High Density (NUV-HD) SiPM technology, developed at FBK (Trento, Italy), is based on a p-on-n junction and features peak photon-detection efficiency (PDE) in excess of 60% at 410 nm. Dark Count Rate (DCR) is in the order of 100 kHz/mm2, correlated noise is 10% at 55% PDE and microcell pitch ranges between 15 um and 40 um. Sensitivity remains high down to 320 nm, with a PDE of...
We report on the activity carried out at FBK in partnership with INFN and INAF, supported by ASI, aimed at the development of large area (about 95cm2) Silicon Drift Detectors for astrophysical applications. The presentation is focused on a brief description of the state of the art of the general technological aspects related to the production of these devices for LOFT (Large Observatory for...
HVCMOS pixel detectors developed for applications in particle physics (experiments Mu3e, ATLAS, CLIC) will be presented. The detectors have been implemented in 180 nm commercial HVCMOS process. High resistivity substrates and quadruple well structure have need used. The sensors have been realized as systems on a chip, they contain active pixel matrix, readout circuits and digital blocks....
Fully depleted monolithic CMOS sensors allow the prompt collection by
drift of large signals. They therefore can offer better signal-to-noise ratio, time resolution and radiation tolerance with respect to
conventional solutions. In this presentation, a technology that, thanks to
a patterned back-side, allows a full depletion of the substrate in the 100
um - 400 um range is presented. The...
The upgrade of the ATLAS experiment for the High-Luminosity LHC requires the installation of a new Inner Tracker detector to cope with the 5 fold increase in luminosity and a 10 fold increase in number of interactions per bunch crossing. A Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor prototype, MALTA, has been developed on 180 nm TowerJazz CMOS imaging technology, following the latest developments in CMOS...
The expected increase of the particle flux at the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) with instantaneous luminosities up to L ? 7.5 × 1034 cm-2 s-1 will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector performance. The pile-up is expected to increase on average to 200 interactions per bunch crossing. The reconstruction and trigger performance for electrons, photons as well as jets and...
Several efforts have been done in the last years at FBK to develop a new generation of Low Gain Silicon Detectors for tracking and timing applications in HEP experiments. The last UFSD3 production has been devoted to studying specific methods to improve the radiation hardness, as requested by the future Endcap Timing Layer of CMS at the High Luminosity LHC. Moreover, new microfabrication...
In this contribution, we will present the latest results from laboratory measurements on 50 µm thick LGAD fabricated by FBK and HPK. We will concentrate on the overall quality of the production, on the gain uniformity, and in a detailed study of the gain termination implant and its effect on the breakdown point.
Purpose
Due to their extra advantages, solid state silicon detectors were initially used in nuclear and particle physics experiments and rapidly gained widespread applications in many different fields (space, medical, etc.). High detection precision, radiation resistance and very good time resolution are their main advantages that overcome many limitations of alternative gas detecting...
(https://www.cultura.trentino.it/eng/Cultural-venues/All-cultural-venues/Museums-and-collections/Tridentum.-S.A.S.S.-Underground-Archaeological-Site-Sas)
In this presentation results obtained in beam test experiments with 3D columnar pixel sensors interconnected with the RD53A readout chip will be reported. The 3D pixel sensors were produced at FBK foundry in an R&D agreement with Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN, Italy). A few modules, each consisting of a 3D pixel sensor bump-bonded to an RD53A chip, were irradiated at the CERN...
A new generation of 3D pixel detectors with high granularity and thin active substrates is being developed for the upgrade of the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) at HL-LHC. The new sensors will have to fulfil the requirements for the innermost pixel layers in terms of radiation hardness and rate capabilities.
Two productions of 3D sensors compatible with the new RD53A chip (the prototype of the...
The upcoming High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) puts stringent requirements on the tracking detectors situated closest to the interaction point in the planned Inner Tracker (ITk) of the ATLAS experiment. 3D pixel detectors have been proposed as a candidate for the innermost layers of the ITk since these detectors decouple the sensor thickness and the inter-electrode spacing, effectively increasing...
Minimisation of insensitive volume in silicon sensors is highly demanded in many applications for high energy physics, structural biology, synchrotron experiments and nuclear medicine. A large contribution to this insensitive volume is the guard rings and current terminating structures required in conventional planar silicon sensor that surround the chip periphery. The maximum size of silicon...
The CMS MIP Timing Detector, proposed for the HL-LHC upgrade, will be instrumented with O(10) square meters of ultra-fast Silicon detectors (UFSD) in the forward region. These UFSDs are aimed at measuring the time of passage of each track with a precision of about 30 ps. In this presentation, the progress towards the development of this large area detector is reviewed, pointing out the current...
The radiation hardness of the gain layer is a main topic in the development of UFSD. The second UFSD production (UFSD2) by Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) in Trento, in collaboration with University of Trento and National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) in Torino, demonstrated a radiation hardness improvement in gain layer with co-implantation of Carbon.
In the third UFSD production (UFSD3)...
Low Gain Avalanche Detectors are a promising technology in the field of ultra fast timing detectors. Studies of the radiation hardness of LGADs have raised questions about the relation between the onset of multiplication and the depletion of the amplification layer.
To address these questions and to investigate the change of gain and the electric field after irradiation and annealing, LGADs...
A comprehensive radiation tolerance study of LGAD pad-like sensors manufactured at IMB-CNM and irradiated at CERN's PS-IRRAD proton facility up to a fluence of $3 \times 10^{15} n_{eq}/cm^2$ is presented here. Two different active thicknesses were studied: 35-microns and 50-microns; the effect of carbon co-implantation on the radiation tolerance was also investigated.
The building block LGAD...
In the past decade, hybrid silicon detectors with single photon counting readout have been a breakthough for several hard X-ray experimental techniques.
However, they still cannot be used for X-ray energies below 2 keV, since the electronic noise becomes comparable to the charge generated by single X-rays.
The amplification provided by LGAD sensors improves the signal-to-noise ratio and the...
RD50 submitted a pixel detector prototype ASIC in 150 nm CMOS technology at LFoundry. The chip contains passive pixel arrays near the edge of the chip suitable for E-TCT measurements. The chips were manufactured on p-type silicon with two different initial resistivities. Chips were irradiated with neutrons in the Triga reactor in Ljubljana to several fluences up to maximal fluence of 2e15...
Silicon detectors built in high-voltage and high-resistivity CMOS technology are an interesting options for the outermost pixel layers of ITk (Inner Tracker), the new all-silicon tracking system foreseen for the ATLAS experiment upgrade for the high luminosity LHC program. They are less expensive and easier to produce with respect to standard hybrid silicon pixel detectors, which would...
We report on the characterisation of the response of the ALPIDE MAP
sensor to nuclei of energy 20-220 MeV/a.m.u.. ALPIDE has been designed
for the upgrade of ALICE experiment at the LHC: the new tracker will be
fully efficient, with improved sensitivity, for particles with
transverse velocity larger than 0.7c and charge ±1. The operating regime
considered in this work is really different:...
The PERCIVAL collaboration to develop a soft X-ray imager able to address the challenges of high brilliance light sources such as new-generation synchrotrons and Free Electron Lasers, has reached one of its major milestones: a full 2-MegaPixel (P2M) system (uninterrupted 4 x 4 cm2 active area) has already seen its first light.
Smaller prototypes of the device, a monolithic active pixel sensor...
Neutron imaging provides information on materials and structures otherwise opaque to X-rays. Neutron sensors with high spatial resolution and high efficiency find application on disparate number of fields.
The detection of neutrons by using semiconductor materials, that are are not sensitive to neutrons, act by using converter materials that can emit light, charged particles, gamma-rays or...
The Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) is a proposal for the Medium Size Telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array that is based on a two-mirror optical system designed to improve the telescope field of view and image resolution with respect to the single mirror Davies-Cotton solution. The SCT camera is planned to be instrumented with 177 photodetection modules, each composed of 64 Silicon...
In hadron therapy a highly conformed irradiation field is delivered to the target by moving the beam and modulating its energy.
Treatment plans require precisely measured patients' Relative (to water) Stopping Power (RSP) maps, which are currently extracted from X-rays tomographies. This translation unavoidably introduces uncertainties in the determination of the RSP maps.
The employment of...
Since the 90's almost every astro-particle experiment operating in space included a tracker.
The requirements in terms of spatial resolution depend on the type of tracker: 10 $\mu$m or less for a spectrometric detector and 30-40 $\mu$m or even more for a gamma-ray tracker-converter or for a calorimetric experiment. With a total available powers of few hundreds of Watts and tens of m$^2$ of...
The measurement of proton and light nuclei fragmentation cross sections with energies up to $400 \ MeV/A$, which is relevant for improving treatment-planning systems in hadron therapy, is the primary goal of the FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) experiment. FOOT will use an inverse-kinematic approach profiting from the Lorentz boost to detect nuclear fragments that would otherwise stop in the...
The VELO detector at the LHCb experiment is a silicon microstrip detector, and has operated for the first two periods of LHC running, with the most irradiated regions receiving fluences of over 4E14, 1MeV n_{eq} cm^{-2} by the end of this period. We review the impact of this radiation on the sensors, considering the impact on the leakage current, charge collection efficiency, cluster finding...
