A low-mass detector is fundamental to experiments where multiple scattering limits the spatial and momentum resolution of the tracking system. This requirement applies to low-momentum experiments, such as the muon to 3-electron decay search, i.e., the Mu3e experiment, under commissioning at PSI. To fulfil the material budget specifications (0.1\% $X_o$ per layer), Mu3e exploits High-Voltage...
The Silicon Tracking System (STS) of the future CBM experiment faces unique challenges regarding its mechanical structure. To cope with low-momentum reaction products originating from the heavy-ion beam-target interactions at rates up to 10 MHz we came up with the original design of the detector; it features double-sided double-metal (DSDM) silicon sensors, extended (up to 500 mm) analogue...
The High Energy cosmic Radiation Detection (HERD) facility is an experiment part of the Chinese Cosmic Lighthouse Program currently under development and foreseen to be installed on the Chinese's Space Station (CSS). HERD's main science objectives are indirect measurement of dark matter, study of cosmic-rays composition and high energy gamma-rays observation. The experiment is foreseen to be...
The new Outer Tracker of CMS for the Phase-II upgrade will host about 13’000 Modules which will be cooled by two-phase Carbon Dioxide (CO2) flowing at a temperature of around -35°C at the evaporator. Given the mechanical and geometrical complexity of the Modules, simulations based on the Finite Volume Model have been extensively used in the R&D process for evaluating their thermal performance...
For the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), CMS will install a completely new silicon tracker. The future outer tracker will consist of two barrel parts and two endcaps (TEDD), one on each side. One endcap is made of five double-disks. One double disk is assembled from four half disks (Dees) on which the detector modules are mounted. The Dees are a highly embedded carbon fiber and foam sandwich with...
The LHCb Upgrade requires a new Silicon Strip Tracker detector with improved performance.
The Front-End read-out electronics will be in the active area, close to the sensors: this is a key feature driving the mechanical and cooling detector design, together with the requirement to mantain the maximum temperature of the Silicon Sensor below −5°C during data-taking, to withstand radiation...
To deal with the increased luminosity of the HL-LHC, the CMS experiment will be upgraded until 2028. During this Phase-2 Upgrade the CMS Outer Tracker will be equipped with modules each consisting of two silicon sensors, either two strip sensors (2S module) or one pixelated and one strip sensor (PS module), depending on the position in the tracker. In the barrel region of the CMS Outer...
For the Inner Tracker (ITk) detector of the ATLAS experiment at CERN the environmental monitoring is essential for optimal operative conditions. A constant relative humidity monitoring is required in fifty different points inside the ITk detector, where the dew point is lower than -60°C.
In this context, Fiber Optic Sensor (FOS) technology based on Long Period Grating (LPG) and Fiber Bragg...
The ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) of the phase-II upgrade of the current
ATLAS tracking detector and is designed to meet the challenges at the high-
luminosity LHC. The ITk silicon strip end-caps will cover the forward directions
of the detector and consist of six disks populated with wedge-shaped silicon
micro-strip sensors, divided in modules containing the readout, power and con-
trol...
To cope with the High Luminosty LHC (HL-LHC) data taking contidions the tracker detector of the CMS will be replaced by a completely new and enhanced version within the Phase-II Upgrade. The future outer tracker consists of two barrel parts and two end caps where one end cap is made of five double-disks, each hosting the p_T modules on all four surfaces. The building block of the mechanical...
The Silicon Tracking System (STS) is the main tracking detector of the future CBM experiment
at the future FAIR facility. It is designed to reconstruct charged particles trajectories inside a
1 Tm magnetic field to achieve a momentum resolution better than 2%. The system
comprises of 890 low-mass detector modules, based on double-sided silicon micro-strip
sensors, distributed on 8 tracking...
Within the Panda experiment, the STrawTube - detector (STT) is one of the innermost detectors at the interaction point for recording information of the generated events. In order to record as much data as possible in high quality, a high detector recording density is provided. This leads to the minimum packing space for the required electronic hardware in the STT setup. One aspect in the...
A major upgrade of the interaction region of Super-KEKB is needed to reach the design luminosity and it has been planned in the years 2026-27. This long shutdown gives the opportunity to install a new vertex detector (VTX) in the Belle II experiment, more robust with respect of the higher level of machine background and more performant, due to improved vertex detector standalone track finding...
Tracker detector structures are designed to hold detector’s sensors and its services on its place and to minimize the sensors’ displacements during operation. As part of the ATLAS Hi-Luminosity LHC Upgrade, LBNL has recently developed the global support structures for the ITk detector. These structures are mostly made out of carbon fiber, chosen for lightness, strength, stiffness and radiation...
PP1 is one of the most critical components in the ATLAS pixel detector that has to guarantee a dew point temperature in the detector volume less than -60°C, close the Faraday cage, allow the passage of more than 14k links and 14 cooling lines. New rubber like sealing materials have been qualified up to 6 MGy and data cable feedthtroughs have been developed to seal the data links. The PP1...
The CMS experiment, installed at CERN, benefits from the LHC hadrons collisions for its research studies. In preparation of the upgrade of the accelerator toward high-luminosity conditions, called Phase-2 period, the CMS sub-detectors have to be renewed and their performances improved. In particular its silicium tracker will reach its end of life due to radiation damages at the end of the LHC...
The CMS Inner Tracker pixel detector will be rebuilt for the instantaneous luminosity of 7 x 10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 and up to 200 pp collisions at the High Luminosity LHC. The detector will consist of a barrel section, the TBPX, and small and large forward discs, the TFPX and TEPX, respectively. To achieve per mille hit occupancy, the new sub-detectors will feature higher granularities that will...
In order to meet the increased thermal load associated with the enhanced detector chip designs, the CMS tracker upgrade will be cooled using two-phase CO2. To minimise radiation shadowing, 2 mm diameter thin walled (100 μm) cooling pipes will be used within the detector. This system operates at low temperatures (-35°C) and high pressures (typical operating pressures of 8 bar to 70 bar, max...
CO2 is becoming the main refrigerant for HEP detector thermal management. It has several advantages to achieve a compromise between material budget and cooling performance. The design of the cooling circuits for the Phase 2 CMS Tracker is being supported with a Matlab tool that implemetns correlations for liquid and 2-phase CO2 pressure drops. An analysis has been performed comparing the...
This spring, the LHCb collaboration installed a new vertex detector, the so-called upgraded VErtex LOcator (VELO). The Velo consists of 52 modules with hybrid silicon pixel detectors. The sensors are kept cold using bi-phase CO2 as a cooling medium. The CO2 flows through micro-channels embedded in a silicon substrate on which pixel sensors and the hybrids are glued. The first active detector...
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an incredibly interesting solution for high energy physics due to its design flexibility and to its lightweighting opportunities. As this technology is spreading in physics experiments, several new issues have to be solved. The integration of parts produced by AM is one of the open questions. This study described the tests done on orbital welding of Ti6Al4V Grade...
The HL-LHC project will improve luminosity at the LHC by an order of magnitude, increasing the potential for the discovery of new physics. As such, detectors operating at the LHC must simultaneously be upgraded in order to sustain higher luminosities, tolerate an increased radiation environment and improve spatial and temporal resolution. The OPMD group at the University of Oxford are involved...
Thanks to its good thermo-physical properties, in particular its high latent heat, CO2 is considered as a good choice for two-phase cooling devices [1]. The next generation of tracking detectors at LHC (CERN) will be cooled at temperatures between 10°C and -40°C, by evaporating the liquid CO2 flow circulating in titanium mini-channels attached to the pixel silicon sensors of 4 cm². For the...
Due to their superior thermal performance, multi-micro channel cooling devices in different layouts and geometries are being proposed for the thermal management of particularly demanding sectors of silicon trackers in HEP experiments. Especially for boiling flows, the design of those devices must anticipate known issues such as oscillating flows and flow maldistributions from a common manifold...
Detector mechanics play a significant role in in a detector’s performance and improvements are often tied to reduction of total mass to save on material budget. Particle detectors at future colliders rely on ever more precise charged particle tracking devices, which are supported by structures manufactured from composite materials. This talk lays out engineering techniques able to solve...
Optimization of component geometry and minimization of metallic mass is crucial for building a well performing particle tracking detector. Although advances in composite technologies have allowed us to construct strong and lightweight assemblies from non-metallic, low atomic-number materials, metallic materials still have some key advantages over composites. Properties like non-permeability,...
Carbon composite materials are ideal candidates for High Energy Physics (HEP) applications due to their low density, high stiffness-to-weight ratio and excellent thermal properties. They are widely used in the support structures of tracking detectors, where they play a key role in the thermal management of the silicon sensors and readout electronics. In state-of-the-art trackers such as those...
The ALICE experiment has planned to replace during the 3rd LHC long shutdown the three innermost layers of the ITS detector by a next generation vertex detector based on bent, wafer-scale CMOS sensors.
The new vertex detector, named ITS3, consists of three truly cylindrical layers, each made of two wafer-scale sensors, thinned down to below 40 μm and bent to 18, 24 and 30 mm curvature...
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will soon deliver much more radiation after LS4. The level of radiation has already pushed the current CO2 cooling unit to its limit, represented by the triple point (≈ -56°C). To sustain the harsh requirements imposed in terms of radiation, temperature levels and mass minimization the sensors should be maintained at a temperature sufficiently low to prevent the...
