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Vanadium oxides and vanadates are nowadays the best candidates for the next generation of battery cathode for energy storage,[1,2] particularly for the aqueous zinc-ion bateries (AZIB) due the low cost and good diffusion of Zn [3]. Hydrated vanadium pentoxide (V
a bilayer structure and structural water molecules work as pillars to expand the layer spacing, and the shielding effect from water hinders the electrostatic interaction between cations accelerating the Zn ion diffusion. The doping with impurity cations (such as Mn, Al, and Zn) into the interlayers can improve the (de)intercalation of Zn ions by enlarging the spacing and obtaining a faster ion diffusion. Cd ion is 24% larger than Zn and, therefore, can help form a more efficient cathode.
In the work here reported, electric quadrupole interaction on
References
[1] P. Liu, K. Zhu, Y. Gao, H. Luo, and L. Lu, Recent Progress in the Applications of Vanadium-Based Oxides on Energy
Storage: from Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials Synthesis to 3D Micro/Nano-Structures and Free-Standing Electrodes
Fabrication. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700547 (2017), doi: 10.1002/aenm.201700547.
[2] H. Chen, S. Cheng, D. Chen, et al., Vanadate-based electrodes for rechargeable batteries. Mater. Chem. Frontiers 5,
1585-1609 (2021).
[3] G. Fang, J. Zhou, A. Pan, S. Liang, Recent Advances in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 3 2480-2501 (2018).