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Crystalline materials are a key element of the modern microelectronics industry. Often, elements and devices manufactured on their basis operate under conditions of external influences that have a significant impact on their functional characteristics, up to complete failure. Therefore, one of the urgent problems of modern materials science is the study of the structure evolution of promising crystalline materials under various external influences in order to be able to predict their behavior under real operating conditions, evaluate performance, and search for new materials with unique properties.
The most effective tool for studying crystalline materials is X-ray radiation and methods based on it. The task of developing appropriate experimental techniques is being solved for a long time, and at the moment there are two principal approaches with greatest development: modern detecting equipment, which makes it possible to observe the processes of changing the structure of the sample in the "X-ray movie" mode, and, as well, the formation of a special structure of the X-ray radiation itself - in particular, pump-and-probe methods. Each of these approaches allows you to cover a certain range of time resolutions and processes under study.
However, none of the available approaches makes it possible to fully solve the problems of studying crystals, firstly, because of the limitations or impossibility of using the recommended experimental techniques on a wide range of devices, and, secondly, because of the limited efficiency when working with temporal resolutions range from seconds to microseconds, the most interesting for studying the evolution of the crystal structure.
One of the possible solutions to this problem is the adaptive elements of X-ray optics (AEXO) proposed by a team of scientists from the FSRC “Crystallography and photonics” RAS. These are unique devices that allow fast and precise tuning of the X-ray beam parameters directly during the experiment [1, 2]. Such elements include ultrasonic resonators of longitudinal vibrations [3], bending adaptive elements [1] and prospective combined two-frequency elements [4].
This paper provides principal information about each of the types of adaptive elements being developed, their unique features and opportunities for research. It is shown that on the basis of the proposed elements, it is possible to create simple and efficient devices and tools for equipping a wide range of research instruments - from laboratory X-ray diffractometers to synchrotron stations, including those based on fourth-generation sources being designed. Such devices can be used to conduct research with a time resolution down to microseconds of both ordered objects, for example, crystalline materials under external influences, and disordered objects, for example, dynamics of chemical transformations.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the State Assignment of the Federal Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics” of the Russian Academy of Sciences and within the framework of grant No. 075-15-2021-1362.
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