Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) have recently emerged as key sensors for precise timing measurements, enabling accurate tracking of charged particles and photons in High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments and beyond. The time resolution is closely linked to the detector's gain, with a direct correlation between gain stability and timing precision. In turn, the gain of LGADs depends on the...
It was observed in several research groups that the gain of Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) is significantly dependent on the amount of deposited charge and the angle of incidence of the interacting particle. In case of laser illumination, higher deposited charge results in lower gain values. Additionally, the focus of the laser is responsible for a decrease in the measured gain. The...
The PPS sub-detector of CMS, in operation since 2016, has shown exceptional performance, operating tracking and timing detectors in the challenging high radiation environment a few millimetres from the LHC beam. During Long Shutdown 3 the PPS detector will be upgraded with additional stations and a new timing detector based on LGAD+ETROC. The high and non-uniform irradiation requires dedicated...
IMB-CNM has been a main actor in the development of Low Gain Avalanche Detectors since the initial device conception, more than a decade ago.
One of the challenges for LGAD is the deterioration of the gain and timing resolution after radiation damage due to the acceptor removal mechanism.
A well-established solution to increase radiation tolerance is carbon co-doping in the gain...
ATLAS experiment will be upgraded with High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the high luminosity runs at Large Hadron Collider after 2029. It will utilize LGAD detectors placed in very harsh radiation environment. During the R&D phase sensors with carbon enriched gain layer were designed showing sufficient radiation hardness after reactor neutron irradiations of up to...
Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) have proven their suitability for precise timing in high-energy physics experiments and are therefore foreseen for the HL-LHC upgrades of the ATLAS and CMS detectors at CERN. Their performance, however, is limited by radiation-induced gain layer degradation, mainly due to acceptor removal. This study investigates irradiation with 18MeV, 24MeV, 400MeV and...
