Twenty years have passed since the European Muon Collaboration
announced that almost none of the
spin of the proton was carried by its quarks --
the famous "proton spin crisis".
We review the original work and initial theoretical ideas
proposed to explain this finding before
turning attention to the enormous progress
that has been made over the two decades since that announcement.
We show that within the present,
much reduced experimental errors the spin problem has
been resolved. The explanation is compared with
both lattice QCD and recent data involving deeply
virtual Compton scattering and found to
be consistent. The response to this challenge
has taught us a great deal about the
non-perturbative structure of the nucleon.