Progress in manufacturing and understanding of the operating properties of the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) will be described. In non-flammable gases, gains above 10,000 have been demonstrated for a single device, and above 100,000 for a double GEM in cascade; signals are read-out on simple stripped printed circuits. Extensive laboratory and beam tests demonstrate the excellent rate capability, efficiency, accuracy, time resolution of GEM devices. With a special pick-up electrode, GEM detectors permits 2-D localisation, with both co-ordinates read-out at ground potential. In systematic studies of micro-pattern tructures, exposed to high rates and heavily ionising tracks, we verify the appearance of discharges when approaching the Raether limit for the avalanche size, and confirm that more than one order of magnitude larger gains can be achieved in cascaded
devices.