Many physics analyses using the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the LHC require accurate, high resolution electron and photon energy measurements. In particular, excellent energy resolution is crucial for studies of Higgs boson decays with electromagnetic particles in the final state, as well as searches for very high mass resonances decaying to energetic photons or electrons....
Precise calibration and monitoring of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is a key ingredient in achieving the excellent ECAL performance required by many physics analyses employing electrons and photons. This presentation describes the methods used to monitor and inter-calibrate the ECAL response, using physics channels such as W/Z boson decays to electrons and pi0/eta decays to photon...
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central section of the hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment and provides important information for reconstruction of hadrons, jets, hadronic decays of tau leptons and missing transverse energy. It also assists in muon identification. This sampling calorimeter uses steel plates as absorber and scintillating tiles as active medium. The light produced...
TileCal, the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS detector is composed of plastic scintillators interleaved by iron plates, and wavelength shifting optical fibres. The optical properties of these components are known to suffer from natural ageing and degrade due to exposure to radiation. The calorimeter was designed for 10 years of LHC operating at the design luminosity of...
Two neutral particle detectors, Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDCs) at the LHC-CMS experiment, cover the $|\eta| > 8.5$ region. The ZDCs are Cherenkov calorimeters that use tungsten as the absorber and quartz clad quartz fibers as the active medium. They have a five element electromagnetic section followed by a hadronic section divided into four depth segments. For the 2016 pPb run, the ZDCs were...
The ALICE experiment at the LHC is dedicated to the study of the quark-gluon plasma formed in high-energy nuclear collisions. The ALICE electromagnetic calorimeter system, which includes the EMCAL/DCAL lead-scintillator sampling calorimeters and the PHOS high-granularity lead-tungstate crystal calorimeter, provides measurements and triggering on hard probes of the quark-gluon plasma such as ...
The Zero Degree Calorimeters of the ALICE experiment were designed with the twofold purpose of both estimating the centrality in heavy ion collisions by measuring the energy carried away by the spectator nucleons and of measuring the luminosity delivered to the experiment exploiting the high cross sections for neutron emission from electromagnetic dissociation process. The measurement of...
Anomalous large signals are observed in the barrel region of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) during proton-proton collisions at the LHC. They are ascribed to direct energy deposition by particles in the Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) used for the light readout. They must be suppressed in order to prevent the spurious triggering of CMS, and to maintain the lowest possible trigger...
The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS experiment at the LHC is a homogeneous calorimeter made of 75848 lead tungstate (PbWO_4) scintillating crystals, designed for high precision electron and photon energy measurements in hadron collisions at the TeV scale. The detailed simulation of the calorimeter response is crucial for physics analyses involving electrons, photons, jets or...
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is one of the two multi-purpose experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and has a broad physics program. Many aspects of this program depend on our ability to trigger, reconstruction and identify events with final state electrons, positrons, and photons with the CMS detector with excellent efficiency and high resolution.
In this talk we present...
The ATLAS physics program relies on very large samples of simulated events. Most of these samples are produced with GEANT4 which provides a detailed simulation of the ATLAS detector. However, this simulation is very time consuming. To solve this problem, fast simulation tools are used when detailed detector simulation is not needed. Until now, a fast calorimeter simulation (FastCaloSim) was...
Future long baseline neutrino experiments such as the DUNE experiment under construction at Fermilab will perform precision measurements of neutrino oscillations, including the potential for the discovery of CP violation in the lepton sector. These measurements require an understanding of the unoscillated neutrino beam with unprecedented accuracy. This will be provided by complex near...
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged-lepton flavour violating
neutrino-less conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus.
The Mu2e detector is composed of a tracker and an electromagnetic
calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays.
The calorimeter plays an important role in providing excellent particle identification...
The Mu2e calorimeter is composed by two disks of 1348 pure CsI crystals of 34 x 34 x 200 $mm^3$ dimension,
each one readout and coupled in air by two large area SiPMs.
The calorimeter requirements translate in a series of technical specifications
for the crystals that are summarized by the following list when the crystal
is readout by a PMT and illuminated with a $^{22}$Na source:
(1)...
The future PANDA experiment features a next generation detector. Measurements will focus on hadron spectroscopy. PANDA will use cooled anti-proton beams with momenta between 1.5 GeV/c and 15 GeV/c interacting with various targets. This allows to populate directly states of all quantum numbers and to measure their widths with accuracies of a few tens of keV. The experiment will be located at...
PANDA is the main hadron physics addressing experiment of the future FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) center at Darmstadt, Germany. Located at the HESR antiproton storage ring the PANDA detector is optimized for physics of the weak and strong interactions in the charm sector: Search for new and exotic states of matter, precise determination of quantum numbers, masses and widths...
Fast component of the BaF2 crystal luminescence with emission peak at 220 nm allows to employ those crystals to construct fast calorimeters to operate at high radiation rate. However, a slow component with emission peak at 330 nm and about 85% of total emission light could create big problems when working at high radiation environment.
In this work we report results of tests of multilayer...
The CMS hadronic calorimeter employs a plastic-scintillator-based endcap detector. In early 2017, a 20° wedge of the endcap was upgraded with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and readout electronics based on the QIE11 digitizer. Based on the excellent experience with this 20° pilot system in 2017, the entire endcap detector was upgraded with SiPMs in early 2018. We report on the first ever...
The CALICE collaboration has constructed a hadron calorimeter prototype based on the SiPM-on-tile read-out technology. The scintillator-steel sandwich structure has 38 active layers consisting of 30x30x3mm3 tiles and has 22’000 channels in total. The read-out electronics - including zero-suppression, front-end memory buffering and digitisation of energy and time measurements - and the LED...
The gain of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) increases with bias voltage and decreases with temperature. To operate SiPMs at stable gain, the bias voltage can be adjusted to compensate temperature changes. We have tested this concept with 30 SiPMs from three manufacturers (Hamamatsu, KETEK, CPTA) in a climate chamber at CERN varying the temperature from 1°C to 50°C. We built an adaptive power...
Hadronic showers develop an electromagnetic (from neutral mesons such as π 0 and η 0 ) and a non-electromagnetic component that are sampled with very different sensitivities (“non compensation”) in traditional calorimeters. The large fluctuations among the relative weight of the two components largely dominate the detector response resolution. Dual-readout calorimetry is a technique able to...
In the calorimetric particle detection, the hadronic energy resolution is considerably worse than the electromagnetic energy resolution. We understood the hadron shower physics and investigated the fundamental reasons to cause the poor performance in the measurement of hadron energy. Dual readout and compensation are two methods to remedy this problem. We evaluated these two methods and show...
The forward meson spectrometer, FMS, is the most forward electromagnetic calorimeter at the STAR detector at RHIC, covering rapidity from 2.5 to 4.1. It is an electromagnetic calorimeter comprised of 1254 lead-glass cells of two different types in content and size. The FMS was built primarily to unravel the novel spin effects seen in transversely polarized proton collisions. These effects...
Highly granular “imaging” calorimeters, developed by the CALICE collaboration, have evolved from a conceptual idea to a well-proven technology over the last decade. Initially proposed for the detector concepts of future linear electron-positron colliders, such devices are now finding an increasing number of applications in other areas of particle physics as well. This presentation will review...
The endcap calorimeters of CMS will be replaced, during LHC long shutdown 3 (~2024-2025), with the High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL). Hexagonal silicon sensors will be used in the high radiation regions, complemented by scintillator tiles with on-tile SiPMs in the less harsh regions. Through an extensive R&D campaign in the past two years, the design of the HGCAL has converged, with many...
ATLAS electron and photon triggers covering transverse energies from 5 GeV to
several TeV are essential to record signals for a wide variety of physics:
from Standard Model processes to searches for new phenomena. To cope with
ever-increasing luminosity and more challenging pile-up conditions at a centre-of-mass
energy of 13 TeV, the trigger selections need to be optimized to
control the rates...
The ATLAS Experiment uses a two-level triggering system to identify and
record collision events containing a wide variety of physics signatures.
It reduces the event rate from the bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz to an
average recording rate of 1 kHz, whilst maintaining high efficiency for
interesting collision events. It is composed of an initial
hardware-based level-1 trigger followed by a...
In 2017 the ATLAS experiment implemented an ensemble of neural networks
(NeuralRinger algorithm) dedicated to improving the performance of
filtering events containing electrons in the high-input rate online
environment of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva. The ensemble
employs a concept of calorimetry rings. The training procedure and final
structure of the ensemble are used to...
The CMS experiment implements a sophisticated two-level triggering system composed of the Level-1, instrumented by custom-design hardware boards, and software High Level Trigger. In 2017, the LHC delivered proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with a peak instantaneous luminosity larger than $2 \cdot 10^{34} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$, more than twice the peak luminosity reached...
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment implements a sophisticated two-level triggering system composed of the Level-1, instrumented by custom-design hardware boards, and a software High Level Trigger. A new Level-1 trigger architecture with improved performance is now being used to maintain high physics efficiency for the more challenging conditions experienced during Run II. In this...
Electronics developments are pursued for the trigger readout of the ATLAS Liquid-Argon Calorimeter towards the Phase-I upgrade scheduled in the LHC shut-down period of 2019-2020. The LAr Trigger Digitizer system will digitize 34000 channels at a 40 MHz sampling with 12 bit precision after the bipolar shaper at the front-end system, and transmit to the LAr Digital Processing system in the...
Fast hadrons have been observed to cause a cumulative damage in Lead Tungstate and LYSO crystals. The underlying mechanism has been proven to be the creation of fission tracks, which act as scattering centers, thus reducing the light collection efficiency. For calorimetry applications in an environment where large, fast hadron fluences are anticipated, predictions about damage in crystals are...
One crucial issue for applications of scintillation crystals in HEP calorimeters is radiation damage in severe radiation environment, such as the HL-LHC. While radiation damage induced by ionization dose is well understood, investigations are still on going to understand radiation damage caused by hadrons, including both charged hadrons and neutrons. In this paper, we report investigations on...
Irradiation environment of experiments to be considered at novel colliders will be harsh enough to limit the long term maintenance of homogeneous detector calorimeters. This will occur due to accumulation of the damage caused by various effects, particularly due to hadron component of irradiation environment. Non-homogeneous calorimetric detecting cells, consisting of absorber and low-volume...
In this talk, we present studies on the longevity of both the current and potential alternative active materials to be used in the backing hadronic calorimeters of the CMS detector for the High Luminosity LHC upgrades. We will also present a proof of concept data-driven method to systematically extrapolate dose rate dependent model parameters from high dose rate regime (0.3 to 500 krad/h in...
The damage caused in scintillating crystals by fast hadrons has been observed to present specific contributions, that are absent in a purely ionising radiation field. All the observed features point towards the creation of so-called "fission-tracks" in materials whose elements lie above the fission-threshold. In this paper we present visual evidence for the creation of fission tracks in Lead...
Future HEP experiments at the energy and intensity frontiers require fast and ultrafast inorganic crystal scintillators with excellent radiation hardness to face the challenges of unprecedented event rate and severe radiation environment. This paper reports recent progress in fast and ultrafast inorganic scintillators, such as LYSO:Ce crystals and LuAG:Ce ceramics for a shashlik sampling...
Increases in luminosity at the LHC will lead to higher radiation exposure of detectors located along the beamline. This problem is especially acute for the Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDCs) in ATLAS, which are exposed to dosages on the order of 10 Grad/yr during p+p running. We have systematically studied the damage this radiation has caused in our current detector, while at the same time...
In the past crystalline inorganic scintillation material has played a dominant role in calorimetry in medium and high energy physics experiments. Future detector developments will have to focus on cheap, fast, and radiation hard materials in particular with respect to damage caused by hadrons. Developments have been directed towards scintillation materials with a lower effective nuclear...
Particle detectors with a timing resolution of order 10 ps can improve event reconstruction at high luminosity hadron colliders tremendously. The upgrade of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), which will operate at the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), will achieve a timing resolution of around 30 ps for high energy photons and electrons....
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is undergoing an extensive Phase II upgrade program to prepare for the challenging conditions of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). A new timing layer is designed to measure minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) with a time resolution of ~30ps and hermetic coverage up to a pseudo-rapidity of |eta|=3. This MIP Timing...
The CMS hadronic calorimeter employs plastic-scintillator-based sampling calorimeters in the barrel and endcap (HBHE). In Run 2, the LHC operates at 13 TeV center of mass energy with up to 50 simultaneous collisions per bunch crossing (pileup) and a 25 ns bunch spacing. The HBHE scintillator light pulse is only 60% contained in a 25 ns window, resulting in significant pulse overlap for...
One of the fundamental questions of modern particle physics is the existence of finite electric dipole moments (EDM) of the hadrons. In case of charged particles, like protons and deuterons, the proposed method is the precise determination of the precession of the beam polarization vector in a storage ring. For that purpose, the JEDI (Jülich Electric Dipole moment Investigations) collaboration...
The KOTO experiment, conducted at J-PARC (Ibaraki Japan), is set to observe
the rare decay $K_L\rightarrow \pi^0 \nu \bar{\nu}$.
Since the amplitude of $K_L\rightarrow \pi^0 \nu \bar{\nu}$ violates the charge conjugation and parity symmetries,
the branching ratio is heavily suppressed in the Standard model (SM) and calculated to be
$\mathcal{B}(K_L \to \pi^0 \nu...
The direct measurement of cosmic rays spectrum up to the knee region is a crucial point for the improvement of our knowledge on the mechanisms responsible for production, acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays. At present, calorimeters are the best suited detectors to reach this instrumental challenge because they offer good performances in terms of geometrical acceptance and energy...
The high-luminosity LHC will provide 5-7 times higher luminosites than the orignal design. An
improved readout system of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter is needed to readout the 182,500 calorimeter cells at 40 MHz with 16 bit dynamic range in these conditions. Low-noise, low-power, radiation-tolerant and high-bandwidth electronics components are being developed in 65 and 130 nm CMOS...
The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment (CMS) has been operating at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV center-of-mass energy and a bunch spacing of 25 ns since 2015. Challenging running conditions for CMS are expected after the High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC). We review the design and R&D studies for the...
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the hadronic calorimeter covering the central region of the ATLAS experiment. TileCal is a sampling calorimeter with steel as absorber and scintillators as active medium. The scintillators are read-out by wavelength shifting fibers coupled to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The analogue signals from the PMTs are amplified, shaped, digitized by sampling the...
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Phase II upgrade aims to increase the accelerator luminosity by a factor of 5-10. Due to the expected higher radiation levels and the aging of the current electronics, a new readout system for the Tile hadronic calorimeter (TileCal) of the ATLAS experiment is needed. A prototype of the upgrade TileCal electronics has been tested using the beam from the Super...
At the High Luminosity LHC, the CMS detector will be exposed to large pile-up conditions and large radiation dose. To cope with the challenges, the whole endcap calorimeter system will be replaced with the High Granularity Calorimeter containing 52 longitudinal sampling layers made of silicon sensors in the high radiation area and scintillators read out by SiPMs in the low radiation area. A...
The existing CMS endcap calorimeters - electromagnetic and hadronic - will be replaced by a sampling calorimeter - the High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) - featuring unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout and triggering granularity. This will facilitate particle-flow reconstruction in the harsh radiation and pileup environment of HL-LHC collisions. Exploiting the high granularity...
The CMS High Granularity Calorimeter will replace the existing endcap calorimeters for the High-Luminosity phase of LHC. It will be based on hexagonal silicon pad sensors (in the highest radiation regions) and scintillator tiles with on-tile SiPM readout (in the lower radiation regions). Prototypes of both detector types have been made and tested extensively in laboratories and beams, with...
The high luminosity (HL) LHC will pose significant detector challenges for radiation tolerance and event pileup, especially for forward calorimetry, and this will provide a benchmark for future hadron colliders. The CMS experiment has chosen a novel high granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) for the forward region as part of its planned Phase 2 upgrade for the HL-LHC. Based largely on silicon...
The precise modeling of subatomic particle interactions and propagation through matter is paramount for the advancement of nuclear and particle physics searches and precision measurements. The most computationally expensive step in the simulation pipeline of a typical experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the detailed modeling of the full complexity of physics processes that govern...
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is undergoing an extensive Phase II upgrade program to prepare for the challenging conditions of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). In particular, precision timing can offset the performance degradation due to event pileup at the HL-LHC, recovering the purity of vertices of current LHC conditions. As such, a new...
Electromagnetic calorimeter (Ecal) is an important part of the Multi Purpose Detector (MPD) at the NICA collider. A shashlik-type electromagnetic calorimeter is selected as MPD ECal. The particular goals of the MPD ECal are to measure of spatial positions and energy of photons and electrons. Therefore, the energy resolution of the detector is the most important performance. The light yield is...
The upgrade of the KEKB e+e− collider to SuperKEKB and of the Belle detector to BelleII has just been completed at KEK (Tsukuba, Japan) and the accelerator is starting the Phase2 operations on March 2018 for a new experiment with high luminosity up to 8×1035cm−2s−1.
We report on the upgrade of the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECL) which will provide good energy and time resolution in a high...
