Name: 12th Course - Challenges in Radiation Damage and Radiation Protection during Design and Operation of Accelerator Facilities and Space Missions
Start: 2023-10-23T06:00:00+02:00
End: 2023-10-30T18:05:00+01:00
Location: Erice

12th Course - Challenges in Radiation Damage and Radiation Protection during Design and Operation of Accelerator Facilities and Space Missions

from Monday, October 23, 2023 (6:00 AM) to Monday, October 30, 2023 (6:05 PM)

Monday, October 23, 2023

8:30 AM Arrival and Registration
Arrival and Registration
8:30 AM - 6:30 PM

7:30 PM Welcome Reception
Welcome Reception
7:30 PM - 9:30 PM
Tuesday, October 24, 2023
8:30 AM Welcome - Introduction to the Course - Stefan Roesler (CERN) Markus Brugger (CERN)
Welcome - Introduction to the Course
- Stefan Roesler (CERN)
- Markus Brugger (CERN)
8:30 AM - 8:45 AM
8:45 AM Morning Introduction - Vaclav Vylet
Morning Introduction
- Vaclav Vylet
8:45 AM - 8:50 AM
8:50 AM Prompt Radiation Environment - Hadron & Ion Accelerators - Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
Prompt Radiation Environment - Hadron & Ion Accelerators
- Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
8:50 AM - 9:45 AM
The various beam loss mechanisms acting as radiation sources in hadron and ion accelerators are reviewed. They originate secondary particle cascades, whose amplitude depends on the primary particle energy and nature, spanning low-energy beam absorption within the material surface layers and combined hadronic and electromagnetic shower development over hundreds of metres of machine elements. The involved physical processes are discussed at microscopic level and the relevant macroscopic quantities that are used to quantify the radiation eﬀects are deﬁned. Examples of characteristic radiation ﬁelds are illustrated, as a function of the distance from the beam loss location.
9:50 AM Residual Radiation - Hadron & Ion Accelerators - Chris Theis (CERN)
Residual Radiation - Hadron & Ion Accelerators
- Chris Theis (CERN)
9:50 AM - 10:45 AM
The lecture will conceptually and visually illustrate the difference between prompt and residual radiation observed at high energy hadron/ion accelerators. It will introduce the basic concepts of calculating residual dose rates and shielding in an analytic way with an outlook towards superior Monte Carlo based methods. The final discussion will focus on measurement techniques and associated instrumentation in the context of Radiation Protection applications
10:45 AM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
10:45 AM - 11:05 AM
11:05 AM Prompt Radiation Environment - Space - Christian Poivey (ESA ESTEC)
Prompt Radiation Environment - Space
- Christian Poivey (ESA ESTEC)
11:05 AM - 12:30 PM
The space radiation environment can lead to extremely harsh operating conditions for on-board electronic box and systems. Radiation accelerates the aging of the electronic parts and material and can lead to a degradation of electrical performance; it can also create transient phenomena on parts. The characteristics of the radiation environment are highly dependent on the type of mission (date, duration and orbit). In this lecture, the three components of the space radiation environment are reviewed: particles trapped by planetary magnetospheres in “belts”, solar particles and Galactic Cosmic Rays. Then, models of these environments are presented. Finally, after a quick overview of the interactions of radiative particles with a spacecraft materials and electronic devices, radiation environment and effects within a spacecraft are presented.
12:30 PM Lunch
Lunch
12:30 PM - 1:55 PM
1:55 PM Afternoon Introduction - Vaclav Vylet
Afternoon Introduction
- Vaclav Vylet
1:55 PM - 2:00 PM
2:00 PM Structural & Material Damage Part 1 - Kurt Sickafus (Los Alamos National Laboratory)
Structural & Material Damage Part 1
- Kurt Sickafus (Los Alamos National Laboratory)
2:00 PM - 2:55 PM
The purpose of this presentation is to review the response of engineering materials to irradiation and the mechanisms associated radiation damage in the solid state. This topic will be introduced by considering the partitioning between electronic and nuclear energy losses, both of which are important in solids. In this first of two presentations, we will examine the physics of ionization, a topic familiar to most everyone in the field of health physics. Specifically, we will examine how ionization loss mechanisms for energetic ions in engineering solids compare with ionization effects in, say, air or water. We will then consider the transition from so-called "Bethe-Bloch" ion stopping to "velocity-dependent" stopping at lower ion energies. Radiation damage examples to be presented will include electronic stopping effects such as point defect-induced optical effects (e.g., color centers in insulators and gemstones). We will also consider swift heavy ion stopping effects in metals and ceramics.
2:55 PM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
2:55 PM - 3:15 PM
3:15 PM Models and Tools - Introduction to Monte-Carlo Methods Part 1 - Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
Models and Tools - Introduction to Monte-Carlo Methods Part 1
- Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
3:15 PM - 4:25 PM
The role of the Monte-Carlo method in radiation calculations is discussed, highlighting its advantages and limitations. Probability distributions and sampling techniques are introduced, and the behavior of statistical uncertainty is characterized. The framework adopted for the simulation of particle transport and interactions is described, distinguishing between continuous and discrete processes. While the ﬁrst ones are dealt with by a condensed history approach, the latter ones are treated according to a scheme coupling integral cross section evaluations, used to determine when a given type of interaction occurs, and physics models returning its ﬁnal products.
4:25 PM Structural & Material Damage Part 2 - Kurt Sickafus (Los Alamos National Laboratory)
Structural & Material Damage Part 2
- Kurt Sickafus (Los Alamos National Laboratory)
4:25 PM - 5:20 PM
In this continuation of our introduction to radiation damage effects in solids, we will focus primarily on displacement damage effects. We will begin by revisiting the partitioning of ion stopping between electronic and nuclear energy losses. We will especially focus here on the "LSS theory" of ion-solid interactions and ballistic energy losses. We will begin by considering the formation of interstitials (i) and vacancies (v) in crystalline solids and the relative mobilities of these point defects. We will then investigate differences in i-v displacement cascades as a function of projectile species (electron, neutron, ion) and projectile mass and energy. We will compare displacement radiation damage in metals (simple crystalline solids) versus ceramics (complex crystalline solids with multiple sublattices). Finally, we will examine the plethora of ballistic radiation effects in solids, including: (1) point defect aggregation to form extended defects such as dislocation loops and voids; (2) mechanical effects such as point defect hardening and void swelling; (3) radiation-induced phase transitions such as crystal-to-crystal and crystal-to-amorphous transformations; and (4) radiation tolerance, i.e., the resistance exhibited by some special materials to detrimental radiation damage effects.
5:20 PM Key-Messages Day 1 - Markus Brugger (CERN)
Key-Messages Day 1
- Markus Brugger (CERN)
5:20 PM - 5:35 PM
5:35 PM Models and Tools - Pre Hands-On - Lorenzo Zana (Jefferson Lab) Francesco Cerutti (CERN) Hiroshi Iwase (KEK)
Models and Tools - Pre Hands-On
- Lorenzo Zana (Jefferson Lab)
- Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
- Hiroshi Iwase (KEK)
5:35 PM - 6:35 PM
Wednesday, October 25, 2023
8:30 AM Morning Introduction - Ruben Garcia Alia (CERN)
Morning Introduction
- Ruben Garcia Alia (CERN)
8:30 AM - 8:35 AM
8:35 AM Models and Tools - Introduction to Monte-Carlo Methods Part 2 - Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
Models and Tools - Introduction to Monte-Carlo Methods Part 2
- Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
8:35 AM - 9:30 AM
The relevance of users' choices in Monte-Carlo simulations is discussed, with specific reference to standard and custom cutoff values limiting the transport of low-energy particles. Typical scored quantities are critically reviewed. The concept of biased simulation is explained and its potential is highlighted, indicating different available options and reporting some illustrative examples.
9:30 AM Prompt Radiation Environment - e+e- and & Light Sources - Mario Santana Leitner (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)
Prompt Radiation Environment - e+e- and & Light Sources
- Mario Santana Leitner (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)
9:30 AM - 10:20 AM
This lesson aims to explain how radiation, resulting from lepton beam interactions, with a specific focus on electron and positron beams interacting with electromagnetic fields and nuclei, propagates. Comparisons are provided to contrast electron and proton beam phenomena. Microscopic and macroscopic interactions are described, highlighting essential parameters. Understanding these fundamentals aids efficient facility design and Monte Carlo code utilization. This is the first part of the lesson, which focuses on how fields develop and propagate.
10:20 AM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
10:20 AM - 10:40 AM
10:40 AM Residual Radiation - Lepton Accelerators & Light Sources - Mario Santana Leitner (SLAC)
Residual Radiation - Lepton Accelerators & Light Sources
- Mario Santana Leitner (SLAC)
10:40 AM - 11:40 AM
This second lesson on lepton accelerators examines how radiation fields generated by interactions of those beams with external fields and accelerator components produce various types of damage or modifications to the latter and their surroundings. The focus is on photodisintegration reactions, activation, as well as accidents. Practical examples, along with generic guidelines and lessons learned, are provided based on physics principles
11:40 AM Damage to Electronics - TID & DD - Giulio Borghello (CERN)
Damage to Electronics - TID & DD
- Giulio Borghello (CERN)
11:40 AM - 12:40 PM
Cumulative effects refer to those device-particle interactions that cause an effect on the device that persists over time. However negligible the outcome of a single interaction may be, the accumulation of defects can have a major impact on device performance, with even catastrophic consequences on the entire system. In this lecture, the main mechanisms of device degradation due to total-ionizing- dose (TID) and displacement-damage (DD) will be introduced. Particular attention will be given to the mechanisms of transport and trapping of charge generated by ionizing radiation in oxides, as well as to the formation of defects in silicon after impact with energetic particles. In addition, the main consequences of these effects on various electronic devices will be introduced, with special emphasis on MOS transistors.
12:40 PM Pre-lunch announcements! - Stefan Roesler (CERN)
Pre-lunch announcements!
- Stefan Roesler (CERN)
12:40 PM - 12:45 PM
12:45 PM Lunch
Lunch
12:45 PM - 1:55 PM
1:55 PM Afternoon Introduction - Markus Brugger (CERN)
Afternoon Introduction
- Markus Brugger (CERN)
1:55 PM - 2:00 PM
2:00 PM Damage to Electronics - SEE - Ruben Garcia Alia (CERN)
Damage to Electronics - SEE
- Ruben Garcia Alia (CERN)
2:00 PM - 3:10 PM
In addition to cumulative damage through ionizing and non-ionizing dose, stochastic effects induced by charge transients from directly or indirectly ionizing particles in electronic components can create upsets and failures which in turn can propagate through the circuit and equipment, leading to potentially critical system level faults. In this lecture, the basic mechanisms linked to SEE induction will be presented, associating them with the main environments of relevance for radiation effects on electronics. Moreover, several SEE types, both destructive and non-destructive, will be introduced in more detail, along with some insight on how they are tested against, including real case examples of SEE test campaign results.
3:10 PM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
3:10 PM - 3:30 PM
3:30 PM Damage to Electronics - Radiation Hardness Assurance - Christian Poivey (ESA ESTEC)
Damage to Electronics - Radiation Hardness Assurance
- Christian Poivey (ESA ESTEC)
3:30 PM - 4:55 PM
The primary manners in which radiation can cause degradation of electronic devices and systems are through total-dose ionizing-radiation damage, single-event related soft and hard errors, and displacement damage. A rigorous methodology is needed to ensure that the radiation environment does not compromise the functionality and performance of the electronic systems during their life. This methodology is called Radiation Hardness Assurance (RHA). It consists of those activities undertaken to ensure that the electronic piece-parts placed in the space system perform to their design specifications after exposure to the radiation environment. It deals with system requirements, environmental definition, part selection, part testing, shielding and radiation tolerant design. All these elements should play together to produce a system tolerant to the radiation environment. In this lecture, principles of RHA for the three main radiation effects are presented. Finally, lessons learned in the application of this methodology over the past 30 years and the challenges ahead are presented. This lecture is focused on space environment and applications, but the basic principles of RHA are applicable to any kind of radiation environment.
4:55 PM Damage to Electronics - Space Applications & RH: A view from Industry - Anne Samaras (Airbus)
Damage to Electronics - Space Applications & RH: A view from Industry
- Anne Samaras (Airbus)
4:55 PM - 5:50 PM
When a space system is developed, two major’s inputs need to be considered from radiation point of view: the space environment definition and the RHA. Mission’s parameters such as altitude, inclination or life time will impact the radiation environment, and therefore could have a major impact on the electronic parts selection and design definition. This presentation will present the different phases of radiation analysis when electronic system is developed for a space mission. Radiation level and sensitivity calculation will be described when considering RHA process. Design analysis and validation will be determined function of system requirements and operations, system and subsystems circuit design, and spacecraft layout. Finally RHA process implemented by prime industries that follow the complete electronic system development will be described.
5:50 PM Key-Messages Day 2 - Stefan Roesler (CERN)
Key-Messages Day 2
- Stefan Roesler (CERN)
5:50 PM - 6:05 PM
Thursday, October 26, 2023
8:30 AM Morning Introduction - Ruben Garcia Alia (CERN)
Morning Introduction
- Ruben Garcia Alia (CERN)
8:30 AM - 8:35 AM
8:35 AM Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - Radiation Protection in Accelerators - Lessons Learnt - Stefan Roesler (CERN)
Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - Radiation Protection in Accelerators - Lessons Learnt
- Stefan Roesler (CERN)
8:35 AM - 9:30 AM
The lecture discusses Radiation Protection (RP) aspects that are unique to high energy accelerators. They arise due to the long time span from conception to dismantling of such facilities, their complexity and size as well as their dynamic operational requirements. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider, in operation at CERN since 2008, serves as example throughout the presentation on which the needs for innovation in all areas of RP, from legislative aspects, over radiological assessments to radiation monitoring and operational tools are illustrated. While focus is on lessons-learnt, the lecture will also sketch some basic quantities and concepts of RP essential for a socially responsible and optimized operation of accelerators that inevitably emit ionizing radiation and produce radioactive waste.
9:30 AM Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - Beam intercepting devices, targets & machine components Part 1 - Marco Calviani (CERN)
Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - Beam intercepting devices, targets & machine components Part 1
- Marco Calviani (CERN)
9:30 AM - 10:15 AM
Beam-intercepting systems are essential devices designed to absorb the energy and power of a particle beam. Generally, they are classified in three categories depending on their use: particle-producing devices, such as targets; systems for beam cleaning and control, such as collimators or scrapers; and those with safety functions, such as beam dumps or beam stoppers. Beam-intercepting devices have to withstand enormous mechanical and thermally-induced stresses. As an example, in the case of the CERN LHC beam dump, upgrades of the LHC injectors will deliver a beam which at high energy will have a kinetic energy equivalent to 560 MJ during LHC Run 3, roughly corresponding to the energy required to melt 2.7 tonnes of copper. Released in a period of just 86 μs, this corresponds to a peak power of 6.3 TW or, put differently, 8.6 billion horse power. The lecture will focus on the engineering activities regarding these devices, which consist in conceptual studies, material selection, prototyping and testing, R&D, design, manufacturing, installation and operation follow-up. Examples of recently developed devices will be shown, including fixed targets, collimators and dumps/absorbers to cope with LIU and HiLumi beams. Design work includes Monte Carlo (with code such as FLUKA) and Finite Element Analyses (FEA) to determine the behavior of the systems during beam impact, testing and prototyping activities to validate technical solutions, material characterisation and testing under beam, both single impact and long-term radiation damage.
10:15 AM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
10:15 AM - 10:35 AM
10:35 AM Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - Beam intercepting devices, targets & machine components Part 2 - Marco Calviani (CERN)
Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - Beam intercepting devices, targets & machine components Part 2
- Marco Calviani (CERN)
10:35 AM - 11:30 AM
11:30 AM Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - Lessons Learnt on Electronics from Accelerators Facilities - Ruben Garcia Alia (CERN)
Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - Lessons Learnt on Electronics from Accelerators Facilities
- Ruben Garcia Alia (CERN)
11:30 AM - 12:40 PM
During the first years of operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (2010-2012), Single Event Effects in electronics was the first cause of accelerator downtime, resulting in an important limitation of the particle physics production of the infrastructure. In order to alleviate this important bottleneck to a successful accelerator exploitation, mitigation measures had to be implemented, mainly consisting in shielding and relocation activities, relying on the assessment of the radiation levels in the various accelerator areas in combination with the sensitivity of the exposed equipment. These mitigation measures, mostly completed during Long Shutdown 1 (LS1) were then followed by preventive measures consisting in radiation tolerant design and qualification of accelerator systems based on COTS components, needed in order to comply with the HL-LHC availability requirements.
12:40 PM Lunch
Lunch
12:40 PM - 1:55 PM
1:55 PM Afternoon Introduction - Stefan Roesler (CERN)
Afternoon Introduction
- Stefan Roesler (CERN)
1:55 PM - 2:00 PM
2:00 PM Radiation environments in hadron collider experiments - Ian Dawson (University of London (GB))
Radiation environments in hadron collider experiments
- Ian Dawson (University of London (GB))
2:00 PM - 3:00 PM
The high collision rates in modern high energy physics experiments can lead to challenging radiation environments for detector systems to operate in, so developing radiation resilient technologies is essential. In this lecture, I will begin by discussing the origin of these radiation backgrounds, driven by the high energy particles coming from collisions. Understanding the complex radiation environments generated in and around the various experiment detector systems requires the use of advanced Monte Carlo simulation codes such as FLUKA. I will describe how these are used to obtain the radiation quantities of interest needed so that technology choices can be validated in irradiation test facilities. Also explained will be how radiation damage manifests itself in detector systems and how it is mitigated, using the example of the LHC inner detector silicon systems. Finally, some discussion is given on how we verify the simulated predictions with in-situ measurements, allowing uncertainties in predictions to be assessed and used in future collider detector design studies.
3:00 PM High-energy physics experiments - Detector Electronics - Giulio Borghello (CERN)
High-energy physics experiments - Detector Electronics
- Giulio Borghello (CERN)
3:00 PM - 4:10 PM
The electronics operating in the inner layers of the particle detectors of the HL-LHC must survive fluences in the order of 1016 neq/cm2 and ionizing dose levels that can reach several MGy (hundreds of Mrad), making the use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components impossible. This lecture presents the different electronic systems of particle detectors (read-out chips, DCDC converters, communication systems, etc.) and the challenges that must be faced to develop application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that can withstand this extreme radiation environment. In particular, the design strategies adopted to mitigate the impact of SEE, the effects of ultra-high doses on the commercial CMOS technologies used in the development of ASICs for detectors, the radiation effects on power converters and optoelectronics, and the procedures followed to qualify chips will be discussed.
4:10 PM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
4:10 PM - 4:30 PM
4:30 PM Key-Messages Day 3 - Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
Key-Messages Day 3
- Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
4:30 PM - 4:45 PM
4:45 PM Models and Tools - FLUKA - Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
Models and Tools - FLUKA
- Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
4:45 PM - 6:00 PM
Part 1: Theory - 30' Part 2: Hands-on - 45'
6:00 PM Knowldege Transfer - Radiation Environments and Innovation Management - Enrico Chesta (CERN)
Knowldege Transfer - Radiation Environments and Innovation Management
- Enrico Chesta (CERN)
6:00 PM - 6:40 PM
This lecture will propose a different angle of approach to radiation damage and protection, stepping back from a purely academic/technical perspective to provide a broader picture highlighting the opportunities that this challenging and multidisciplinary domain can generate. Working at the forefront of technology to develop solutions capable of withstanding the harshest environments can generate a competitive advantage with significant commercial and societal impact. A variety of applications requiring solutions with similar requirements in terms of radiation tolerance can benefit from the early identification and exploitation of possible synergies and the choice of an adequate innovation management strategy. We will start with a general introduction to innovation management concepts applicable to the field of radiation environments, including an historical case study inspired by the school theme and location. CERN’s knowledge transfer model based on an application driven approach will be described and a selection of examples will be discussed, with special focus on aerospace applications and CELESTA mission.
6:45 PM Networking Event
Networking Event
6:45 PM - 8:45 PM
Friday, October 27, 2023
8:30 AM Morning Introduction - Stefan Roesler (CERN)
Morning Introduction
- Stefan Roesler (CERN)
8:30 AM - 8:35 AM
8:35 AM Models and Tools - FLUKA - Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
Models and Tools - FLUKA
- Francesco Cerutti (CERN)
8:35 AM - 9:20 AM
Part 2: Hands-on - 45'
9:20 AM Models and Tools - Facilities for Electronics Testing - Markus Brugger (CERN)
Models and Tools - Facilities for Electronics Testing
- Markus Brugger (CERN)
9:20 AM - 10:00 AM
The talk provides some useful insight into several aspects that one must take into account when it comes to approach a radiation effect facility for a certain type of test. The talk will explain how many of these of aspects can actually guide the decision on which facility is the most adapted to achieve the test objectives. Facilities for the various types of radiation effects (TID, TNID, SEE) are covered through a general explanation of the types of beam and what is important to keep in mind about them. A portfolio of facilities within the RADNEXT network is presented.
10:00 AM NPPs - Effects of Irradiation on Electrical Insulation Systems - Simone Suraci (University of Bologna)
NPPs - Effects of Irradiation on Electrical Insulation Systems
- Simone Suraci (University of Bologna)
10:00 AM - 10:55 AM
Low voltage cables play a very important role in guaranteeing a safe and effective operating life of the NPPs. Early failure of a low voltage cable could lead to unexpected power stops, lack of communication and, in the worst case, to a nuclear accident. For this reason, nuclear cables are designed and qualified to withstand possible nuclear accidents e.g., loss of coolant accidents (LOCAs). Depending on their location inside the NPP, these cables are subjected to a wide range of environmental conditions and stresses such as high temperature, radiations, moisture and mechanical stresses. All these stresses contribute to an early degradation of cables. In particular, environmental conditions can be particularly harsh in the reactor containment area, leading to accelerated aging of cable components. These lectures aim at providing basic concepts on the radiation effects on electrical insulating polymers and how it is possible to monitor the evolution of their properties throughout their application time.
10:55 AM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
10:55 AM - 11:15 AM
11:15 AM NPPs - Qualification and Monitoring of LV Cables - Simone Suraci (University of Bologna)
NPPs - Qualification and Monitoring of LV Cables
- Simone Suraci (University of Bologna)
11:15 AM - 12:10 PM
Low voltage cables play a very important role in guaranteeing a safe and effective operating life of the NPPs. Early failure of a low voltage cable could lead to unexpected power stops, lack of communication and, in the worst case, to a nuclear accident. For this reason, nuclear cables are designed and qualified to withstand possible nuclear accidents e.g., loss of coolant accidents (LOCAs). Depending on their location inside the NPP, these cables are subjected to a wide range of environmental conditions and stresses such as high temperature, radiations, moisture and mechanical stresses. All these stresses contribute to an early degradation of cables. In particular, environmental conditions can be particularly harsh in the reactor containment area, leading to accelerated aging of cable components. These lectures aim at providing basic concepts on the radiation effects on electrical insulating polymers and how it is possible to monitor the evolution of their properties throughout their application time.
12:10 PM Lunch
Lunch
12:10 PM - 1:25 PM
1:25 PM Afternoon Introduction - Lorenzo Zana (Jefferson Lab)
Afternoon Introduction
- Lorenzo Zana (Jefferson Lab)
1:25 PM - 1:30 PM
1:30 PM Structural & Material Damage Part 3 - Kurt Sickafus (Los Alamos National Laboratory)
Structural & Material Damage Part 3
- Kurt Sickafus (Los Alamos National Laboratory)
1:30 PM - 2:25 PM
The purpose of this presentation is to review the response of engineering materials to irradiation and the mechanisms associated radiation damage in the solid state. This topic will be introduced by considering the partitioning between electronic and nuclear energy losses, both of which are important in solids. In this first of two presentations, we will examine the physics of ionization, a topic familiar to most everyone in the field of health physics. Specifically, we will examine how ionization loss mechanisms for energetic ions in engineering solids compare with ionization effects in, say, air or water. We will then consider the transition from so-called "Bethe-Bloch" ion stopping to "velocity-dependent" stopping at lower ion energies. Radiation damage examples to be presented will include electronic stopping effects such as point defect-induced optical effects (e.g., color centers in insulators and gemstones). We will also consider swift heavy ion stopping effects in metals and ceramics.
2:25 PM Damage phenomena in Light Source I - Demagnetization of Permanent Magnets & XFEL - Hee-Seock Lee
Damage phenomena in Light Source I - Demagnetization of Permanent Magnets & XFEL
- Hee-Seock Lee
2:25 PM - 3:20 PM
A permanent magnet is one of important materials which are used in particle accelerator and its applications have increased recently for compact structure close to particle beam. So the damage due to beam or secondary radiations is more important. The demagnetization phenomena founded at several synchrotron radiation sources and studies to understand its characteristics and to reduce the damage impact are presented as a lesson-learned. Expected demagnetization condition at hadron accelerator is also discussed. A X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), especially, highly intensive hard X-ray, were launched at a few countries since 2009. A few mJ of photons within a few tens femto-second made special radiation damage issue which was not discussed before in the view of radiation protection. First the principle and facility generating X-ray free electron laser are introduced. The damage phenomena founded at several XFEL facilities and studies to understand its characteristics are presented. The radiation protection design against XFEL and application practice using damage property are given to students. Several damage phenomena recorded in light source are also introduced.
3:20 PM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
3:20 PM - 3:40 PM
3:40 PM Key-Messages Day 5 - Ian Dawson (University of London (GB))
Key-Messages Day 5
- Ian Dawson (University of London (GB))
3:40 PM - 3:55 PM
4:00 PM Models and Tools - GEANT - Lorenzo Zana (Jefferson Lab)
Models and Tools - GEANT
- Lorenzo Zana (Jefferson Lab)
4:00 PM - 6:00 PM
Part 1: Theory - 30' Part 2: Hands-on - 90'
7:45 PM Directions for School Dinner
Directions for School Dinner
7:45 PM - 8:00 PM
Starting @20:00h Hotel Elimo (Via Vittorio Emanuele, 75, 91016 Erice)

8:00 PM School Dinner
School Dinner
8:00 PM - 12:00 AM
Saturday, October 28, 2023
8:30 AM Excursion Details - Vaclav Vylet
Excursion Details
- Vaclav Vylet
8:30 AM - 9:00 AM
DEPARTURE 9h Porta Trapani
9:00 AM Excursion
Excursion
9:00 AM - 7:30 PM
Sunday, October 29, 2023
8:30 AM Morning Introduction - Hee-Seock Lee
Morning Introduction
- Hee-Seock Lee
8:30 AM - 8:35 AM
8:35 AM Models and Tools - Facilities for Material Testing for Fusion/NPPs - Stefan Wikman (F4E)
Models and Tools - Facilities for Material Testing for Fusion/NPPs
- Stefan Wikman (F4E)
8:35 AM - 9:15 AM
Development and design of materials and components for a fusion reactor is complex. The environment in a fusion reactor is different compared to conventional nuclear power plants and neutrons generated from the fusion reaction have higher energy. The operational temperatures in a machine such as ITER span widely from the cryogenic environment at the superconducting magnets to the plasma facing components exposed to high heat fluxes generated by plasma Because the aim of large experimental fusion reactors is to pave the way for fusion power plants, it is essential to perform long duration tests of materials and components under relevant conditions. The purpose of this talk is to explain the fusion environment, compare it with fission, and provide a view why dedicated test facilities are needed.
9:15 AM Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - High-Power Target Facilities - Kevin Richard Lynch (Fermilab)
Hadron and heavy-ion accelerators/colliders - High-Power Target Facilities
- Kevin Richard Lynch (Fermilab)
9:15 AM - 10:25 AM
Outside of colliding beam facilities, a primary beam itself is rarely of experimental interest. These beams are used to produce secondary particles with particular properties optimized for a particular set of experimental questions. Targets are the beam intercepting devices designed to effect this conversion, and they and their supporting devices are the subject of this discussion. We will discuss the various constraints that impact target systems design, including such effects as radiation and thermomechanical effects. We will then look at a number of case studies of different target systems in operation or under design to understand the interplay of universal and context specific optimization choices and their impact on operational limitations and service lifetimes.
10:25 AM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
10:25 AM - 10:45 AM
10:45 AM Fusion for Tomorrow: Design challenges with materials exposed to high temperatures and neutron - Stefan Wikman (F4E)
Fusion for Tomorrow: Design challenges with materials exposed to high temperatures and neutron
- Stefan Wikman (F4E)
10:45 AM - 11:40 AM
Fusion reactions in a hydrogen-based plasma, as foreseen with ITER, expose the materials to high temperatures and 14 MeV neutrons. A powerful electromagnetic confinement of unprecedented size is designed to control the plasma and balance disruptions. Another important aspect is that ITER is intended for cyclic operation ramping up power and plasma durations. For engineers this means to match very challenging requirements where there is no reference handbook to look for acceptance criteria’s. The designers need to account for thermal loads, mechanical loads, neutron damage, irradiation hardening, high magnetic loads and cyclic fatigue. The development of plasma facing components have taken decades where different material combinations were studied. After passing conventional tests to map response to thermal and mechanical loads, the candidate materials were exposed to neutrons. The irradiation testing was performed by renting slots between uranium fuel assemblies inside conventional nuclear fission reactor. Conventional fission reactors generate much lower energy neutrons than fusion reactors but provides valuable data. After irradiation the materials were tested again to measure influence of irradiation on material properties. In some cases, post-irradiation testing revealed weakened materials that was not fit for ITER and engineers had to come up with new solutions. The purpose of this presentation is to summarize the ITER operational conditions and how qualification was performed to reach the present design of ITER plasma facing components.
11:40 AM Models and Tools - Role of Robotics - Roberto Losito (CERN)
Models and Tools - Role of Robotics
- Roberto Losito (CERN)
11:40 AM - 12:35 PM
I setup a team charged with developing Robotics solutions for interventions in accelerators at CERN in 2014. The main motivation was that half of the collective dose collected by personnel was due to simple inspections, an activity that at that time we believed could be performed effectively by robots. Initially we inspired ourselves to the work done in Nuclear installations, especially after the tragic events of Fukushima. We were immediately confronted with the large variety of equipment and environments we find at CERN that obliged us to go beyond and to develop a variety of solutions to cope with equipment not designed for robotic maintenance, and an environment where even humans have sometimes difficulty to navigate. I will present a few examples of solutions deployed at CERN, I will explain the process for the preparation and implementation of interventions and talk about the perspectives for future developments.
12:35 PM Lunch break
Lunch break
12:35 PM - 2:15 PM
2:15 PM Afternoon Introduction - Lorenzo Zana (Jefferson Lab)
Afternoon Introduction
- Lorenzo Zana (Jefferson Lab)
2:15 PM - 2:20 PM
2:20 PM Models and Tools - Irradiation Stations for High Power Targetry - Kevin Richard Lynch (Fermilab)
Models and Tools - Irradiation Stations for High Power Targetry
- Kevin Richard Lynch (Fermilab)
2:20 PM - 3:00 PM
"Future planning for HEP facilities indicates a march to ever high beam power and stored beam energy. This provides an ongoing challenge to the design and operation of facilities. In particular, the time evolution of material properties - particularly for beam intercepting devices such as beam windows, targets, and beam absorbers - at ever higher levels of beam interaction are poorly understood. In particular, the evolution of thermomechanical properties such as thermal conductivity, surface emissivity, and strength can reduce or eliminate the margins designed into critical devices, shortening service life or device safety. We will briefly review relevant definitions and parameters, then discuss the techniques and facilities available to characterize the evolution of material properties of relevance to high energy physics.
3:00 PM Coffee Break
Coffee Break
3:00 PM - 3:20 PM
3:20 PM Challenges in the Design of Muon Colliders - Roberto Losito (CERN)
Challenges in the Design of Muon Colliders
- Roberto Losito (CERN)
3:20 PM - 4:15 PM
Following the 2020 update of the Strategy for Particle Physics, the European Large National Laboratories Directors Group (LDG) initiated a new International collaboration to progress on the studies for the feasibility of a Muon Collider at 10+ TeV towards the goal of publishing a report, in time for the next European Strategy for Particle Physics Upgrade (ESPPU) at the end of this decade, providing sufficient information to decide whether there is confidence to move on to a proper Conceptual Design Report (CDR) phase. The Collaboration elaborated a detailed resource loaded R&D roadmap necessary to prove the technologies involved and is addressing the most urgent points on both the machine and detectors. The Collider aims at producing an integrated luminosity of 10 ab-1 at 10 TeV, with an intermediate step at 3 TeV delivering 1 ab-1. The muon collider presents several challenges, starting from a production target that will have to sustain a deposited power of 2÷4 MW, Superconducting Solenoids with large field on axis (5÷40 T) and subject to heavy irradiation, RF acceleration in magnetic fields, fast acceleration to cope with the short lifetime of muons, and finally the need to keep under control the neutrino radiation on surface. In this talk I will give a brief overview of all those challenges and provide examples of how the Collaboration is addressing them.
4:15 PM Key-messages - Day 6 - Hee-Seock Lee
Key-messages - Day 6
- Hee-Seock Lee
4:15 PM - 4:30 PM
4:30 PM Closing - Markus Brugger (CERN)
Closing
- Markus Brugger (CERN)
4:30 PM - 4:50 PM
4:50 PM Models Tools - PHITS - Hiroshi Iwase (KEK)
Models Tools - PHITS
- Hiroshi Iwase (KEK)
4:50 PM - 6:50 PM
Part 1: Theory - 30' Part 2: Hands-on - 90' PHITS (Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System) is a general-purpose Monte Carlo code developed mainly by JAEA. PHITS has been well received for its ease of use with built-in graph plotter. In recent years, the code has been enhanced with an extended physics model and increased interfaces and evaluation quantities, and it is gradually begin recognized as a standard MC code. The three radiation damege effects, TID, DD, and SEE, are treated by PHITS as follows. The total dose effect (TID) is evaluated by means of the [t-deposit] tally. It tallies deposit energy in a volume of interest. The displace ment damage (DD) is calculated by [t-dpa]. It counts number of displacement of atom in a volume of interest. Chain knock-on reactions as well as primary knock-on atoms are evaluated. The single event effect (SEE) is treated by SEE cross sections and radiation fluxes in the [t-track] tally. Models and methods of the tree calculations, some benchmarks with demonstration, and a small hands-on exercise will be provided.

Monday, October 30, 2023

8:30 AM Goodbye Breakfast
Goodbye Breakfast
8:30 AM - 10:00 AM
10:00 AM Exam (optional/online) - Vashek Vylet
Exam (optional/online)
- Vashek Vylet
10:00 AM - 11:30 AM
12:15 PM Lunch break
Lunch break
12:15 PM - 1:45 PM

2:00 PM Departure & Transfer to the airport
Departure & Transfer to the airport
2:00 PM - 6:00 PM

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