The lecture covers the basics of the secondary and tertiary beam generation for the test beams at CERN. It covers the basics of beam-matter interaction and summarises the processes of secondary particles production at the target stations. It introduces the Atherton parametrisation and the particle zoo available at CERN North Area. Subsequently, it covers the design of transfer beam lines, beam...
The CERN beam lines of the North and the East Area are designed to deliver beams of secondary and tertiary particles as well as attenuated primary protons and ions from the SPS and PS accelerators. Typically, hadrons, electrons, and muons in the energy range up to 360 GeV/c at a maximum flux of 10^7 - 10^8 particles per SPS extraction are served to the experimental areas. Following the Long...
The DESY II Test Beam Facility was in operation from March to December in 2021, starting with local and national users before continuing from May on in normal mode welcoming international groups. After the winter shutdown, the facility resumed operation in February 2022.
In this contribution, a review over the test beam period in 2021 and the current status is given. This includes first...
The Fermilab Test Beam Facility is a world class facility for testing and characterizing particle detectors. With two operational low intensity beam lines, the facility can deliver a variety of particle types and momenta ranging from 120 GeV protons in the primary beam line down to 200 MeV particles in the tertiary beam line. In order to meet the needs of future detectors, the facility is...
An Irradiation Test Area(ITA) has been operating at Fermilab since 2021 with a beam delivering 400 MeV protons at an intensity up to 2.7e15 protons per hour. This talk will cover lessons learned and present status of the facility, user application process, and future upgrade plans.
The upcoming High-Luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) and the R&D on future accelerators (FCC) require radiation hardness tests and detector qualifications. The reference facilities at CERN for muon gas detectors is the GIF++, located on the H4 beam-line in the SPS North Area.
The last years were dominated by the mass production tests for the ATLAS Phase 1 upgrade,...
The CERN Proton Irradiation Facility (IRRAD) is a reference facility for performing irradiation experiments and qualification of tracking and calorimetry detectors, important for the upgrade of CERN Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) and for the R&D on future CERN accelerators. After the CERN Long Shutdown 2, the IRRAD facility has undergone through several changes on hardware and software...
Beam telescopes have become integral to the infrasctructure of many test beam facilities today. At the DESY II Test Beam the EUDET-type beam telescopes have represented the standard for the better part of a decade by now. The monolithic architecture of the MIMOSA26 pixel sensor combined with the small pitch (18.4 µm) makes it particularly suited for tracking low momentum particles.
In the...
MALTA is part of the Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel sensors designed in TowerJazz 180nm imaging technology. The MALTA sensor has been produced on Cz substrates in view of optimising the signal for efficiency and time resolution. A custom telescope with MALTA planes has been developed for a testbeam campaign at SPS (CERN) using up to six MALTA tracking planes and the ability to host several...
The INSULAB beam test setup is made up by different detectors for
precision tracking, trigger setup, multiplicity counting and energy
measurements. The tracking system consists in a set of double-sided
microstrip silicon telescopes with a high spatial resolution (~ 5 um)
and large area single-sided microstrip silicon detector (resolution down
to ~ 30 um) for the precise measurements of...
A single arm beam telescope based on the recently developed Timepix4 ASIC was built in order to perform first tests of synchronous multiple-detector readout and track reconstruction. The Timepix4 is a hybrid pixel detector readout ASIC designed to record time-of-arrival (TOA) and time-over-threshold (TOT) simultaneously in each pixel. It has a 448x512 pixel matrix with square pixels at a 55 μm...
The Fermilab Test Beam Facility (FTBF) featured an all-silicon telescope based on pixel detectors from the phase-0 of the CMS pixel detector. In the past few years, the demand for more precision tracking pushed the facility to upgrade the pixel telescope with newer and more precise silicon strip detectors. In the past few months, the facility decided to simplify the system removing the old...
Hybrid pixel detectors were first developed to address the needs of particle tracking at the heart of the large LHC experiments. The key property of these detectors is the ability to detect particles with a high signal to noise ratio even at very high speed permitting clean reconstruction of the LHC events. In the Medipix project we adapted the same hybrid pixel approach firstly to X-ray...
Beam-lines supported by the EUDET, AIDA and AIDA-2020 projects provided a standard hardware and software interface for triggering and synchronization between any beam-telescope installed on the beam-line. The hardware used is called a Trigger/Timing Logic Unit (TLU).
The AIDA-Innova project will provide a new TLU with a higher specification than the existing EUDET and AIDA(-2020) TLUs while...
The endcap calorimeters of CMS will be upgraded a single High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) for the HL-LHC. The HGCAL is a sampling calorimeter that will use silicon sensors as well as scintillator tiles as active material and be operated at -30 C. The silicon section will have several sensor thicknesses and there will be multiple sensor geometries based on 8" wafers. The readout of the...
RD51 is a CERN-based research collaboration, focusing on the development and advancement of Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs). One of the major outcomes of these activities was the development of a joint multi-purpose electronic readout system, the Scalable Readout System (SRS). It allows to read out small R&D set-ups up to mid-sized experiments with various front-end ASICs (APV25 and...
Developing a new silicon detector requires significant effort for preparing the readout hardware and software for the prototype to be operated in the laboratory and test beams. The Caribou DAQ framework significantly reduces the development effort and cost for such readout systems. By utilizing modern system-on-chip (SoC) platforms, it combines programmable logic and a processing system and...
Allpix Squared is a versatile, open-source simulation framework for silicon pixel detectors. Its goal is to ease the implementation of detailed simulations for both single sensors and more complex setups with multiple detectors. While originally created for silicon detectors in high-energy physics, it is capable of simulating a wide range of detector types for various application scenarios,...
Monolithic CMOS sensors have found their way through imaging technologies into High Energy Physics thanks to multiple advantages in particle detection. Their main characteristic is the integration of an active sensor and readout in a single chip, which provides a reduction in production effort, costs and material. The Tangerine project aims to develop the next generation of silicon pixel...
The rapid evolution of High Energy Physics experiments demands the development of improved detectors. The Tangerine project’s goal is to develop the next generation of small collection electrode monolithic silicon pixel detectors using the 65nm CMOS imaging process which offers a higher logic density and overall lower power consumption compared to previously used processes. One objective of...
A very hot topic in radiation oncology is so-called FLASH therapy which involves delivering an entire radiation treatment in a few hundred ms, or less. This fast delivery can reduce toxicity to healthy tissue while maintaining tumor control expanding the parameter space for treatment. The effect has been observed in experiments and clinical translation is now underway. As part of this effort,...
The characteristics of the Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors such as small thicknesses, pixel pitches and cost have made this detector type increasingly attractive for applications in high energy physics in recent years. The TANGERINE project at DESY aims to push research in this field in order to develop a fully integrated 65 nm CMOS pixel chip for future application in beam-test facilities or...
The High Luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) calls for new high-radiation tolerant silicon pixel sensors, capable of withstanding fluences up to 2.3E16 neq/cm2 (1MeV equivalent neutrons). In this presentation results obtained in beam tests experiments with 3D and planar pixel sensors interconnected with the RD53A readout chip are reported. RD53A is the first prototype...
The ALPIDE telescope is a continuously evolving tracking telescope based on the TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS ALICE PIxel DEtector (ALPIDE). The ALPIDE is a high efficiency, high spatial resolution monolithic active pixel sensor designed for the recently commissioned ALICE Inner Tracker System (ITS2).
This telescope is one of the main R&D tools for the test and characterization of new sensors and...
Future particle physics experiments are motivated by the increase in luminosity and thus the need for intelligent tracking detectors providing fast track and momentum information to select events of interest. The next generation tracking detectors are mostly all silicon detectors and thus finding a cost effective solution to maximize the output is important. Therefore the commercial CMOS...
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is undergoing an extensive upgrade program to prepare for the challenging conditions of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). A new timing detector in CMS will measure minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) with a time resolution of 30-40 ps for MIP signals at a rate of 2.5 Mhit/s per channel at the beginning of HL-LHC...
Low-gain avalanche diodes (LGADs) will be employed in the CMS MIP Timing Detector (MTD) upgrade to mitigate the high levels of pileup expected in the High Luminosity phase of the LHC. Over the last several years, LGAD sensors with radiation tolerant gain implants have been developed, successfully providing gain even after the fluences expected at the HL-LHC, in excess of 1 x 10^15 neq/cm^2....
The proven radiation hardness of 3D technologies up to fluencies exceeding 1$x10^{16}n_{eq}/cm^{2}$ makes them a prime candidate for next generation high energy physics experiments. In addition, the decoupling of the charge generation and drift volumes unique in these structures, provides excellent timing characteristics without radiation hardness comprise or the need for additional...
Vertex and tracking detectors for future high-energy physics experiments face stringent requirements in view of their spatial and temporal measurement performance as well as the projected experimental conditions.
Within the ATTRACT FASTPIX project, a monolithic pixel sensor demonstrator chip has been developed in a modified 180 nm CMOS imaging process technology, targeting sub-nanosecond...
"The MONOLITH ERC Advanced project targets the development of very thin monolithic pixel sensors capable of reaching picosecond-level resolution combined with high granularity. To achieve such performance the project profits from the 130nm SiGe BiCMOS technology by IHP to produce very fast, low noise and low power front-end electronics. Small prototypes have been tested at the H8 SPS beam...
The MONOLITH H2020 ERC Advanced project aims at the development of fully monolithic highly granular pixel sensors with picosecond time stamping capabilities. To reach a picosecond precise sensor response, a thin gain layer has been implemented deep inside a high-resistivity epitaxial layer. By moving the gain layer away from the pixel implantation, the pixel size can be reduced down to 50 µm,...
Test beams are frequently used for developing high resolution Time-of-Flight (ToF) equipment. To investigate the timing properties of detectors under test, a reliable and reproducible time reference counter (TRC) would be an important asset for a test beam facility. Frequently ToF detectors are calibrated only occasionally and it may be difficult to guarantee that their calibration is...
The Extra Low Energy Antiproton (ELENA) is the new deceleration ring installed in the Antimatter Factory at CERN. Thanks to the introduction of ELENA, the antimatter experiments will receive an antiproton beam with an energy down to 100 keV, allowing improved performance and opening the door to new and exciting discoveries.
On the other hand, such a low energy beam required the development of...
Particle identification is one of the crucial and difficult task for the high energy physics experiments, like the future FCC-ee, CEPC, SCTF. The ionization of matter by charged particles is the primary mechanism used for particle identification (dE/dx), but the large uncertainties in the total energy deposition represent a limit to the particle separation capabilities. The cluster counting...
In this presentation we highlight the most significant outcomes from the systematic study of heavily Irradiated LGAD using the femtosecond laser test beam facility at ELI Beamlines. Instability and LGAD’s deaths associated to Single Event Burnout (SEB) from Highly Ionising Particles (HIP) are tested. Questions such as what the safe margin for operation is; is the sensor mortality a threshold...
Transition radiation detectors is one of the not destructive particle Identification techniques widely used in high energy and cosmic-ray physics.
The change of the electromagnetic field of a charged particle at a transition between media with different refractive indices leads to the emission of electromagnetic radiation, so-called transition radiation (TR). In the optical range transition...
The expected increase of the particle flux at the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) with instantaneous luminosities up to L ≃ 7.5×1034 cm−2 s-1 will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector performance. The pile-up is expected to increase on average to 200 interactions per bunch crossing. The reconstruction and trigger performance for electrons, photons as well as jets and transverse...
The Phase-II upgrade of the LHC during Long Shutdown 3 (LS3) aims to reach a peak instantaneous luminosity of $7.5\times 10^{34}\mathrm{cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$, which corresponds to an average of about 200 inelastic proton-proton collisions per beam-crossing. To cope with these conditions, the ATLAS tracking system will be replaced by an all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk). The ITk will be operational for...
In order to cope with the occupancy and radiation doses expected at the High-Luminosity LHC, the ATLAS experiment will replace its Inner Detector with an all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk), containing pixel and strip subsystems. The strip subsystem will be built from modules, consisting of one n+-in-p silicon sensor, one or two PCB hybrids containing the front-end electronics, and one powerboard...
For the HL-LHC upgrade, the current tracking system of the ATLAS experiment will be replaced by an all-silicon system, called the Inner Tracker (ITk), consisting of an inner Pixel Detector and an outer Strip Detector.
The ITk Pixel Detector has two types of modules foreseen: triplet modules with 3D sensors in the innermost layer, and quad modules with planar sensors in the other...
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Phase II upgrade aims to increase the instantaneous accelerator luminosity.
A new readout system of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is needed to meet the trigger's requirements, to cope with the higher radiation levels and the ageing of the current electronics. It has to handle longer latencies of up to 35 µs at such high pileup levels.
Prototypes of the...
The Liquid Argon Calorimeters are employed by ATLAS for all electromagnetic calorimetry in the pseudo-rapidity region |η| < 3.2, and for hadronic and forward calorimetry in the region from |η| = 1.5 to |η| = 4.9. They also provide inputs to the first level of the ATLAS trigger. After successful period of data taking during the LHC Run-2 between 2015 and 2018 the ATLAS detector entered into the...
The FASER experiment at the LHC will be instrumented with a high precision W-Si preshower to identify and reconstruct electromagnetic showers produced by two O(TeV) photons at distances down to 200µm.
The new detector will feature a monolithic silicon ASIC with hexagonal pixels of 65 µm side, with extended dynamic range for the charge measurement and capability to store the charge information...
FASER, or the Forward Search Experiment, is a new experiment at CERN designed to complement the LHC's ongoing physics programme, extending its discovery potential to light and weakly-interacting particles that may be produced copiously at the LHC in the far-forward region. New particles targeted by FASER, such as long-lived dark photons or dark scalars, are characterised by a signature with...
Scope of the tutorial
The goal of this interactive tutorial is to understand the usage of basic functionalities of the Allpix Squared simulation framework, and methods to extract some of the relevant quantities for sensor studies. Participants are encouraged to follow along on their own computers. A task and instructions will be provided and walked through, covering the basic concepts of...
The AIDA trigger logic unit and EUDAQ2 provide a common infrastructure platform to integrate a large variety of devices with the EUDET-type reference telescopes at test beams. Since test-beam time is always limited, users rely on a stable and common interface for their devices. The tutorial will provide a solid basis to optimally prepare your next successful test beam campaign.
The tutorial...
The AIDA trigger logic unit and EUDAQ2 provide a common infrastructure platform to integrate a large variety of devices with the EUDET-type reference telescopes at test beams. Since test-beam time is always limited, users rely on a stable and common interface for their devices. The tutorial will provide a solid basis to optimally prepare your next successful test beam campaign.
The tutorial...
Corryvreckan is a software framework dedicated to the analysis of test-beam data. It employs a modular concept, providing algorithms for typical analysis steps like pixel masking, clustering, tracking, alignment and for the reconstruction of commonly investigated observables like detection efficiency, spatial and temporal resolution or material budget. This approach allows for a flexible...
The foreseen Large Hadron Collider upgrade is expected to deliver an integrated luminosity that is one order of magnitude larger after 2027. Rare processes and new phenomena may be observed in this high luminosity era. The Phase-II Outer Tracker upgrade of the CMS experiment is required to surmount higher radiation and increased event rate. Transverse momentum ($P_T$) discrimination is...
The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will deliver proton-proton collisions at 5-7.5 times the nominal LHC luminosity, with an expected number of 140-200 pp-interactions per bunch crossing. To maintain the performance of muon triggering and reconstruction under high background radiation, the forward part of the Muon spectrometer of the CMS experiment will be upgraded with Gas Electron Multiplier...
Resistive Plate Chambers are operated in several experiments tipically with large fractions of Tetrafluoroethane (C2H2F4) commonly known as R134a, a gas with a high Global Warming Potential (GWP) that has been recently banned by the European Union.
Within the HEP Community, many studies are ongoing to find a good replacement for such component for RPCs working in avalanche mode. One...
For the HL-LHC phase, the calorimeter endcap of the CMS detector will be upgraded with a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL), a sampling calorimeter which will use silicon sensors as well as scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active material (SiPM-on-tile). The complete HGCAL will be operated at -30 degC. The SiPMs will be used in areas where the expected...
The SiPM-on-Tile technology, where small plastic scintillator tiles are directly read out with SiPMs, has been developed for the CALICE Analog Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL), and has been adopted for parts of the hadronic section of the CMS HGCAL. For future electron-positron colliders, a single cell time stamping on the sub-nanosecond level for energy deposits corresponding to single...
Calorimetry at the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider faces two enormous challenges particularly in the forward direction: radiation tolerance and unprecedented in-time event pileup. To meet these challenges, the CMS experiment has decided to replace its current endcap calorimeters with a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL), featuring a previously unrealized transverse and longitudinal...
The Analogue Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL) developed by the CALICE collaboration is a scalable engineering prototype for a detector at future electron-positron energy frontier colliders. It is a sampling calorimeter of steel absorber plates and 3*3 cm^2
plastic scintillator tiles individually read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active material. The front-end ASICS (SPIROC2E) are...
A new era of hadron collisions will start around 2029 with the High-Luminosity LHC which will allow to collect ten times more data than what has been collected during 10 years of operation at LHC. This will be achieved by higher instantaneous luminosity at the price of higher number of collisions per bunch crossing.
In order to withstand the high expected radiation doses, the ATLAS Liquid...
Scope of the tutorial
The goal of this interactive tutorial is to understand the usage of basic functionalities of the Allpix Squared simulation framework, and methods to extract some of the relevant quantities for sensor studies. Participants are encouraged to follow along on their own computers. A task and instructions will be provided and walked through, covering the basic concepts of...
Historically, one can point to innovations that were a result of earlier efforts to build detectors for particle physics experiments or to work together more effectively. Two such developments, indispensable in our everyday life are the invention of the world wide web and the touch screen at CERN; combined in nearly all our phones.
Nowadays, we could be asked to show what societal benefits...
Corryvreckan is a software framework dedicated to the analysis of test-beam data. It employs a modular concept, providing algorithms for typical analysis steps like pixel masking, clustering, tracking, alignment and for the reconstruction of commonly investigated observables like detection efficiency, spatial and temporal resolution or material budget. This approach allows for a flexible...
