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All about the filling factor
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Europe/Zurich
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Description
Abstract: A path to increase the energy of a collider without increasing the dipole field or building a longer tunnel is to have a larger filling factor (fraction of the arcs covered by dipoles), i.e., to reduce the space dedicated to quadrupoles, correctors, interconnections ... This filling factor is for the LHC lattice 80%; for the FCC-hh a similar assumption is done. For example, increasing the filling factor from 80% to 85% would allow increasing the reach of the same collision energy with 6% less field. For instance, 7 TeV energy in the LHC collider could have been reached with 7.8 T dipoles, considerably reducing the risks related to training. In the FCC, this would allow a 1 T reduction in the dipole field.
In this seminar, I will discuss three possible paths to increase the filling factor. The first two are based on considerations of beam optics, namely (i) having a longer spacing between quadrupoles, i.e. exploring the possibility of having very long cells, and (ii) using a 60 degrees phase advance optics rather than 90 degrees as in the LHC, that allows reducing by 30% the requirement on the quadrupole gradient, keeping the same beam size. Finally, I will consider the possibility of spreading the quadrupole gradient in the dipoles, i.e., going for a combined function magnet. This offers not only the possibility of increasing the filling factor, but also of eliminating one type of magnet from the lattice. We will give a preliminary analysis of this idea, and its potential, making use of the case of both LHC and FCC lattices.
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Carlo Petrone
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