The MONOLITH ERC Advanced project aims at producing a monolithic silicon pixel ASIC with 50µm pixel pitch and picosecond-level time stamping. The two main ingredients of the project are fast and low-noise SiGe BiCMOS electronics and a novel sensor concept, the Picosecond Avalanche Detector (PicoAD). The PicoAD uses a patented multi-PN junction to engineer the electric field and produce a...
A new timing detector in CMS will measure minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) with a time resolution of about 30-40 ps for MIP signals at a rate of 2.5 Mhit/s per channel at the beginning of HL-LHC operation. The precision time information from this MIP timing detector (MTD) will reduce the effects of the high levels of pileup expected at the HL-LHC, bringing new capabilities to the CMS...
The proven radiation hardness of silicon 3D devices up to fluences of $1 \times 10^{17}\;n_{eq}/cm^{2}$ makes them an excellent choice for next generation trackers, providing $<10\;\mu m$ position resolution at a high multiplicity environment. The anticipated pile-up increase at HL-LHC conditions and beyond, requires the addition of < 50 ps per hit timing information to successfully resolve...
The use of precision timing to measure time-of-flight or to distinguish events from the same bunch crossing in collider detectors has become a common feature of many modern experiments. Currently achieving a precision of 30 picoseconds is seen as an attainable goal. To move to a precision close to one picosecond will require further advances in our time measurement technology. One central...
This presentation focuses on the specific R&D on the state-of-the-art Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs), aimed at improving their timing performance to meet the demanding requirements of future-generation experiments. In particular, the present study focuses on evaluating the performance of the first very thin LGAD prototypes produced by the Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), with a thickness...
Future experiments at very high-energy and high-intensity collider machines foresee the necessity to have precise timing measurements, with a resolution of the order of tens of picoseconds, in environments where particle fluence is expected to be very high, exceeding 1E16 n$_{eq}$/cm$^2$.
An innovative design of silicon sensors able to withstand very high fluences while keeping excellent...
Picosec is a novel micropattern gaseous detector (MPGD) proposed by the RD51 Picosec MicroMegas collaboration to overcome the limitations of classical MPGDs regarding timing performance. The concept is based on detecting Cherenkov light emitted by an impinging particle in a proper radiator. A photocathode converts such light into electrons, and a double amplification stage MicroMegas detector...
Measurements from particle timing detectors are often affected by the time walk effect caused by statistical fluctuations in the charge of passing particles. The Constant Fraction Discriminator (CFD) is frequently used to mitigate this effect both in test setups and in running experiments, such as the CMS-PPS system at the CERN’s LHC. CFD is simple and effective but does not leverage all...
Precise timing evaluation is expected to play a crucial role in particle detectors at future collider experiments, as its knowledge can improve vertices reconstruction by mitigating the pile-up effects in the harsh radiation environment expected there. A single-detector time resolution of 20 - 30 ps $\sigma$ was estimated to be needed for precise events reconstruction. In order to fulfil this...
The CMS Proton Precision Spectrometer (PPS), operating at the LHC, measures the kinematics of protons scattered in the very forward region with 3D silicon tracking stations. To reconstruct the longitudinal position of the proton interaction vertex and to suppress pile-up background, a timing detector based on planar single crystal CVD diamond has been developed, with a dedicated amplification...
The aim of the LHCb Upgrade II is to operate at a luminosity of 1.5 x 10$^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ to collect a data set of 300 fb$^{-1}$. The required substantial modifications of the current LHCb electromagnetic calorimeter due to high radiation doses in the central region and increased particle densities are referred to as PicoCal. A consolidation of the ECAL already during LS3 will reduce...
Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors (LAPPDs) are micro-channel based photosensors featuring hundreds of square centimeters of sensitive area in a single package and timing resolution on the order of 50 ps for a single photon detection. However, until recently LAPPDs did not exist in finely pixelated 2D readout configurations that in addition to the high-resolution timing would also provide...
Scintillator detectors are the gold standard for radiation detection in industry, security and medical imaging. After decades of steady progress, the performance of ionizing radiation detectors is reaching a limit imposed by physical barriers at the level of the scintillation mechanisms. Present X-ray and γ-ray detector technologies are based on monolithic sensors (scintillating crystals or...
Excellent timing resolution ($<20\,ps$) solves the need for tomographic reconstruction when working with true coincidences in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). However, the impact of events where at least one photon undergoes Compton scattering increases, especially if very fast detector compromise energy resolution. In a human adult abdomen, $511\;keV$ photons travel up to 5 mean free paths...
The CERN Experimental Physics Department R&D develops monolithic sensors for high energy physics and is currently investigating sub-100 nm CMOS imaging processes. In collaboration with the ALICE Inner Tracking System (ITS3) upgrade project, a Tower Partner Semiconductor Co. 65 nm ISC process is studied for the next generation sensors.
In view of the LHC Run 4, the innermost three of the seven...
The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) is designed for the mitigation of pile-up effects in the ATLAS forward region and for bunch per bunch luminosity measurements. HGTD, based on Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology and covering the pseudorapidity region between 2.4 and 4.0, will provide high precision timing information to distinguish between collisions occurring close in...
An upgrade of the CMS detector is essential to maintain its current performance in event reconstruction during the High Luminosity phase of LHC (HL-LHC or Phase II), which will be characterized by about 200 interactions per bunch crossing (pileup). The upgrade project includes the new MIP Timing Detector (MTD) to deal with the increased pileup level. The MTD will achieve a time resolution of...
The MEG II experiment searches for rare muon decays at PSI, Switzerland. One of the challenges of this experiment is to measure timing of calorimeter and timing counters with a precision down to a few pico seconds. This is accomplished by using the DRS4 Switched Capacitor Array and a high precision timing system using a custom crate standard synchronizing more than 30 crates with over 9000...
The target of the Upgrade-2 of the LHCb experiment is operating with an instantaneous luminosity a factor seven higher than the current one to reach ultimate precision in several domains of its physics program. This objective challenges the development of subdetectors able to cope with the high-occupancy regime foreseen.
The time-of-arrival of the particles at the various subdetectors is a...
The unprecedented density of charged particles foreseen at the next generation of experiments at future hadronic machines poses a significant challenge to the tracking detectors, that are expected to stand extreme levels of radiation as well as to be able to efficiently reconstruct a huge number of tracks and primary vertices. To meet this challenge new extremely radiation hard materials and...
For the Phase 2 upgrade, the CMS experiment foresees the installation of a MIP Timing Detector (MTD) to assign a precise timestamp to every charged particle up to pseudorapidity |eta| = 3. The target timing resolution of MTD, 40 ps per track, will help to mitigate effects from the challenging pile-up conditions expected at the High-Luminosity LHC and empower the CMS detector with unique and...
The LHCb Upgrade-I detector is currently operating at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and it is expected to collect about 50 fb$^{−1}$ by the end of Run 4 (2032), when many sub-systems of the detector will reach their end of lifetime. The LHCb collaboration proposes a Phase-II Upgrade of the detector, such that the High-Luminosity LHC potential in flavour physics can be fully exploited. The...
