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In this paper, a method is proposed that improves the accuracy of energy determination in direct measurements of cosmic rays with energies of TeV and higher.
The problems of determining the primary energy using a thin ionization calorimeter are considered in detail. They are caused by large fluctuations in shower development, a decrease in the statistics of the analyzed events with increasing energy, and the need to increase the thickness of the calorimeter to measure particles of higher energies.
A solution to these problems is proposed based on the lessening fluctuation method. This method is based on the assumption of the universality of the development of cascades initiated by particles of the same energy and mass. So-called correlation curves are used to reconstruct the energy. The main analyzed quantities are the cascade size and its development rate. The cascade development rate is understood as a value equal to the difference in the cascade sizes at two measurement levels, divided by the thickness of the layer during the passage of which this change in the cascade size occurs.
The method was tested using the modeling of a heterogeneous calorimeter based on GEANT4. The simulation results showed that the lessening fluctuation method allows determining the primary energy on the ascending branch of the cascade curve. This solves the problems associated with the need to increase the calorimeter thickness with increasing primary energy and limiting the events analyzed. The proposed method is universal for different energies and different nuclei. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (grant No. AP23488106).
