The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a space-based experiment performing direct cosmic-ray observations aboard the International Space Station. Since the start of observations in October 2015, CALET has been continuously collecting scientific data for more than nine years. The instrument is capable of measuring individual cosmic-ray nuclei, covering a wide energy range from a few...
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space based detector operating since its launch in December 2015. The primary goals of the mission include the measurement of the cosmic e+e − spectrum, the high energy gamma-ray astronomy, and the analysis of the flux and composition of cosmic ray protons and nuclei from tens GeV up to several hundreds TeV.
This study presents a direct...
Recently, LHAASO has performed precise measurements of the all-particle spectrum and the mean logarithmic mass $\langle \ln A \rangle$ of cosmic rays at energies around the knee (~4 PeV). These data provides an unprecedented opportunity to test models of Galactic CR acceleration and propagation, bridging direct and indirect measurements for the first time. In this work, we develop a...
The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is carrying out direct measurements of the main components of high energy cosmic rays up to ~1 PeV in order to obtain systematic understanding of cosmic ray acceleration and propagation. The detector consisting of a charge detector, an imaging calorimeter, and a total absorption calorimeter, is located on the International Space Station. The...
Protons are the most abundant component of Cosmic Rays (CRs), predominantly of primary origin. Due to their relatively high flux compared to the other CR elements, they constitute a unique footprint of the high-energy CR phenomena that can be probed with space experiments. Recent results of the DAMPE mission on the combined proton plus helium flux indicate the presence of a new structure – a...
The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) payload was developed to measure the elemental spectra for a charge range of Z = 1 to 26, with an energy range from ~ 10$^{12}$ eV to ~ 10$^{15}$eV. Launched in August 2017, the ISS-CREAM payload successfully collected data for 539 days until February 2019. The ISS-CREAM instrument consists of several particle...
The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a space-based calorimetric
instrument, designed to carry out precise measurements of high energy cosmic rays. Installed on the Japanese Experiment Module – Exposed Facility on the ISS, it is collecting data with excellent performance and no significant interruptions since October 2015. We present the updated results of the direct measurement of...
We report the latest results of primary cosmic ray proton, helium, carbon, oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, and iron fluxes based on the data collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment on the International Space Station during 13.5 years of operation. The unique properties of primary cosmic rays will be discussed.
The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE), is a space–borne detector designed for precise Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) studies in a wide energy range (up to a few hundreds of TeV), along with detailed measurements of high–energy gamma–rays and indirect searches of Dark Matter (DM). The satellite was successfully launched into a sun–synchronous orbit at 500 km, on December 17th 2015 and has been...
We present the measurement of the individual energy spectra for boron, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen cosmic rays based on data collected by the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) during more than 9 years of operation on the International Space Station. These spectra are measured in the energy range from 10 GeV/n to several TeV/n using a fully calorimetric instrument, 1.3 nuclear interaction...
The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a satellite-based detector optimized for precise Galactic cosmic ray studies up to hundreds of TeV. Since its launch on December 17th, 2015, DAMPE has been continuously collecting data on high-energy cosmic particles with excellent statistics and particle identification capabilities, thanks to a large geometric factor and a very good energy...
We report the latest results on the properties of Cl and K cosmic rays fluxes in the rigidity range 2.5 GV to 1.3 TV based on 0.14 million Cl and 0.17 million K nuclei collected by the AMS. We observe that fluxes are well described by the sums of a primary cosmic ray component and a secondary cosmic ray component. With our measurements, the abundance ratios at the source Cl/Si and K/Si are...
We present high statistics measurements of the secondary cosmic rays Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, and Fluorine. The properties of the secondary cosmic ray fluxes and their ratios to the primary cosmic rays Li/C, Be/C, B/C, Li/O, Be/O, B/O, and F/Si , are presented. The comparison with the latest theoretical models is also presented.
The precise measurement of secondary cosmic ray (CR) fluxes provides crucial insights into the propagation and interaction of high-energy particles in the Galaxy. Primary CRs—such as carbon and oxygen nuclei—are believed to interact with the interstellar medium (ISM) and fragment into lighter secondary CRs. Boron is one of the most abundant elements among secondary CRs and its spectrum serves...
DAMPE (DArk Matter Particle Explorer) is a space-based particle detector launched in December 2015 to observe high-energy electrons, gamma rays, and cosmic rays. Secondary cosmic ray fluxes serve as key probes of the propagation and interaction of high-energy particles in the Galaxy. Spectral measurements of secondary nuclei, such as lithium, beryllium, as well as their ratios to primary...
The analysis of cosmic ray nuclei provides critical insights for a theoretical
understanding of the acceleration and propagation mechanisms of charged particles in
our Galaxy. A unique source of information on the average path length that cosmic
rays travel before reaching Earth can be provided by the elements lying just below iron
in the periodic table (sub-iron). These elements are...
The last generation of Galactic cosmic-ray experiments is providing a wealth of high-precision new data. The interpretation of these data is stimulating a very rich and active debate in the community, with strong discovery and constraining potentials on many topics (dark matter, acceleration and transport of cosmic rays, Galactic sources etc.). However, the consensus in the community is that...
Accurate measurements of cosmic-ray fragmentation cross sections are essential for maximizing the physics potential of precise measurements of secondary and primary cosmic-ray fluxes from current balloon and spaceborne experiments. NA61/SHINE, operating at the CERN SPS H2 beamline, is uniquely suited for studying these interactions at high energies above 10 GeV/nucleon.
In this...
Precision measurements by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station of the deuteron ($D$) flux are presented. The measurements are based on 21 million $D$ nuclei in the rigidity range from 1.9 to 21 GV collected from May 2011 to April 2021. We observe that over the entire rigidity range the $D$ flux exhibits nearly identical time variations with the $p$, $^3$He,...
We present the first measurements of the energy spectra of the isotopes of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) with nuclear charge $Z=1-14$ in the very local interstellar medium (VLISM). We also update our previously published energy spectra of GCR elements in the VLISM from $Z=1-28$ (Cummings et al. 2016) for the new longer time period of observations, 1/1/2013 through 12/31/2021. The observations...
Beryllium nuclei in cosmic rays are expected to be secondaries produced by the fragmentation of primary cosmic rays during their propagation in the Galaxy. Therefore, their fluxes contain essential information on cosmic ray propagation and sources. Secondary-to-primary flux ratios provide measurements of the material traversed by cosmic rays in their journey through the Galaxy. The 10Be/9Be...
Clock isotopes such as beryllium-10 provide a unique Galactic cosmic ray lifetime measurement related to the size of the propagation halo in the Milky Way. There have yet to be high-precision measurements of beryllium-10 above 2 GeV/n. The High Energy Light Isotope eXperiment (HELIX), a balloon-borne magnet spectrometer, directly measures a cosmic ray’s charge, magnetic rigidity, and velocity...
We use the GALPROP cosmic ray (CR) propagation and associated diffuse emissions framework to investigate the CR-induced ionisation rate and distribution of radioactive CR species in the presence of an inhomogeneous interstellar gas distribution and stochastic, finite lifetime CR sources. The interstellar gas model is based on recent reconstructions of the gas survey line intensity data and...
To observe cosmic-origin antiparticles, it is crucial to mitigate the astrophysical background. One approach involved searching for background-free antideuterons/antihelium; however, no viable candidates were identified. Consequently, we extended our antiproton observations to the lower-energy region below 0.2 GeV, where the contribution from secondary particles is minimized, and explored the...
We report the latest results on the properties of Ar and Ca cosmic rays nuclei fluxes in the rigidity range 2.5 GV to 3 TV based on 0.2 million Ar and 0.3 million Ca nuclei collected by the AMS. We observe that Ar and Ca fluxes are well described by the sums of a primary cosmic ray component (Si flux) and a secondary cosmic ray component (F flux). With our measurements, the abundance ratios at...
DAMPE is a space-based particle detector designed to study high-energy cosmic rays, including electrons, gamma rays, and atomic nuclei. Since its launch in December 2015, it has been operating smoothly for over nine years, recording more than 1.6 billion cosmic-ray particles. DAMPE data have already confirmed spectral breaks for light elements as a hardening break at a few hundred GeV/n and...
We present the properties of the flux of primary cosmic Ni nuclei in the rigidity range from 3 GV to 1.3 TV, based on 30,000 nuclei collected by Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer during 13.5 years of operation from May 2011 to November 2024. The rigidity dependence of the Ni/Fe flux ratio will be equally discussed.
The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a calorimetric, satellite-borne detector that has been operating in orbit for over nine years. One of its key scientific objectives is measuring the flux of cosmic-ray nuclei, crucial for understanding the origins of cosmic rays and their propagation mechanisms.
Nickel, one of the most stable elements alongside iron, is the most abundant heavy...
SuperTIGER (Super Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder) is a long-duration balloon-borne instrument designed to directly measure Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR), resolving individual element peaks from $^{10}$Ne to $^{40}$Zr. SuperTIGER had two successful Antarctic flights: one in 2012 for 55 days and one in 2019 for 32 days. We present the current state of the SuperTIGER analyses, overviewing GCR...
The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), launched to the International Space Station in August 2015 and continuously operating since, measures cosmic-ray (CR) electrons, nuclei, and gamma rays. CALET, with its 30 radiation length deep calorimeter, measures particle energy, allowing for the determination of primary and secondary nuclei spectra and secondary to primary ratios of the more...
MeV cosmic rays can penetrate dense molecular clouds and oftentimes dominate the ionisation, thus contributing to the physical and chemical dynamics of star forming regions. The effect of cosmic rays can be quantified by their ionisation rate. Interestingly, the ionisation rate predicted from the locally measured cosmic-ray fluxes is one to two orders of magnitude lower than the observed...
During the last decade, Voyager spacecrafts have measured the very local interstellar spectra of cosmic-ray (CR) particles down to energies of about 3 MeV. These measurements represent unique information on unmodulated CR spectra below a few GeV. Otherwise, properties of such low-energy CRs can only be probed indirectly. A universal parameter characterizing their impact on a medium is the...
Low-energy cosmic rays (LECRs) are a vital ingredient of the interstellar medium (ISM). Unlike ionizing radiation, they can penetrate deeply in dense environments and are considered as the main ionizing agent for the core of molecular clumps, ultimately determining their stability against gravitational collapse. Young massive star clusters are known to shape the surrounding ISM, excavating...
The Central Molecular Zone (CMZ), located in the centre of the Milky Way, is a roughly cylindrical structure of molecular gas extending up to $\sim 200$ parsecs around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A$^*$. The average H$_2$ ionisation rate in the CMZ is estimated to be $2 \times 10^{-14} \, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$, which is 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than anywhere else in the Galaxy. Due...
The unstable isotope $^{60}$Fe, with a half-life of 2.6 million years, is produced primarily in supernova explosions. The observed presence of $^{60}$Fe in cosmic rays and its detection in deep-sea crusts and sediments suggest two possible scenarios: either the direct acceleration of $^{60}$Fe from supernova ejecta or its enrichment in the circumstellar material surrounding supernova...
Supernova remnants (SNRs) have long been suspected to be the primary sources of Galactic cosmic rays. Over the past decades, great strides have been made in the modelling of particle acceleration, magnetic field amplification, and escape from SNRs. Yet while many SNRs have been observed in nonthermal emission in radio, X-rays, and gamma rays, there is no evidence for any individual object...
The Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder for the International Space Station (TIGERISS) is a Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) detector being developed as a NASA Astrophysics Pioneers mission to launch to the ISS in 2027. TIGERISS has been assigned the Starboard Overhead X-Direction (SOX) location on the Columbus External Payload Facility (EPF) of the ISS. It will be the first instrument to measure...
Great advances are happening in our understanding of our Galaxy and its physical phenomena, courtesy of missions such as TIGERISS (Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder on the International Space Station), which will be the first single instrument to look at elemental abundances spanning B to Pb. However, the accurate interpretation of these advanced observational data is contingent upon...
Normally, cosmic ray detectors are based on materials where ions or photons are generated as a result of the passage of radiation through the materials, and ions or photons are collected to detect, study, and measure the incident radiation. To combine in one technique, both the ion and photon collection, we planned, designed, constructed, and used a small cosmic ray detector based on one $10...
The development of next-generation cosmic-ray spectrometers requires a robust technological foundation to enable precise and high-sensitivity measurements. This work explores the technological advancements in superconducting magnets and pixel silicon-based trackers, focusing on their application in balloon-borne demonstrators as testbeds for future space missions. Balloon experiments offer a...
The MoonRay project is carrying out a concept study of a permanent lunar cosmic-ray (CR) and gamma-ray observatory, in view of the implementation of habitats on our satellite. The idea is to build a modular telescope that will be able to overcome the limitations, in available power and weight, of the present generation of CR instruments in Low Earth Orbit, while carrying out high energy...
Cosmic rays are detected in two ways: by detecting photons or by detecting ions, which are produced when cosmic radiation interacts with a material medium, such as water or plastic. Cosmic radiation is composed of a variety of elementary particles and heavy nuclei, but especially muons, which are the most abundant, with an electrical charge, at sea level. To study this radiation, we have...
Astrophysical shocks are known to accelerate charged particles to relativistic energies, making them plausible sites for cosmic ray production. Numerical simulations are widely used to study shock acceleration, particularly due to its nonlinear nature. However, they do not always reproduce efficient particle energization. These simulations typically assume a homogeneous upstream medium, and...
Cosmic rays (CRs) are believed to be accelerated via the first-order Fermi process, in which particles undergo scattering by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in the vicinity of a shock front. In the acceleration region of ultra-high-energy CRs, CR acceleration occurs in relativistic shocks, where the shock speed approaches the speed of light. To accelerate CRs to $10^{20}$ eV, the strong...
It has been a long-standing paradigm that the bulk of Galactic comic-ray gets accelerated at supernova remnant shocks via diffusive shock acceleration. As observations – both direct and indirect – became better, many features appeared in the cosmic-ray spectra at Earth and in the emission spectra of remnants, that require deviations from the expectation of a simple power-law of accelerated...
Although for classical models of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at supernova remnants (SNRs) it is hard to reach PeV energies, SNRs are still believed to contribute a large amount of the total Galactic cosmic-ray luminosity. Nowadays it is clear that SNRs show a significant temporal evolution of those parameters relevant for the transport and acceleration of CRs within and the escape from...
Turbulence-driven magnetic reconnection is increasingly recognized as a crucial mechanism for accelerating cosmic rays (CRs) to ultrahigh energies (UHEs) in magnetized astrophysical environments, ranging from compact sources to more extended regions. In this talk, I will provide an overview of this acceleration process and present a comparative analysis of 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and...
The study of collisionless shocks and their role in cosmic ray acceleration has gained importance through observations and simulations, driving interest in reproducing these conditions in laboratory experiments using high-power lasers. In this work, we examine the role of three-dimensional (3D) effects in ion acceleration at quasi-perpendicular shocks under laboratory-relevant conditions....
We revisit the process of particle-acceleration at magnetised shocks having an oblique large scale magnetic field. We find the surprising result that even in the test-particle limit, curved spectra may be produced.
For many years, diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) has been viewed as one of the central mechanisms to accelerate cosmic rays (CRs). It is applied to many astrophysical...
Collisionless shocks are widely recognized as powerful particle accelerators in space and astrophysical environments, contributing significantly to the nonthermal energy budget across the universe. A fundamental challenge is understanding how collisionless shocks, where Coulomb interactions are negligible, accelerate thermal particles into a nonthermal energy state, leading to a power-law...
Diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) is a prominent mechanism for energizing charged particles up to very large rigidities at astrophysical collisionless shocks. In addition to ions and electrons, it has been proposed that interstellar dust grains could also be accelerated through diffusive shock acceleration; for instance, at supernova remnants (SNRs). Considering interstellar dust grains of...
Collisionless shocks in relativistically hot ($T \gg mc^2$) plasmas are investigated using the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulation. Shocks in space are collisionless shocks, which are mediated by wave-particle interactions rather than the Coulomb collisions. Considering the upstream temperature, shocks can be classified into two types: cold upstream ($T \ll mc^2$) and relativistically hot...
Mildly relativistic collisionless plasma shocks allow for a broader range of oblique subluminal mean magnetic field configurations, in contrast to inherently superluminal ultra-relativistic shocks. This enables particle acceleration and heating mechanisms, as well as the generation of electromagnetic waves, driven by particle reflection off the shock. Here, we present our recent results from...
Chemical abundances in cosmic rays (CRs) are crucial for understanding their origin and acceleration mechanisms. Shock waves formed in high-energy astrophysical phenomena are promising mechanisms for CR acceleration. The chemical composition of the medium through which the shock propagates differs in each high-energy astrophysical phenomenon. Observational experiments of CRs show that the...
Charged particles accelerated at the forward shocks of supernova remnants (SNRs) likely constitute the majority of the Galactic Cosmic Ray (CR) population. They also play a vital role in regulating the hydrodynamical evolution of their accelerators. For example, efficient CR acceleration at shocks leads to enhanced compression, which in turn alters the distribution of CRs released into the...
Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA) is a prominent way of producing high-energy particles; one of its most appealing features is that it is expected to return power-law spectra, with a slope that only depends on the shock compression ratio.
I summarize how first-principles plasma simulations have shown that self-generated magnetic turbulence is crucial in controlling such a slope, too, and...
Diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) is a promising acceleration process in a hierarchy of sources, reaching from stellar termination to Galaxy cluster shocks.
Two of the relevant parameters defining the maximal energy reached at the accelerator are the turbulent magnetic field and the shock's lifetime. In this contribution, we show how time-dependent models in complex geometries and diffusion...
In this presentation, we focus on the particle acceleration efficiency and radiation reaction damping in strongly magnetized fields with realistic field strengths of $10^5$ T to $10^{10}$ T, typical of millisecond pulsars, young pulsars and magnetars. Different particle pushers have been implemented, from an exact analytical solution including radiation reaction in the Landau-Lifshitz...
The Loaded Layer-Cake Model provides a quantitative framework for understanding cosmic ray spectra through time-dependent acceleration, diffusion, and spallation processes within SN-shocks, wind shock shells, and OB-Superbubble regions. After integration, the model yields a series of mathematical expressions, which are applied to observational AMS cosmic ray data to provide fits. In the...
The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) approaches to the Sun in the past 6 years unveiled a broad variety of Traveling shocks (Ts) in the near-Sun environment, from the very weak Ts that would have been unlikely classified as shocks at 1 AU and are not associated with significant enhancement of energized particles, to the fastest ever Ts in-situ measured in the heliosphere, with unprecedented early-on...
Supernova remnants (SNRs) are often considered as the main sites of acceleration of Galactic cosmic rays, up to the knee feature in the cosmic-ray spectrum. However, their ability to accelerate particles to reach PeV energies is questionable and lacks observational evidence. Theoretical predictions suggest that only a small subclass of very young SNRs evolving in dense environments could...
Relativistic shocks are not efficient cosmic-ray accelerators because after the first shock crossing cycle the particles do not have time to isotropise in the shock upstream region. However, in the first cycle the particles get a boost $\propto \Gamma^2$, where $\Gamma$ is the Lorentz factor of the shock. We construct a model in which particles can achieve ultra-high energies by passing...
The wind termination shock of compact star clusters has been recently proposed as a potential site of cosmic ray acceleration. The most recent observation of gamma-ray emission up to a few PeV from Cygnus OB2 by LHAASO indicates that particles can be accelerated up to > 1 PeV in the environment of this star cluster. In this work, we study how a spatially varying diffusion coefficient...
Relativistic shocks have been widely studied as promising sites for ultra-high-energy particle acceleration. Fruitful predictive results have been obtained from both analytical and numerical methods but require tests from observations. The gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows emission are believed to produced when, following relativistic shocks, high-energy electrons are accelerated and then...
The origin of cosmic rays (CRs) remains an open question, with their spectrum featuring two key breaks: the knee (~3 PeV) and the ankle (~3 EeV). Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) above the ankle are widely believed to originate from extragalactic sources, while the transition of galactic to extragalactic CRs occurs between the knee and the ankle. Recent observations suggest that...
Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are the highest-energy messenger from space, with energies exceeding 1 EeV. Although UHECRs were discovered more than 60 years ago, their origin remains a mystery. Pinpointing sources of UHECRs is crucial for understanding the extreme astrophysical processes that accelerate particles to such extraordinary energies. We searched for UHECR multiplets by...
Transverse transport of cosmic rays in a turbulent environment can be greatly influenced by the behavior of magnetic field lines. Indeed, in the limit of infinitely small Larmor radius, charged particles would exactly follow magnetic field lines. In particular the behavior of the spread of a bundle of field lines can have consequences in several astrophysical environments. In this talk we...
The transport of cosmic rays (CRs) across galaxy clusters reflects a reciprocal interaction across plasma scales. Large-scale processes (≳kpc) typically influence microscale behavior (~npc), but we show that microscale fluctuations from the mirror instability—inherently patchy and intermittent in nature—shape large-scale radio morphologies in galaxy clusters by mediating CR propagation. Our...
Anomalies in cosmic-ray (CR) fluxes, such as the rising positron flux and the flat antiproton-to-proton ratio, have called into question the standard halo model of CR transport and supposedly support alternative models, such as the nested leaky box model. Here, we test such a model in terms of both primary cosmic-ray spectra, spectra of stable and unstable nuclei and antimatter production. We...
The leaky-box model and the attendant concept of path-length distribution were invented in the mid-1960's. Even though versatile computational packages such as GALPROP and DRAGON with the diffusion approach are now available for analysis, the concepts leaky-box and the path-length distribution continue to be adopted extensively (often with an apology for their inexactitude). We show here...
The observed spectrum of cosmic rays (CRs) measured on Earth exhibits a break around 4 PeV, known as the "knee" of cosmic rays. Recently, a significant number of studies, based on the joint analysis of experimental data obtained from experiments such as LHAASO and Fermi-LAT on ultra-high-energy gamma rays, have indicated a potential spatial dependence of this feature. It has been shown that...
Measurements of the cosmic-ray electrons plus positrons by several experiments such as CALET, DAMPE and H.E.S.S. have revealed the presence of a spectral break at around 1 TeV whose origin is still unclear. In this contribution, we explore different possibilities for the origin which include an electron source spectrum with a broken power law which is expected from the radiative cooling of...
Over the past decades, there has been growing observational and theoretical evidence that cosmic-ray-induced instabilities play an important role in both acceleration and transport of cosmic rays (CRs). For instance, the efficient acceleration of charged particles in supernova remnant shocks requires rapidly growing instabilities, so much so that none of the proposed processes seem sufficient...
Cosmic rays can excite magnetic turbulence via streaming instability as they escape from their sources. The self-generated turbulence is expected to give rise to relatively smaller cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients around these sources than typically inferred for large-scale Galactic transport. In fact, gamma-ray observations from various types of sources including pulsars, stellar clusters...
The electron + positron cosmic-ray flux recently released by the H.E.S.S. telescope shows a remarkable behaviour: It breaks at around 1 TeV and falls off quickly, following a smooth powerlaw. This is in tension with simple pulsar models, which predict a much harder electron spectrum at tens of TeV. However, in two-zone diffusion models, propagation of high-energy electrons is inhibited in a...
We conduct 1D particle-in-cell (PIC) and particle-in-cell-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a hot superAlfvénic electron-positron (ee) beam pervading a cold electron-proton (ep) background. We investigate the growth and saturation of the resonant streaming instability triggered by the ee beam. We confirm quasi-linear growth rates and a saturated amplitude of waves to be consistent with a...
Cosmic rays (CRs) play crucial roles in various astrophysical environments in the present Universe. They can penetrate deep into dense molecular clouds, altering their ionization degree and influencing star formation. Additionally, CRs exert pressure on galactic gas and contribute to driving galactic winds. However, their role in the early Universe remains poorly understood. Since CRs are...
High-precision cosmic ray measurements from both space-based and balloon-borne experiments have revealed a variety of spectral features. Primary nuclei and their secondaries produced during propagation exhibit spectral hardening above $\sim$200 GV. Proton-spectrum softening has been observed at $\sim$10 TeV. Helium-spectrum softening has been observed at slightly higher energies. A positron...
Cosmic rays (CRs) interact with turbulent magnetic fields in the interstellar medium (ISM), generating non-thermal emission. Recent ultra-high-energy gamma-ray (UHEGR) observations by LHAASO, linked to star-forming regions in the ISM, have introduced new challenges in understanding CR acceleration and propagation in these environments. Despite decades of study, the diffusion of CRs within the...
The ISS-based Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is directly measuring the energy spectrum and direction distribution of electron+positron cosmic-rays up to 20 TeV. The electron+positron events measured by CALET have been analyzed for a possible dipole anisotropy, which could be a signature of nearby SNR such as Vela.
The methods used to derive limits on the anisotropy from the...
The cosmic-ray(CR) electrons and positrons are of great significance for studying the origin and propagation of cosmic-rays. The satellite-borne experiment DArk Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE) has been used to measure the separate electron and positron spectra, as well as the positron fraction. In this work, the Earth's magnetic field is used to distinguish CR electrons and positrons, as the...
Over the last decade, highly accurate high-energy cosmic-ray electron energy spectra have been obtained with superior instruments such as CALET. Their energy spectra, which show characteristic structures, have the potential to unveil the origin of cosmic-ray electrons whose most likely candidates are supernova remnants (SNRs). In this work, we estimate the intragalactic temporal and spatial...
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space-borne experiment that indirectly searches for dark matter by measuring the high-energy cosmic ray electrons/positrons (CREs) and gamma rays. The key sub-detector of DAMPE is the Electromagnetic CALorimeter (ECAL), which is designed for precise energy measurement with a large dynamic range from 5 GeV to 10 TeV. The ECAL consists of 308...
Cosmic ray antideuterons, although yet to be detected in space, represent a highly sensitive channel for probing new physics, including models related to Dark Matter. Their flux is expected to be approximately $10^{-9}$ times lower than that of protons posing significant challenges to their detection. The AMS-02 experiment, after 11 years of data collection, holds the potential for cosmic-ray...
The Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) is designed to directly measure the energy spectra of high-energy cosmic rays, ranging from protons to iron nuclei, over the energy range of $\sim$$10^{12}$ to $\sim$$10^{15}$ eV. The goal of the instrument is to probe the origin, propagation and acceleration mechanisms of cosmic rays. The instrument comprises...
The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a powerful tool to observe cosmic-ray electrons between 1 GeV and 20 TeV. Its 30 radiation-length calorimeter enables total containment of electron-induced showers up to TeV energies, yielding an energy resolution of ~2% for these events. The CALET all-electron spectrum obtained using the first 7.5 years of data closely matches the one produced by...
Measuring the energy spectrum of cosmic electrons and positrons in the GeV - TeV energy range can provide crucial evidence for the existence of local sources, whether of astrophysical or exotic nature. Over the past years, measurements from different experiments have reported significant discrepancies, particularly at TeV energies, where uncertainties become more pronounced.
The latest...
We report the GeoMagFilter database for modeling the angular-rigidity joint distribution of galactic cosmic rays on low Earth orbit caused by the shielding of geomagnetic field and the Earth atmosphere. We use a backtracing software which integrates the particle trajectory with eight order Runge-Kutta algorithm in the geomagnetic field described by the IGRF13 model. At every 10 degree in...
Precision measurements by AMS reveal unique properties of cosmic charged elementary particles. In the absolute rigidity range ~60 to ~500 GV, the antiproton flux and proton flux have nearly identical rigidity dependence. This behavior indicates an excess of high energy antiprotons compared with secondary antiprotons produced from the collision of cosmic rays. More importantly, from ~60 to ~500...
We present results over an 11-year Solar cycle of cosmic antiprotons in the rigidity range from 1.00 to 41.9 GV. The antiproton fluxes exhibit distinct properties. Compared with other cosmic elementary particle fluxes (proton, electron, and positron), the magnitude of the antiproton flux temporal variation is significantly smaller. A hysteresis between the antiproton fluxes and the proton...
Cosmic rays inside the heliosphere interact with the solar wind and with the interplanetary magnetic field, resulting in a temporal variation of the cosmic ray intensity near Earth for rigidities up to a few tens of GV. Previous AMS results on proton and helium spectra showed that the two fluxes behave differently in time. In this contribution, the precision results of the light ions up to...
SuperTIGER (Super Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder) is a large-area, balloon-borne cosmic-ray experiment designed to measure the galactic cosmic-ray abundances of elements from Z=10 to Z>30 at energies from $\sim$0.8 to $\sim$10 GeV/nuc. Measurements of ultra-heavy elements (Z>30) requires precise calibration from Z<30 elements, and we will report energy spectra at this meeting. ...
We present the precision measurements of daily cosmic electron fluxes in the rigidity range from 1.00 to 41.9 GV with 13.5 years data collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station from May 2011 to November 2024. The electron fluxes exhibit variations on multiple time scales. Recurrent electron flux variations with periods of 27 days, 13.5 days, and...
As cosmic ray electrons and positrons propagate through the heliosphere, they interact with the outwards-flowing solar wind. The flux of low energy electrons is modulated by this solar wind, resulting in a flux spectrum with a turn-up around 100MeV. The source of this turn-up is unknown, but has been investigated by various cosmic ray detectors at 1AU during different periods of solar...
The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) is one of the scientific instruments onboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01) launched in February 2018. This lightweight and compact payload measures electrons in the 3-100 MeV energy range, protons between 30 and 250 MeV, and light nuclei up to a few hundred MeV per nucleon, using a calorimeter composed of plastic scintillators...
Hadronic cross sections are one of the dominant sources of uncertainty for the measurement of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) fluxes with calorimetric experiments. Refining these cross sections can serve as an important step towards obtaining a better understanding of GCR production and propagation. This work presents measurements of hadronic cross sections for protons and helium-4 using data from...
The RadMap Telescope is a compact instrument designed to characterize the primary spectrum of cosmic-ray nuclei and the secondary radiation field created by their interaction with the shielding of spacecraft. Its main purpose is to precisely monitor the radiation exposure of astronauts, and it is the first instrument with a compact form factor that can measure both the charge and energy of...
Cosmic rays are an abundant, and not complete known, natural source of ionizing and photonizing radiation from outer space, where multiple techniques have been invented to detect and study them. In order to detect and study them, we planned, designed and simulated a detection system consisting of two identical detectors based on cylindrical transparent acrylic rods of $20\, cm$ high and...
