Description
Click on "Contribution list" below to see these posters
The identification of potential sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) remains challenging due to magnetic deflections and propagation losses, which are particularly strong for nuclei. In previous iterations of this work, we proposed an approach for UHECR astronomy based on Bayesian inference through explicit modelling of propagation and magnetic deflection effects. In this...
A Generative Neural Network for the Prediction of Radio Pulses from Extensive Air Showers
Using radio emission from Extensive Air Showers (EAS) to measure cosmic rays has been gaining traction in recent years. Several large arrays of antennas have been planned or deployed in order to measure extensive showers and can give us insights into shower evolution with more and more precise...
We have pursued machine learning (ML) techniques to analyze solar energetic particle (SEP) data as supplements to traditional analysis. Machine learning approaches have the potential to execute large surveys of SEP event data much faster than traditional algorithmic approaches and to identify features in large data sets that are unseen by traditional analysis without a priori knowledge of...
In recent years, the development of orbital and sub-orbital missions aiming to the use the Earth’s atmosphere as the target mass to detect extensive air showers (EAS) induced by ultra-high energy (UHE) CRs and neutrinos through their EM counterparts – such as EUSO-SPB2, the Terzina Payload onboard the NUSES missions, and the planned POEMMA mission – has driven interest in modeling the expected...
The interaction cross section of charged pions with air nuclei is a critical parameter for accurately simulating extensive air showers. Improving the modeling of high-energy pion interactions is essential for addressing the muon puzzle—the observed deficit of muons in simulations compared to indirect experimental estimates. As collider experiments cannot directly probe these interactions, we...
The detection of extensive air showers using radio antennas has evolved into a mature technique, complementing particle detector arrays by providing sensitivity to the longitudinal development of the showers and enabling an independent determination of the cosmic-ray energy. Both the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina and the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole have been...
Cosmic rays continuously bombard the Earth’s atmosphere and form the main source of its ionization of the lower and middle atmosphere. This cosmic-ray-induced ionisation (CRII) leads to significant chemical and physical effects in the atmosphere. Since the ionization level is very difficult to measure directly, it is crucially important to model CRII realistically and reliably. One of the most...
The AMS-02 spaceborne particle spectrometer has measured the cosmic-ray flux of positrons with high precision, reaching up to hundreds of GeV. This has provided invaluable insights into the local sources of antimatter in cosmic rays. The hypothesis that pulsars and their nebulae are responsible for the cosmic ray positron flux has recently gained further support from observations of gamma-ray...
A detailed investigation on geo effectiveness of Coronal Mass Ejections(CMEs) associated with Magnetic Clouds(MCs) observed during December 2009 - Dec 2019 is studied.The collected sample events are divided into two groups based on their association with CMEs related to geomagnetic storms Dst < -50 nT eg 1.geoeffective events & 2.Non geo-effective events. Furthermore , most of the CMEs are of...
Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) is a technique to measure water content in soil or snow on the hectare scale through the measurement of epithermal neutrons above the ground.
The measurement of epithermal neutrons needs to be corrected for the change in solar modulation affecting the incoming cosmic ray flux.
In addition, the specific geomagnetic conditions of the measurement location have...
The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is an observatory focused on the detection of cosmic rays and space weather phenomena using a network of water Cherenkov detectors. Currently, LAGO is transitioning to new hardware with higher time resolution, which requires an improvement and adaptation of the current calibration algorithms. In this work we present an improvement of such algorithm...
Particle-in-cell simulations are essential for studying kinetic-scale plasma behaviour in astrophysical and laboratory environments, where processes like magnetic reconnection and collisionless shocks can accelerate particles to extreme energies. We present the recent advancements in the semi-implicit iPIC3D code, which now supports GPU computation using CUDA (NVIDIA GPUs) and HIP (AMD GPUs)....
We will describe a novel front end electronics module using a soft-core analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based on time-to-digital converter (TDC). The soft-core ADC is implemented in an FPGA. In the hardware design, the FPGA-based ADC (FPGA-ADC) only requires one resistor and an FPGA. FPGA-ADC allows users to program the sampling rate and adjust the dynamic range of the ADC with small...
Neutron monitors are essential instruments for studying interplanetary conditions and space weather. Complementing to space-born detectors, they extend the observable energy range beyond 50 GeV. While ground-level enhancements and Forbush decreases are well-documented, shorter temporal increases in neutron count rates remain under-explored. This work investigates potential causes of such short...
Since 2019 a set of three scintillator-based small muon telescopes of the Extreme Energy Events (EEE) Project have been successfully installed and operated at the high latitude (79° N) site of Ny-Ȧlesund, in the Svalbard archipelago. Such detectors have been employed for various analysis, also including the observation of Forbush decrease events in regions characterized by a low geomagnetic...
The study of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) variations and their connection to solar activity has been explored using various methods, such as cross-correlation analysis, which measures the synchronization between time series peaks, and power spectral density or wavelet analysis. Here, we investigate the potential of advanced signal processing techniques, specifically Empirical Mode Decomposition...
Astrophysical collisionless shocks are efficient particle accelerators, for which some pre-acceleration mechanism is needed in order for electrons to participate in diffusive shock acceleration. In this work, we investigate how pre-existing turbulence may be able to modify the shock structure, plasma instabilities, and ultimately particle acceleration. We perform linear analysis of wave modes...
This study examines the relationship between neutron monitor (NM) count rates and solar activity parameters, specifically focusing on the NM count rates at the point where the maximum slope occurs and how they correlate with key solar cycle indicators, such as the average sunspot number and the maximum sunspot number, across Solar Cycles (SCs) 20 to 24. The data used for analysis is collected...
Analysis of anisotropy of the arrival directions of galactic positrons, electrons and protons has been performed with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. This measurement allows to differentiate between point-like and diffuse sources of cosmic rays for the understanding of the origin of high energy positrons or the hardening in the proton flux. The AMS results...
The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI), a gamma-ray telescope set to launch in 2027 as a NASA Small Explorer satellite mission, is a compact Compton telescope consisting of a cross-strip germanium detector array. Owing to its wide field-of-view and excellent energy resolution, COSI is set to achieve an unprecedented angular resolution and line sensitivity among Compton telescopes in the...
The arrival time distributions of air shower particles provide critical insights into the development of extensive air showers and the properties of primary cosmic rays. This study analyses the temporal characteristics of secondary particles detected by the KM2A detectors of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). We propose a novel parameterized function to describe the...
In the era of real-time astronomy, citizen scientists play an increasingly important role in the discovery and follow-up of transient astrophysical phenomena. From local astronomical societies to global initiatives, amateur astronomers contribute valuable observational data that complement professional efforts. Astro-COLIBRI facilitates these contributions by providing a user-friendly platform...
The Telescope Array Observatory (TA) located in Utah, U.S.A., is dedicated to the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). The project's primary aim is to investigate the energy spectrum, origin, and composition of these cosmic rays. TA employs a hybrid detection method, using surface detectors (SDs) in combination with fluorescence detectors (FDs). The observation of air showers by...
At ultra-high energies, the flux of cosmic rays is too low for direct measurements to be meaningful. When a cosmic ray enters the atmosphere, it initiates an extensive air shower, producing a cascade of secondary particles that propagate toward the ground. Large arrays of surface detectors are used to measure these secondary particles upon arrival.
The signal detected at a specific...
The Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger) and the Telescope Array (TA) are the world’s two largest ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) observatories. They operate in the Southern and Northern hemispheres, respectively, at similar latitudes but with distinct surface detector (SD) designs. A significant challenge in studying UHECR physics across the full sky is the apparent discrepancy in flux...
Recent measurements from advanced cosmic-ray detectors have revealed spectral features that includes a hardening in the GeV–TeV energy range, challenging standard model of cosmic-ray acceleration and propagation. The re-acceleration of cosmic rays by weak shocks in the Galaxy offers a promising explanation, accounting for the observed spectral features of different nuclei and the...
High-precision measurements of proton and helium nuclei obtained from direct cosmic ray experiments provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of CR acceleration and propagation in the Galaxy.
The space-based calorimeters, CALET as well as DAMPE, have recently revealed an additional spectral feature at tens of TeV, i.e. a softening of the flux, which is not predicted by traditional...
The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a gamma-ray telescope in low-Earth orbit selected by NASA as a Small Explorer satellite mission to be launched in 2027. COSI employs a novel Compton telescope, consisting of a compact array of cross-strip germanium detectors. Owing to its wide field-of-view and excellent energy resolution, COSI will achieve an unprecedented sensitivity in the 0.2-5...
GRANDProto300 is one of the prototype arrays of GRAND (Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection) in China, covering an area of 200 ${\rm km}^2$ with radio antennas. The construction of the array will be completed in 2026 and it aims to demonstrate the autonomous detection of radio emission from air showers produced by high-energy astroparticles. We calculate the exposure of GRANDProto300 using...
The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is carrying out direct measurements of high energy cosmic rays up to ~1 PeV in order to obtain systematic understanding of cosmic ray acceleration and propagation. The detector consisting of a charge detector, an imaging calorimeter, and a total absorption calorimeter, is located on the International Space Station. Data taken by the CALET onboard the...
The ISS-based Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is directly measuring energy and arrival direction of electron+positron cosmic rays (CR) well into the TeV region. Due to energy loss in propagation, TeV-range CR electrons are expected to originate from only a few nearby and young supernova remnants (SNRs), foremost the Vela SNR, potentially giving rise to spectral features and flux...
Accurate calibration is essential for maximizing the scientific output of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). The Calibration Pipeline, a core component of the Data Processing and Preservation System (DPPS), is part of the low-level offline reconstruction software. It is responsible for generating and maintaining high-precision calibration products. It encompasses the refinement...
LISA will be the first space-based gravitational wave observatory sensitive to the unexplored frequency band of 0.1 mHz – 1 Hz. It will consist of three identical spacecraft (SC) 2.5 million km away from each other. Each SC will be equipped with lasers and free-falling test masses (TMs). When gravitational waves reach the SC, they will be detected by measuring variations in the distance...
The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on board the International Space Station (ISS) is a space-based instrument consisting of a CHarge Detector (CHD) made of plastic scintillators, a thin (3 radiation lengths, X0) tungsten-scintillating fibre IMaging Calorimeter (IMC) for accurate particle tracking and identification, and a thick (27 X0, 1.3 nuclear interaction length) Total AbSorption...
Detailed knowledge of the radiation environment in space is an indispensable prerequisite for space missions in low Earth orbit and beyond. The RadMap Telescope is a compact radiation monitor that can characterize the radiation environment aboard spacecraft and determine the biologically relevant dose received by astronauts. Its main sensor is a tracking calorimeter made from 1024...
This study evaluates the response of the IceTop tanks to low-energy air showers in the GeV to TeV energy range, based on simulated and measured count rates. Correlating this response with primary cosmic rays provides a tool to study Galactic and solar cosmic-ray flux modulations, particularly for solar particle events. Moreover, the analysis of experimental data refines IceTop’s correction...
Abstract: IceAct is an array of imaging air Cherenkov telescopes located at the ice surface above the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Each telescope features a silicon photomultiplier-based 61-pixel camera and a Fresnel-lens as imaging optic, resulting in a 12-degree field of view. The design is optimized to be operated in harsh environments, particularly at the South Pole. The setup will...
Cosmic rays interact with nuclei in the Earth's atmosphere to produce extensive air showers, which give rise to the atmospheric muon flux. Temperature fluctuations in the atmosphere influence the rate of muons measured in deep underground experiments. This contribution presents predictions of the daily muon flux at a depth of 2000 m.w.e., calculated using MUTE, a software tool which combines...
The dynamic evolution of Earth's radiation belts is an important topic of space weather research to mitigate the possible malfunctions of satellites orbiting, especially at GEO. Relativistic electron precipitation (REP) detected at LEO indicates when, where, and how the loss process of radiation belt electrons takes place. REP is detected as the enhancement of downward electron counts in the...
Antiprotons in cosmic rays provide an important tool for probing cosmic ray propagation and investigating the potential existence of dark matter. As cosmic rays approach the Earth, they are influenced by the geomagnetic field, which causes the deflection directions of protons and antiprotons to differ. This effect allows for the search for antiparticles in the direction opposite to the...
Solar energetic particle (SEP) events in which the isotopic abundance ratio 3He/4He greatly exceeds the value ~4x10-4 commonly found in solar wind plasma normally originate from particle acceleration associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares. Compact source regions should cause these 3He-rich SEP events observed in the heliosphere to have relatively narrow distributions in...
The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space-based cosmic-ray observatory with the aim, among others, to study cosmic-ray electrons (CREs) up to 10 TeV. Due to the low CRE rate at multi-TeV energies, we increase the acceptance by selecting events outside of the fiducial volume. Non-fiducial events, with their complex topology, require special treatment with sophisticated analysis...
Hybrid detection of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) by using Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) and Electron - Neutron Detector Array (ENDA) can provide a full secondary particle measurement of EAS including electrons, muons, atmospheric Cherenkov light and hadrons, exhibiting the unique capacity for separating composition. This study presents a deep learning-based approach for...
We present the first investigation of the role of non-linear Landau damping in self-generated cosmic-ray transport in conditions appropriate for the Galactic halo using hybrid particle-in-cell simulations. We find reduced CR drift speeds due to scattering, that however, remain super-Alfvénic due to damping. The non-linear Landau damping leads to heating of the background plasma and initiates...
Heliospheric modulation parameter (potential) ϕ based on a simple force-field approximation can be used to parametrize heliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) with a single term, which describes the average rigidity loss of a particle during heliospheric transport. Using this parameter with a LIS modulation model such as Vos & Potgieter (2015), we can estimate GCR fluxes that...
Dark photons (Dph) are cold dark matter candidates and bosons of a U(1)-like interaction to a hidden sector additional to the Standard Model (SM). For SM photons propagating in the Universe, a kinetic mixing with Dph can occur, allowing to perform indirect searches using the observed spectrum of galactic and extragalactic sources. To carry out the search, we use a model independent approach to...
Solar modulation studies by ground-based muon and neutron detectors are closely related to atmospheric and space environment sciences, and sharing research data has been a common approach to reveal these complex systems. The Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN) has recently completed its archive data tables, which are downloadable on the website...
The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) aims to detect radio signals from extensive air showers (EAS) caused by ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic particles. Galactic, hardware-like, and anthropogenic noise are expected to contaminate these signals. To address this problem, we propose training an unsupervised convolutional network known as an autoencoder. This network is used to learn...
The Trasgos detector network is an initiative involving several research institutes and universities from Europe and Mexico, aimed at the detailed study of the cosmic ray background. Four MiniTrasgo detectors, each approximately 0.1 m² in size and equipped with tracking capabilities, have been built and installed across multiple countries. Currently, one of these detectors is being set up at...
Tracking detectors based on scintillating fibers, read out with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), have emerged as a competitive alternative to silicon strip detectors in high-energy and astroparticle physics. The scintillating-fiber tracker (FIT), proposed for the upcoming High-Energy Cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility, consists of several tracking planes of fiber mats stacked along...
The “Assessing Lunar Ion-Generated Neutrons” (ALIGN) payload is designed to monitor the particle radiation environment, in the lunar south polar region, for the Chang’E-8 lunar lander. The detector will monitor the rate of high energy cosmic rays-generated albedo neutrons created by their interactions in near-surface rocks. These albedo neutrons are sensitive to the local topography and...
Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) should produce ultrahigh-energy neutrinos (UHEN) as byproducts of their propagation. Many candidate UHECR source models also predict an emission of UHEN local to their acceleration sites. The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) is a balloon-borne observatory that scans the Antarctic ice for these UHEN through their Askaryan emission and is the...
Extended COSMOS, COSMOS X, is a major upgrade of the air shower simulation tool COSMOS, which has been developed since 1970’s. COSMOS X allows particle tracking not only in the atmosphere of the earth but in the arbitrary spherical media such as water, ice, scintillator, soil and concrete with a common center. This hybrid feature of COSMOS X extends the possibility of shower simulations in the...
This study presents a hybrid detector design integrating water Cherenkov and liquid scintillator technologies for future ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) and gamma-ray observatories. The detector unit comprises a cylindrical structure with a cm-thick liquid scintillator layer sealed in a transparent acrylic chamber at the top, coupled with a purified water volume as the Cherenkov medium. A...
The Solar Monitoring with Ions and Langmuir Instrument for the Next Generation (SMILING) mission is currently being developed in collaboration between researchers at Mahidol University and engineers at the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT). The mission goals address space situational awareness, including space weather monitoring and observing the temporal variations...
The GRAMS (Gamma-Ray and AntiMatter Survey) program aims to deliver unprecedented sensitivities for astrophysical observations with MeV gamma rays and indirect dark matter searches with antimatter using a search for composite antinuclei (antideuteron and antihelium). GRAMS uses a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) to detect cosmic-ray / gamma-ray events. The capability of the...
Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash (TGF), accompanied by lightning leader in atmosphere, is one of the hot topics in the high-energy atmospheric physics. To understand the downward TGFs detected by ground-based experiments, Monte Carlo simulations are performed with CORSIKA. The processes of relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA) induced by cosmic ray secondary electrons (referred as seed...
Galaxies with AGN-Starburst composite nuclei, like e.g. NGC1068, are candidates for a number of high energy processes. In particular, using radio data to understand the magnetic field strength and structure in these cores aids us in understanding the transport of cosmic ray electrons and in gaining an insight into the non-thermal outflow of both the starburst and AGN regions.
Here we study...
GRAINE (Gamma-Ray Astro Imager with Nuclear Emulsion) is large-aperture-area observation project of cosmic gamma rays in the GeV/sub-GeV for precise by long balloon flights of the nuclear emulsion telescope. Nuclear emulsion is a charged particle detector with the highest spatial resolution based on the principle of silver halide photography. Due to the high spatial resolution (submicron) of...
In this study, we revisit the models of Fermi acceleration, incorporating Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) through a phenomenological approach. LIV is introduced via a modified Einstein's dispersion relation, along with an adjustment to the Lorentz factor. We calculate the energy spectrum and acceleration time of particles accelerated by first- and second-order Fermi mechanisms as a function...
The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), launched to the International Space Station in 2015, provides more than 9 years of continuous observation of the radiation environment at low Earth orbit. Using this dataset, we present 5 months of observations following the May 2024 solar storms and the effects they had on the radiation belts across three electron energy ranges (>1.5, >3.4, and...
The ALPACA experiment is currently under construction to achieve the first sub-PeV gamma-ray observations in the Southern Hemisphere. The observatory consists of a surface air shower array and underground muon detectors, following the successful design of the Tibet AS$\gamma$ experiment. As part of the initial phase, the ALPAQUITA array, comprising 97 surface detectors with 15$\,$m spacing,...
The Square Kilometer Array (KM2A) of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) can precisely measure the air shower sizes of electromagnetic and muonic components induced by cosmic rays. In this study, we propose a method for reconstructing the energy of primary cosmic rays at zenith angles larger than 50° using a neural network, based on a set of reconstructed parameters of KM2A...
The Large Hadron Collider-forward (LHCf) experiment plays a fundamental role in the field of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR) physics, since it provides calibration data for the tuning of the hadronic interaction models used in the simulations of Extensive Air Showers (EASs).
The LHCf experiment detects neutral particles produced in the very forward region of LHC collisions, thanks to its...
KM3NeT has recently reported the detection of a very high-energy neutrino event, while IceCube has previously set upper limits on the differential neutrino flux above 100 PeV but has yet to observe a neutrino event with an energy comparable to that of the KM3NeT detection. To improve diffuse measurements above 10 PeV, we apply machine learning techniques to enhance atmospheric muon background...
Charged cosmic-ray particles interact with the cosmic microwave background during their propagation over extragalactic distances. In the interaction known as the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) effect, so-called GZK photons are generated via photo-pion production at ultra-high energy. The flux of GZK photons at Earth depends on different parameters of the cosmic-ray spectrum such as the spectral...
The surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory has recently been
upgraded with the addition of radio antennas, forming the Radio Detector (RD).
This
contribution outlines the standard methods for reconstructing extensive air
showers using the RD, along with recent developments.
The reconstruction pipeline is based on a robust understanding of the detector
itself. The entire...
We have developed a radio detection mass discrimination method for cosmic ray events. This method uses supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely random forests, to discriminate between light (p) and heavy (Fe) primary compositions on an event-by-event basis. It bypasses any $X_{max}$ reconstructions and instead tries to infer the primary composition directly. To perform the...
Curiosity and interest in basic physics are greatly stimulated by scientific outreach and education. We make state-of-the-art cosmic ray research accessible to students, teachers, and the general public through programs like the Quanta Exposition and the Leon Lederman Seminar Series. These initiatives combine practical demonstrations, talks delivered by experts, and international partnerships...
Since 2021, the Open Data Portal has provided access to the Pierre Auger Observatory's data for both the scientific community and the general public. The data release process has been in place since the Observatory's foundation and continues to be strengthened as outlined in the approved policy and the Observatory’s Data Management Plan. More than $80\,000$ cosmic-ray events above $10^{17}$...
The HESS Galactic Plane Survey (HGPS), published in 2018, presented a decade of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray observations along the Galactic plane. This study was accompanied by the release of several maps in FITS format, offering a detailed view of the region. The flux upper-limits from these HGPS maps can be compared to the high-energy (HE) spectra of sources catalogued by the Fermi-LAT...
The baryon asymmetry observed in our universe today, suggests that the baryon number (B) must be violated and theories Beyond the Standard Model are necessary to explain the early evolution of our universe [1]. The observation of a B-violating process has been elusive so far, however, the n-$\bar{\text{n}}$ oscillation process has the potential to be measured in the next decade [2]. This would...
After atmospheric muons enter the sea, a decreased muon count is observed at the bottom of water. Muon count is inversely proportional to the density of water which can be measured by counting muons at the bottom. Mixed Layer (ML) in Oceans is defined as the less dense upper region of the water column where turbulent mixing occurs. Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) is the depth of this region and shows...
This paper proposes an approach that improves the accuracy of reconstructing the primary energy at ground-based cosmic-ray stations. The problems of determining the primary energy caused by large fluctuations in the development of an extensive air shower are considered in detail.
The information obtained during the study of EAS is of a very indirect nature, since the first interaction of a...
We are reporting about recent updates to the GALPROP framework for propagation of Galactic cosmic rays and associated diffuse emissions. GALPROP is a comprehensive interpretation package, combining the results of individual measurements in physics and astronomy spanning in energy coverage, types of instrumentation, and the nature of detected species. Its range of physical validity extends from...
The Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder for the International Space Station (TIGERISS) is an ultra-heavy galactic cosmic ray (UHGCR) detector planned for installation at the Columbus SOX location of the International Space Station (ISS) in 2027. TIGERISS will improve on previous instruments by using silicon strip detectors (SSDs) to achieve greater linearity in signal response over an...
A series of intense solar flares occurred in May 2024. Among other effects, a remarkable Forbush decrease in the cosmic ray flux was observed on the Earth. This event was observed by neutron and muon detectors installed at the Svalbard, in a high latitude site, characterized by a weak geomagnetic shielding. For this analysis we employed at Ny-Ålesund three scintillator-based muon telescopes of...
The PHeSCAMI project (Pressurized Helium Scintillating Calorimeter for AntiMatter Identification) aims to identify anti-deuterium in cosmic rays by exploiting the existence of delayed annihilations (~μs) expected in a pressurized helium target. The technique relies on measuring the helium scintillation signal (80 nm), which requires a two-stage WLS (Wavelength Shifter) conversion. This...
The interplanetary propagation of solar energetic particles (SEPs) can be influenced by large-scale interplanetary structures. The Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS) is one such large scale structure that persists in the interplanetary solar wind background. Observations show that the time profile, onset time and other characteristics of the SEP flux change significantly after crossing the HCS....
The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space-based cosmic-ray observatory capable of measuring cosmic-ray electrons and positrons (CREs) with high precision up to 10 TeV. However, at multi-TeV energies, the low CRE rate necessitates an extended acceptance, including non-fiducial events. To recover these events, we introduce a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) trained on calorimeter...
The study of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in heavy-ion collisions provides a crucial window into quantum chromodynamics under extreme conditions. While collider experiments aim to create and analyze QGP, similar phenomena may naturally occur in ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) interactions, where collision energies can exceed those achieved in laboratories. In this work, we employ the CORSIKA...
The Pierre Auger Observatory first reported the excess of the measured number of muons compared to that in the simulation in 2015, which was confirmed by the following analysis with other experiments. This revealed the muon puzzle, which might be caused by some unknown mechanism suppressing the neutral pion productions in an air shower. Several scenarios are proposed, including the strangeness...
The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), operating aboard the International Space Station since October 2015, is an experiment dedicated to high-energy astroparticle physics. The primary scientific goal of the experiment is the measurement of the electron+positron flux up to the multi-TeV region. At such high energies, proton contamination - coupled with limited statistics - is the main...
The Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope - KM3NeT - is subject to an intense flux of atmospheric muons, even at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. These atmospheric muons are created by the collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei of the upper atmosphere and their subsequent interactions, and as such, serve as probes of cosmic ray physics. The KM3NeT/ARCA and KM3NeT/ORCA detectors are located...
The upper 20 meters of the polar ice sheets exhibit significant density inhomogeneity, causing significant fluctuations in the in-ice signal amplitude as a function of depth. Understanding these effects is crucial for radio-based ultra-high-energy neutrino searches using ice as a detection medium. We present in-situ measurements of density ($\rho$) and refractive index ($n$) in the upper 13...
The Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) are nuclei carrying the highest energy ever measured on Earth. The first particle with an energy above 10^{20} eV was already observed in the 1960s. But, after 60 years of observations, the sources of UHECRs remains uncertain. To tackle this unresolved question, the Pierre Auger Observatory, the largest observatory ever built, has recorded the...
Detection of extensive air showers with radio antennas is an appealing technique in cosmic ray physics. However, because of the high level of measurement noise, current reconstruction methods still leave room for improvement. Furthermore, reconstruction efforts typically focus only on a single aspect of the signal, such as the energy fluence or arrival time. Bayesian inference is then a...
We present predictions from phenomenological models to study the transverse momentum spectra of identified hadrons in Au+Au collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7.7 GeV, as measured by the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. This analysis evaluates the performance of Monte Carlo models Pythia8.3 and EPOS (EPOS4 and EPOSLHC) by comparing their predictions with experimental...
The Antarctic Demonstrator for the Advanced Particle-astrophysics Telescope (ADAPT) gamma-ray/cosmic-ray instrument serves as a precursor to the proposed APT mission. This mission is designed to improve sensitivity in the MeV-TeV gamma-ray range by an order of magnitude compared to current missions and is optimized for dark-matter and multimessenger research. The ADAPT instrument uses...
NuRadio is an open-source, Python-based software package for the simulation, analysis and reconstruction of the radio emission from ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrinos and cosmic rays. While NuRadio has so far mainly been used for in-ice radio neutrino detectors, such as ARIANNA, RNO-G and the future IceCube-Gen2 radio array, its modularity, provision of standard data processing steps for radio...
Blazars are a special subclass of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) characterized by a relativistic jet aligned at a small angle to the observer’s line of sight. Their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are dominated by non-thermal emission and exhibit two broad, distinct components: a low-energy component, spanning from radio to UV or X-ray wavelengths, and a high-energy component, extending...
Hodoscopes are a common addition to astroparticle experiments in which reconstruction of an incident particle’s path is required. Traditionally, hodoscope designs were composed of strips of thin (∼ mm diameter) scintillating fibers woven into bundles and read by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). As the surface area of PMT faces are much larger than that of the fiber, multiple fibers were...
This study presents preliminary results from the analysis of cosmic-ray anisotropy using air showers detected by the IceTop surface array between 2011 and 2022. With improved statistical precision and updated Monte Carlo event simulations compared to previous IceTop reports, we investigate anisotropy patterns across four energy ranges spanning from 300 TeV to 6.6 PeV. This work extends the...
SN1006 is a characteristic supernova remnant exhibiting a bilateral shape, with non-thermal X-ray and TeV emission more prominent in two polar cap regions aligned with the ambient magnetic field. Further, a large scale gradient in ambient density is observed in a direction roughly perpendicular to the magnetic axis.
We model the radio to gamma-ray spectrum of SN1006 using a self-consistent,...
The atmospheric electric field (AEF) is an important property of the Earth's atmosphere and varies because of the effects of local weather, seasonal variations, and global electrical circuits. During fair weather conditions, the AEF is measured to have an ambient field of about a few hundred volts per meter (V/m) near the ground. The resultant positive field is an outcome of a complex process...
The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) has made significant progress in measuring cosmic ray nuclei. These new measurements are pivotal in advancing our understanding of the origins and propagation mechanisms of cosmic rays. The Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) calorimeter plays a crucial role in these measurements, particularly in the precise determination of cosmic ray fluxes. However, for a...
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory studies cosmic-ray initiated extensive air showers (EASs) using the IceTop surface array, which is sensitive to the electromagnetic and low-energy muonic components of EASs. The two components are reconstructed on an event-by-event basis by simultaneously fitting separate lateral distribution functions (LDFs) for the electromagnetic and muonic components of...
MeV gamma-ray observations are a probe for uncovering various physical phenomena, such as the search for dark matter and primordial black holes, and the study of the nucleosynthesis in the Universe. However, the current sensitivity of MeV gamma-ray observations is not enough to achieve scientific goals.
For high sensitivity MeV band observations, we have been developing an electron-tracking...
The LACTEL project proposes the development of a Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) for cosmic electron and gamma-ray observations, through the study of Extensive Air Showers (EAS).
It aims to improve gamma-ray and electron observations above 10 TeV, suppressing the hadron background through muon tagging.
Additionally, the project will also serve as a multidisciplinary platform for...
The interpretation of EAS data depends on the hadronic interaction model, which faces theoretical and experimental uncertainties that significantly impede the study of cosmic ray composition. To evaluate the reliability of these models, it is vital to examine the lateral density distributions of muons and electrons, as they are sensitive to hadronic interactions that occur during EAS...
The existence of fractionally charged particles (FCP) is foreseen in extensions of or beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. The FCP is commonly assumed to be a kind of heavy lepton-like particle which is searched in cosmic-rays by underground and space experiments. The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space telescope launched on December 17th, 2015 and has taken data since...
Radio detection of cosmic rays and neutrinos is an established technique pursued by many experiments. However, current reconstruction methods ignore bin-to-bin correlations of the measured waveforms, which limits reconstruction resolution and, so far, has prevented calculations of event-by-event uncertainties. In this work, we solve this shortcoming and present a likelihood description of...
ABSTRACT
THE PURPOSE OF PRESENT REASEARCH WORK DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF FIRST THREE HARMONICS OFCOSMIC RAY INTENSITY ON GEOMAGNETICALLY QUIET DAYS FOR WORLD WIDE NETWORK OF NEUTRON MONITORING STATIONS .THE DIURNAL AMPLITUDE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE DURING THE PERIOD OFMINIMUM SOLAR ACTIVITY.THE PHASE OF FIRST HARMONICS SHIFT TO AN EARLIER TIME COMPARED TO THE COROTATIONAL / 1800 HOURS...
The GRAPES-3 experiment is a ground-based extensive air shower array which consists of approximately 400 closely packed plastic scintillator detectors and a large area muon telescope. Estimating the number of associated muons created in an air shower is crucial to understand the properties of primary cosmic rays. The GRAPES-3 muon telescope(G3MT) records these secondary muons, however, the...
The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory comprises 300 water Cherenkov detectors, each equipped with four photomultipliers, located on the Volcán Sierra Negra in Mexico at 4,100 masl. This observatory can detect gamma rays in an energy range from 300 GeV to 100 TeV and cosmic rays from 100 GeV to 1 PeV. One of HAWC’s primary challenges is characterizing air showers and estimate...
The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) experiment was designed to study high-energy cosmic rays on the ISS. The primary scientific goals of ISS-CREAM are to explore the origin, acceleration mechanisms, and propagation of cosmic rays with charges ranging from Z = 1 to Z = 26 in the energy range of approximately $10^{12}$ to $10^{15}$ eV. The...
We report on the cosmic ray mass composition measured by the Telescope Array Low-energy Extension (TALE) hybrid detector. The TALE detector began hybrid operations in 2017 after a surface detector (SD) array of 80 scintillation counters, 40 detectors with 400 m spacing and 40 with 600 m spacing, was added in front of the Middle Drum telescope station which includes 10 high-elevation...
To investigate the mechanism responsible for the steepening beyond the knee, it is necessary to measure the energy spectra of individual nuclear elements. The Tibet ASγ experiment is designed specifically to observe the shower maximum around the energy of the knee. It employs a high-density air-shower array (Tibet-III) to measure the charged particles, designated by the sum of charged particle...
Measurements of the cosmic ray flux at large latitudes, close to the Arctic Circle, were carried out in the last years by the Extreme Energy Events (EEE) Collaboration on board of a small boat, sailing from 66° to 82° N. A compact, scintillator-based, cosmic ray telescope was employed during such campaign. These measurements were later complemented at smaller latitudes, across Europe, from 35°...
We describe the design, construction and operation of a compact cosmic rays (CRs) telescope of TRASGO (TRAck reconStructinG bOx) type, consisting of four resistive plate chambers (RPCs), located in Puebla City, Mexico, at a latitude/longitude of 18° 59' 56" N/98° 11' 41" W. and 2100 m.a.s.l. This telescope allows the detection of isolated muons with good angular resolution under the use of...
In underground astrophysics experiments such as neutrino, dark matter, and double beta decay searches, it is important to use the ultra-low radioactive impurities in the material of the detectors. We have been developing the gaseous TPC with the μ-PIC (or micropattern gaseous detectors: MPGD) and optics to measure the emissivity of alpha particles from the material surface in a low radioactive...
DAMPE is a space-based calorimeter specifically designed for the detection of cosmic electrons, gamma-rays, and nuclei. It has been launched in December 2015, and has been operating smoothly for over nine years, during which it has recorded more than 1.6 billion events. Among all medium-mass elements, the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) group has the largest abundance. We have utilized 9 years of...
Nuclear fragmentation cross sections are important parameters for the
modeling of the propagation of cosmic rays through the Galaxy. These
types of measurements at energies above 10A GeV are part of the
NA61/SHINE experiment’s cosmic-ray program. The high quality of the
experiment detector was proved during pilot studies conducted
in 2018. The second measurement campaign was carried out...
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) consists of three sub-arrays: KM2A, WCDA and WFCTA. The KM2A contains 5216 electromagnetic particle detectors (EDs) and 1188 muon detectors (MDs). There are two common independent data acquisition systems, corresponding to the shower and scaler operation modes. In scaler mode, the KM2A-ED array is divided into 61 clusters. One cluster...
In this paper, a method is proposed that improves the accuracy of energy determination in direct measurements of cosmic rays with energies of TeV and higher.
The problems of determining the primary energy using a thin ionization calorimeter are considered in detail. They are caused by large fluctuations in shower development, a decrease in the statistics of the analyzed events with increasing...
The miniTRASGO is a compact and cost-effective secondary charged cosmic ray detector designed for studies in solar activity, cosmic rays, and atmospheric physics. Utilizing Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs), it ensures stable detection rates and high sensitivity, as demonstrated by the measurement of Forbush Decreases in March and May 2024 at the Madrid station ($40.4^\circ\mathrm{N},\ 7...
Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) antennas are widely used in radio detection experiments for ultra-high-energy (UHE) extensive air showers (EAS), such as TAROGE-M and ARIANNA-HCR in Antarctica, due to their simple design, high gain across a broad frequency band, and strong wind resistance. However, icing on the antenna alters its response, introducing systematic effects that degrade detector...
On May 11, 2024, a significant solar storm event occurred, during which the shock waves generated by the solar activity had a profound impact on the space environment. This paper focuses on the collision modeling of these solar storm shock waves. First, we collected multi - source observational data from various space - based and ground - based instruments, including solar telescopes,...
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun, capable of significantly impacting Earth's magnetosphere and triggering geomagnetic storms. These storms can disrupt power grids, satellite operations, and navigation systems. Enhancing our understanding of CME propagation and their interaction with the solar wind is crucial for improving space...
We have developed a compact neutron and gamma-ray detector, Moon Moisture Targeting Observatory (MoMoTarO). The MoMoTarO project aims to utilize neutrons leaking from the lunar surface for water resource exploration, measure the neutron lifetime, and improve the localization accuracy of gamma-ray burst observations. MoMoTarO is planned to be installed in the external experiment site on the...
Neutron monitors are crucial ground-based instruments for studying cosmic rays, requiring precise response function modeling to properly interpret flux variations. A new boron trifluoride (BF₃) proportional counter tube from LND Inc. maintains the identical geometry, gas volume, and pressure of the BP28 counter, a standard in NM64 neutron monitors, while differing in anode wire and cathode...
The conventional Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA) model assumes that a single shock generates solar energetic particles (SEPs) with a single power-law energy spectrum. However, interplanetary shocks undergo complex interactions with diverse media during their propagation from the Sun to planets, including planetary magnetospheres. For instance, the interaction between shock fronts and dense...
Microquasars, compact binary systems with an accreting stellar-mass black hole or neutron star, are promising candidates for high-energy particle acceleration. Recently, LHAASO reported the detection of 5 microquasars emitting $>100$ TeV $\gamma$-rays, suggesting that these sources are efficient particle accelerators. High-energy $\gamma$-rays can be achieved in large-scale jets or winds. In...
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, situated at the geographic South Pole, comprises both a surface component, IceTop, and a deep in-ice component. This unique setup allows for simultaneous measurements of low-energy ($\sim \rm{GeV}$) and high-energy ($\gtrsim 400\,\rm{GeV}$) muons generated in cosmic-ray air showers. The correlation between these low- and high-energy muons can serve as a...
The Underground Muon Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory features a calorimetric detection mode that estimates the number of muons based on signal charge measurements. This presentation provides an overview of the calibration procedure, revisiting the previously published strategy and identifying a bias introduced by the triggers used to estimate the mean charge deposited by a vertical...
Atmospheric muons are important probes for studying primary cosmic rays and extensive air showers. Additionally, they constitute a significant background for many underground and deep-sea neutrino experiments, such as TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT). Understanding the muon flux at various depths in the deep sea is essential for validating TRIDENT simulations and guiding the...
We perform extensive test-particle simulations of cosmic rays (CRs) propagating in synthetic (homogenous and isotropic) turbulent magnetic fields using the Monte Carlo code CRPropa. Applying multiple numerical methods in the literature, we compute the coefficients of the diffusion tensor as a function of particle rigidity and turbulence level, i.e. the ratio between the root mean square of the...
The COR simulation engine is a tool devoted to evaluating cosmic ray trajectories in Earth's magnetosphere. It is part of the COR System, available at https://cor.crmodels.org/, and it also functions as a standalone command line tool. The former tool was published in 2022. We report the new version of the tool status with improved performance, precision, new functions/features, and refactored code.
The NUTRIG project is dedicated to the development of advanced radio self-trigger methods for large-scale arrays such as the Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND). The developed techniques are based on features of the radio emission of air showers to perform an efficient online rejection of background. We first describe two independent first-level trigger (FLT) methods that target...
It is known that GCR flux exhibits notable transient suppressions due to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs) in the solar wind, called Forbush decreases (FDs). FDs are observed as fast, occasionally two-step, decreases in the count rate of particle counters, which can reach 25 –30%. The decrease is usually followed by a gradual recovery taking up to several...
Clouds not only play a crucial role in weather dynamics but are also a key factor influencing cosmic ray detection. The presence of clouds increases the absorption of Cherenkov light, thereby affecting cosmic ray observations. Moreover, the variation of clouds over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) has a significant impact on radiation balance and even the global water cycle. This study utilizes the...
The Radio Neutrino Observatory - Greenland (RNO-G) is a multipurpose experiment that extends its scope to sciences like solar heliophysics and radioglaciology beyond its primary focus to detect ultra-high energy neutrinos and cosmic rays. In this contribution, we discuss the recent observations of solar flares in RNO-G. The nanosecond-sampling of the recorded snapshots allows to study the...
The detection of side-scattered ultraviolet light from spaceborne lasers with fluorescence telescopes of cosmic ray observatories offers unique opportunities for systematic studies of the aerosol content of the local atmosphere. It also enables the validation of the optical calibration of the telescopes. Additionally, these observations provide valuable ground-based monitoring of the...
Since 2019, the Mini-EUSO (Multiwavelength Imaging New Instrument for
the Extreme Universe Space Observatory) telescope observes the Earth from
the International Space Station with a field of view of 44 degrees and a spatial resolution of about 6 km at Earth’s surface. Mini-EUSO main detector is a UV camera consisting of two Fresnel lenses and a focal surface composed of an array of 36...
The origin of the ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) remains one of the most important questions of astroparticle physics. Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been considered important source candidates due to different possible acceleration sites and mechanisms. The detection of very-high-energy gamma rays from AGNs points to the current particle acceleration in these objects and the...
Recent studies, supported by updated hadronic interaction models, suggest that the mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays may be heavier than previously assumed. This has significant implications for source identification, as the deflections of the Galactic magnetic field (GMF) are larger for heavy primaries than for lighter ones at the same energy. In this work, we assume that...
Observing and monitoring low‐energy charged particles—from sub‐MeV up to tens of MeVs—has become increasingly important for several reasons, impacting various fields of science. These range from radiation protection and the study of magnetosphere–lithosphere interactions to investigations of space weather and the interplay between the heliospheric environment and the magnetosphere. To address...
This report focuses on one of the important calibration aspects: the pointing direction of the Telescope Array Fluorescence Detector (TA-FD), which is measured with a drone-mounted LED light source Opt-copter. An understanding of the optical properties of the TA-FD is essential for accurate analysis of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) using atmospheric fluorescence methods. This project,...
The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector designed to observe and study ultra-high-energy particles of extraterrestrial origin. With its 27 fluorescence telescopes and over 1600 autonomously operating water-Cherenkov detectors spread over an area of 3000 km^2 it is world-leading in terms of exposure to cosmic rays, and offers an unparalleled window into the physical processes that...
Space missions require components that are lightweight, low-power, and resistant to radiation. Silicon photomultipliers are increasingly used for detecting near-UV, optical, and infrared light in space due to their compact design, low cost, low power consumption, robustness, and high photo- detection efficiency, which makes them sensitive to single photons. Although SiPMs outperform...
Recently, lunar exploration has gained momentum internationally, as represented by the ARTEMIS Plan. Especially, exploration of lunar water resources is important not only for space resource exploration but also for scientific purposes. Lunar water resources can be used as drinking water and fuel at lunar bases and steps to the Mars exploration. Location and abundance of lunar water resources...
The Moon Moisture Targeting Observatory (MoMoTarO), a compact and scalable neutron and gamma-ray detector aimed at exploring lunar water resources, also aims to observe gamma-ray bursts (GRBs).
MoMoTarO has a GAGG scintillator (7cm × 7cm × 1cm) for gamma-ray spectroscopy, with high energy resolution, fast decay time, and no hygroscopic nature.
This detector can contribute to multi-messenger...
The Advanced Particle-astrophysics Telescope (APT) is a mission concept for a space-based gamma-ray telescope whose capabilities include prompt localization of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) to support multi-wavelength and multi-messenger astrophysics. We describe the current state of our GRB localization pipeline aboard APT's balloon-borne prototype, the Antarctic Demonstrator for APT (ADAPT). We...
The scintillating FIber Tracker (FIT) has been designed as a tracking detector for the upcoming High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility. The FIT combines excellent angular resolution with precise charge reconstruction measurements for cosmic-rays detection. The tracker consists of multiple tracking planes made of fiber mats, arranged in two orthogonal directions, and read out...
The Multi-channel Integrated Zone-sampling Analogue-memory based Readout (MIZAR) ASIC is a new type of front-end electronics which has been developed for the detection of the optical Cherenkov signals by Extensive Air Showers directly observed from sub-orbital and orbital altitudes. It sets the stage for a new generation of low-power consuming 64-channel Application-Specific Integrated...
Next-generation air-shower detectors, such as the Global Cosmic Ray Observatory (GCOS) and the Probing Extreme PeVatron Sources (PEPS) experiment, will face many challenges in terms of detector design and construction. A key factor in improving the sensitivity to ultra-high energy gamma rays and to the mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is the ability to measure the muonic...
It is important to understand hadronic interactions for the indirect measurement of high energy cosmic rays that are E$>10^{15}$ eV. Large Hadron Collider forward (LHCf) and ATLAS Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) measure neutral particles generated in the very forward region of pp collisions at LHC. The LHCf detector is a calorimeter that has a thickness of 1.7 interaction lengths, resulting in...
We investigate the evolution of the Rieger periodicity at 152 − 156 days, the 27-day synodic rotation period as well as the 13.5 and 9-day harmonic periodicities in anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) oxygen (O) fluxes at the energy range between 8 - 25 MeV/n observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite during solar cycles 23 and 24. The ACR oxygen flux data is analysed using the...
We investigate the evolution of the Rieger periodicity at 152 − 156 days, the 27-day synodic rotation period as well as the 13.5 and 9-day harmonic periodicities in anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) oxygen (O) fluxes at the energy range between 8 - 25 MeV/n observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite during solar cycles 23 and 24. The ACR oxygen flux data is analysed using the...
We discuss the self-induced confinement of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
(UHECRs) near their sources, as driven by the excitation of the Non-Resonant Streaming Instability (NRSI) in the intergalactic medium (IGM).
For a standard source spectrum ∝ E$^{−2}$, the current associated with the escaping UHECRs excites perturbations through NRSI (also known as the Bell instability), leading to Bohm...
The Pierre Auger Observatory, dedicated to measuring ultra-high energy cosmic rays, has been promoting for more than two decades educational and scientific outreach activities to make its results known in an understandable language to diverse audiences. Among its most notable efforts, we can mention the creation of a visitor center at the Observatory site in Malargüe, Argentina, the production...
The Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) events, discovered back in 1942, are a phenomenon in which there is a sharp increase of the counting rate in neutron monitors over a short period of time. These events are very rare (76 recorded yet), which complicates their detailed study and understanding of the processes of their production. To date, there are several hypotheses aimed to explain the...
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is a major scientific research facility focused on cosmic ray observation. The entire array consists of four types of detector arrays, one of which is the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov Telescope Array (WFCTA). The WFCTA is designed to achieve precise measurements of the cosmic ray energy spectrum across the range of 1013 eV to 1018 eV. A...
Until now, several space experiments have observed a bump structure near 10 TV of rigidity in the primary cosmic ray spectrum. In this work, the energy spectrum measurement of sub-iron nuclei (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn) with the DAMPE satellite is reported from 300 GeV up to 2 PeV , thus covering the energy range where a bump structure in the primary cosmic rays has been detected. By Providing the...
The primary objectives of the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) mission are to search for possible nearby cosmic-ray sources and dark matter signatures through the precise measurement of the electron plus positron (all-electron) spectrum. The instrument is optimized to measure the all-electron spectrum well into the TeV region, with a total thickness of 30 radiation lengths at normal...
The shape of the observed X-ray spectrum of supernova remnants (SNRs) reflects the interplay between the acceleration and synchrotron cooling of relativistic electrons. It was shown before that under assumption that the maximum electron energy is limited by synchrotron cooling, the cut-off energy of the X-ray spectrum for the known shock velocity provides a direct measure of the Bohm factor...
High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth’s atmosphere. The interpretation of experimental data relies on accurate modeling of the air shower development. Simulations based on current hadronic interaction models show significant discrepancies with measurements of the muon content in air showers, commonly referred to as the Muon...
The interaction of cosmic rays with the cosmic microwave background (CMB) has been the subject of extensive research in the past 50 years or so. These studies have concentrated on the impact of such interactions on cosmic ray physics while neglecting the potential influence on the CMB itself due to its presumed minimal amplitude. However, the prospects of ultra-high-precision measurements of...
The transition energy between Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays (CRs) remains an open question. Thanks to the new generation of observatories, observational windows have opened in PeV energies in neutrinos (IceCube, GVD and KM3NeT) and gamma rays (HAWC, LHAASO), complementing CR measurements in this energy range. This expanded dataset provides a more comprehensive framework for...
The Astroparticle field is actively searching for the origin and the nature of the Ultra-high energy cosmic rays from deep within the Universe as they carry the information from those regions and might also hint on possible new physics. This talk reports on the overall design and the ongoing construction and calibration of DUCK (Detector system of Unusual Cosmic-ray casKades), a new...
We investigate the time delay incurred during ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) propagation over cosmological distances and its potential impact on the correlation between UHECR directions of arrival and sources such as Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), the UHECR chemical composition, and extragalactic magnetic field constraints. We propagate particles in different magnetic field...
While astrophysical observations imply that 85% of the matter content is unaccounted for, the nature of this dark matter (DM) content remains unknown. Weakly interacting massive particles—DM particles that interact at or below the weak interaction scale—could naturally explain this unknown matter component. These interactions with the SM allow them to be gravitationally captured in celestial...
The PandaX project is a series of deep-underground experiments, located at China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), employing the dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC) technique to search for particle dark matter and to study properties of neutrinos. While the current experiment PandaX-4T is still running, the collaboration is preparing for the next-generation experiment PandaX-xT,...
In the investigation of the "knee" region within the cosmic ray energy spectrum, energy determination and composition separation are of paramount importance. Electron - Neutron Detector Array (ENDA) is designed to detect not only electrons in the proximity of extensive air shower (EAS) core, but also thermal neutrons generated in the ground by hadrons which constitute the "backbone" of EAS and...
The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) aims to detect and study ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrinos by observing the radio emission produced in extensive air showers. The GRANDProto300 prototype focuses primarily on UHE cosmic rays to demonstrate the autonomous detection and reconstruction techniques that will later be applied to neutrino detection. In this work, we propose a...
The muon puzzle remains one of the intriguing mysteries in particle physics. To fully understand its origin, we need precise knowledge of the mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). At energies above 300 PeV the direct detection of UHECRs is not feasible, necessitating the use of mass-sensitive observables of extended air showers (EAS) induced by UHECRs interacting with the...
The atmosphere is primarily composed of air molecules and aerosols, and also contains water vapor. Changes in these components can affect the intensity of Cherenkov light or fluorescent signals in extensive air showers, thereby influencing the reconstruction of the energy of primary cosmic rays and the determination of the atmospheric depth (denoted as Xmax) at which extensive air showers...
The KM3NeT Collaboration is incrementally building and operating two underwater Cherenkov neutrino telescopes, made of modular units named DOMs (for Digital Optical Module), each one hosting 31 photomultipliers, and arranged in strings of 18, named DUs (for Detection Unit) anchored to the sea bed and kept in tension by a buoy. One telescope, named ORCA, will consist of a single building block...
TIGERISS, the Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder for the International Space Station, is an Ultra-Heavy Galactic Cosmic Ray (UHGCR) detector that will launch to the ISS in 2027 with an assignment to Columbus SOX. TIGERISS builds on the TIGER and SuperTIGER mission heritage and will measure the elemental abundances from $_{5}$B to $_{82}$Pb for ~400 MeV/nucleon to ~10 GeV/nucleon. With a...
High-energy atmospheric muons are the prevalent events detected by deep under-water/ice neutrino telescopes. Understanding their properties at sea level is crucial for accurately interpreting the observed signals. We present in this work results for the calculation of the flux and charge ration of atmospheric muons at sea level above 100 GeV. We use the Monte Carlo code CORSIKA for our...
In the context of Indirect dark matter (DM) detection, we investigate the scenario of an Axion-like particle (ALP) model, a prime model candidate for DM where their non-thermal production can provide the correct DM density. Beyond their implications in different astrophysical phenomena, if DM is mostly made of ALPs, the Milky Way would be one of the main sources for ALP searches. We...
Dark matter (DM) constitutes 27% of the universe, but its precise nature remains unknown. Several DM particle candidates were suggested, such as the Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), which can annihilate and create gamma rays. Our research focuses on detecting these gamma rays, specifically around Intermediate Mass Black Holes (IMBHs). The strong gravitational potential of IMBHs is...
KM3NeT/ARCA is a very large-volume neutrino telescope currently under construction deep underwater in the Mediterranean Sea. Although primarily designed to search for high-energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources, this detector also has the potential to probe cosmic rays in the TeV-PeV energy range - an advantage made possible thanks to the atmospheric muons, which constitute the...
The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory was designed to study gamma-ray sources in the energy range between a few hundred GeV up to few hundred TeV. It is composed of 300 Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) that cover a surface of approximately 22,000 m$^2$, at 4100 m. a.s.l. In this study, we use the HAWC WCDs as a very large horizontal particle tracker, searching for horizontal...
The ANTARES neutrino telescope was a 0.01 km$^{3}$ volume detector located at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. It operated from 2007 until early 2022, and over its 15-year span it accumulated valuable neutrino data. The primary goal of ANTARES was to detect neutrinos originated at astrophysical sources. Due to the optical properties of the sea water, ANTARES was able to reconstruct...
The spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons depends sensitively on the history and spatial distribution of nearby sources. Given our limited observational handle on cosmic-ray sources, any model remains necessarily probabilistic. Previously, predictions were performed in a Monte Carlo fashion, summing the contributions from individual, simulated sources to generate samples from the statistical...
Axion-like particles (ALPs) are a common prediction of several extensions of the Standard Model and could be detected through their coupling to photons, which enables ALP-photon conversions in external magnetic fields. This conversion could lead to two distinct signatures in gamma-ray spectra of blazars: a superimposition of energy-dependent "wiggles" on the spectral shape, and a hardening at...
Measurements of the radiation background, particularly in the polar region are important. In general, there is a lack of systematic studies, and the obtained records so far are sparse. Most importantly, in the light of space weather research, measurements at flight altitudes are very welcome, particularly important to verify and improve the existing models accounting for this specific risk. ...
The kinetic Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method has become an essential tool for studying plasma interactions and particle acceleration in both laboratory experiments and space/astrophysical environments. Although several open-source codes provide valuable platforms for these studies, many suffer from limited user-friendliness, difficulty in problem setup, and inadequate documentation, making them...
The atmospheric temperature and pressure effects on the measurements of the Solar Neutron Telescope (SNT) at Sierra Negra, Mexico, were studied. The SNT and a recently installed weather station are part of the Sierra Negra Cosmic Ray Observatory (SN-CRO), located at 4580 m a.s.l. We analyzed the data recorded by the SNT and the weather station during September and October, 2022 and applied a...
The Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G) was designed to detect ultra-high energy neutrinos through Askaryan radiation. The detector utilizes radio antennas that are deployed both just below the ice surface and inside the ice boreholes to observe radio signals that come from above and below the ice surface. However, high energy cosmic rays’ in-ice cores also produce radio emission...
The SiSMUV project aims to develop a compact, modular UV detector for space telescopes, leveraging Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) to study fluorescence and Cherenkov signals from Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays and Very-High-Energy Neutrinos. The objective is to integrate state-of-the-art sensors and low-power readout electronics into a monolithic detector unit, enabling the construction of...
Innovative science communication is key to engaging the public with complex topics such as astroparticle physics. As part of the Italian PRIN 2022 funding initiative, we are developing SkyNET-scape Room, an interactive escape room designed to introduce participants to the main messengers of the high-energy universe, namely cosmic rays, gamma rays, and neutrinos.
The experience is structured...
Gamma-ray emission in the GeV-TeV range from the solar disk (observed by Fermi-LAT and HAWC) is likely to arise from collisions of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) with solar atmospheric plasma. We model the photo-/chromospheric magnetic field with a static, laminar structure of open field lines in the chromosphere increasingly braiding near the solar surface, with a typical scale height of 0.01...
Solar Monitoring with Ions of Light Elements (SMILE) is a space-based charged particle detector payload using the delta E-E technique on the dual 3U CubeSat mission called SMILING. The objectives of the SMILE payload are to measure the variation of cosmic rays depending on magnetic latitude and asymptotic direction, monitor the temporal variations of solar energetic particle and Galactic...
Particle acceleration inside the solar atmosphere remains not fully understood. Although several mechanisms have been proposed, a widely accepted framework is still lacking. Understanding these processes is crucial not only for studying particle acceleration itself but also for providing deeper insights into the solar explosive events. The most natural approach to studying particle...
The IceCube Observatory comprises a cubic-kilometer particle detector deep in the Antarctic ice and the cosmic-ray air-shower array IceTop at the surface above. Previous analyses of the cosmic-ray composition have used coincident events with IceTop detecting the electromagnetic shower footprint, including GeV muons, while the sensors submerged in the ice measure the TeV muons from the same...
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are intense transient phenomena occurring at a rate of about one per day, which are promising candidate sources of cosmic neutrinos in the GeV-PeV energy range. Despite extensive efforts, no correlation between neutrinos and GRBs has been observed so far, which motivates more exhaustive searches in a multi-messenger context.
In this contribution, a stacking search...
Galaxies with high star-formation surface densities often host large-scale outflow winds. These winds have been observed in local starbursts, such as Arp 220, M82, and NGC 253. They are also widespread at high-redshifts, where galaxies are typically more compact and have higher star-formation rates relative to their stellar mass. Outflow winds play a critical role in redistributing energy,...
We present a comprehensive study addressing pile-up effects in single photoelectron counting with multi-anode photomultiplier tubes (MAPMTs) equipped with the SPACIROC-3 ASIC. Extended dead time in the electronics causes saturation and quenching of the counting rate, an effect we counter by inverting the saturation curve once the double pulse resolution is determined. Our work combines...
The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) has been operating smoothly in a sun-synchronous orbit with an altitude of 500 km and an inclination angle of 97.4 degree for more than 9 years. The observation scanning the entire sky for more than 18 times facilitate a continuous probing of the anisotropy in the arrival directions of the cosmic rays with increasing sensitivity. In this poster we show...
TAx4 is an extension of the detection area for ultra-high-energy cosmic ray observations in the Telescope Array experiment. In the TAx4 surface detector analysis, a lateral distribution function (LDF) is used to describe particle density as a function of distance from the air shower axis. The current TAx4 analysis assumes a symmetric LDF around the shower axis; however, this assumption may not...
In the search and measurement for cosmic antiparticles, as one of the benchmarks for the GRAMS experiment, understanding of antiproton reactions in a liquid argon TPC with high-statistics is a vital research milestone. The identification of particles and antiparticles relies on the annihilation of antiprotons, which stop in liquid argon and interact with argon nuclei, producing multiple...
The Forbush Decrease (FD) is characterized by a sharp decline followed by a gradual
recovery in the intensity of low-energy cosmic rays. This phenomenon is thought to
be caused by disruptions in the heliosphere caused by solar events, such as coronal
mass ejections (CMEs). The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE), a
satellite-based experiment designed for detecting the cosmic radiation,...
Solar cycle 25 is reaching its period of maximum activity. Associated to this, gigantic coronal mass ejection sweep cosmic rays in the Interplanetary medium, producing a sudden decrease in the cosmic-ray intensity is observed at Earth (and in space). These so called Forbush decreases (FD) can be detected on the surface of Earth at various geomagnetic cut-off rigidities using Neutron Monitors...
The Forbush decrease (FD) is a short-term decrease in cosmic ray flux observed during the passage of transient interplanetary disturbances such as interplanetary counterpart of coronal mass ejection (ICME) and Co-rotating interaction regions (CIR). On 8-13 May 2024, multiple ICMEs erupted from active region AR 13664. On May 10, 2024, after the arrival of ICME shock at 17:04 UT, deep FD is seen...
Currently, solar activities are in the peak year of Cycle 25 (2024 - 2025), with frequent coronal mass ejections (CMEs)and high - energy particle stream events. Our research by using PRISMA - TU - 4 focuses on the impact of such activities on cosmic rays, such as the Forbush decrease (FD) and the Ground - Level Enhancement (GLE). PRISMA - TU - 4 is an observation system composed of four...
Hadrons serve as the "skeleton" of Extensive Air Shower (EAS), carrying critical information about cosmic ray composition and energy. Electron-Neutron Detector Array (ENDA) is capable of detecting the electromagnetic components generated by EAS as well as the secondary thermal neutrons produced by hadrons. This report simulates the response of the ENDA detector and conducts an investigation...
Measurements made by AMS-02 allow us to study temporal variations in cosmic ray fluxes with precision not achievable before. These variations are related to the process of solar modulation of cosmic ray fluxes, which is described by the transport equation introduced by Eugene Parker. However, the temporal variability of different energies is not well studied yet. In our work, we apply wavelet...
The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) is a space mission developed by the Chinese National Space Administration (CNSA) together with the Italian Space Agency (ASI), to investigate the near-Earth electromagnetic, plasma, and particle environment. The first satellite, CSES-01, was launched in February 2018. One of the main payloads on board the CSES-01 satellite is the High-Energy...
We present an analysis of the time-dependent modulation of galactic cosmic rays near Earth, with a focus on the cosmic proton flux and polar field. Using data from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) and the Wilcox Solar Observatory, we identify a significant time-lagged relationship between the observation of two missions. Our model incorporates a weighted magnetic field parameter to...
Based on AMS-02 and Voyager cosmic-ray (CR) measurements, we have tested and revised various CR propagation scenarios under standard assumptions: pure diffusion, diffusion with convection, diffusion with reacceleration, and diffusion with reacceleration and convection. We report on the performance of these scenarios against CR measurements, aiming to minimize the number of model parameters as...
Dark100 is a planned array of five telescopes, using the Panoramic Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (PANOSETI) telescope system. It will operate as an imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope array, with a telescope design and array layout optimized for accessing gamma rays with tens of TeV to PeV energies. The science goals of Dark100 include the search for ultra-heavy dark matter,...
The GECAM (Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor) mission, launched at the end of 2021, has significantly advanced our ability to detect and analyze high-energy astrophysical phenomena, particularly solar flares. This proceeding presents a comprehensive source catalog of solar flares observed by GECAM during near half a solar cycle, the key observational...
We present the first beta version of code to simulate cosmic ray acceleration on supernova remnants shock. A model built in Python provides spectra of accelerated cosmic rays by numerical solutions of Parker equations based on the SDE method for interstellar space and a model for exploding supernovae.
The ASTRI Mini-Array is an international project aimed to build, deploy, and operate an array of nine small-sized dual-mirror Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) at the Observatorio del Teide (Tenerife, Spain). The array is designed to perform deep Galactic and extragalactic gamma-ray observations in the 1–200 TeV energy band, in synergy with other ground-based gamma-ray...
The POEMMA-Balloon with Radio (PBR) mission incorporates an advanced data processing system (DP) to enable the detection and characterization of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays and astrophysical neutrinos. The data acquisition (DAQ) system integrates inputs from the Cherenkov Camera, the Fluorescence Camera, the Radio Instrument and the X-Gamma detectors, ensuring synchronized event detection....
The mass independent energy reconstruction of cosmic rays is crucial for understanding their origin, acceleration, and propagation. Precise measurement of the primary energy can also lead to better mass classification and could enable energy dependent anisotropy maps for individual elements. The GRAPES-3 experiment located in Ooty consisting of 400 scintillator detector array placed 8 m apart...
The High Energy Light Isotope eXperiment (HELIX) is a balloon-borne superconducting magnet spectrometer designed to measure abundances of light cosmic-ray isotopes. HELIX which undertook its first engineering flight in the Spring of 2024, identifies cosmic rays through measurements of their velocity, rigidity and charge. These measurements and in particular measurements of beryllium isotopes...
The origin, acceleration, and propagation mechanisms of cosmic rays are fundamental scientific issues in the field of international cosmic ray research. The composition and energy spectrum of cosmic rays contain rich information about physical processes. Therefore, accurately measuring the composition and energy spectrum of cosmic rays is a key approach to studying and validating cosmic ray...
Cosmic ray background reaching Earth is a deeply interesting field of research. A precise measurement of the rate of secondary cosmic rays arriving at the Earth surface provides us ample information about the solar activity, the space weather and the possible forecasting of magnetic storms. With all of these purposes in mind a new generation of small, versatile and affordable tracking...
Since its launch, in December 2015, the space-based DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) has been operating smoothly, continuously collecting data for more than nine and a half years. The Silicon-Tungsten tracKer-converter (STK) of DAMPE is designed to measure the absolute value of the charge and precisely reconstruct the trajectory of the incident charged particle. The STK consists of six...
POEMMA Balloon with Radio (PBR) is a NASA super pressure balloon mission building toward the proposed Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) dual satellite mission. In its planned 2027 launch, PBR will study Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays, Neutrinos, and High-Altitude Horizontal Airshowers from 33 km above the Earth. By operating at balloon altitudes, PBR will provide a novel...
The Neutron Veto of the XENONnT experiment is designed as a Gadolinium-doped water Cherenkov detector to readuce the Nuclear Recoil background due to the radiogenic neutrons generated from the detector materials, mainly Time Projection Chambers (TPC) photomultipliers (PMTs) and cryostat structure, that mimic WIMP-induced signatures.
The Neutron Veto sub-detector is made of an octagonal...
The Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder for the International Space Station (TIGERISS) is being constructed and is planned to be launched in 2027 and attached at the SOX location on the Columbus module on the ISS. TIGERISS will make the first definitive measurements of Ultra-Heavy Galactic Cosmic Rays (UHGCRs; Z >29) on an individual element basis past barium (56Ba), through the lanthinides,...
The Terzina telescope is designed to detect ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and Earth-skimming neutrinos from a 550 km low-Earth orbit (LEO) by observing Cherenkov light emitted by Extensive Air Showers (EAS) in the Earth’s atmosphere pointing towards the telescope and in the field of view. In this contribution, a simulation chain for the Terzina telescope onboard the NUSES mission will...
The ASTRI Mini-Array is an international project led by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) which is in the process of deploying nine Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) of the 4-m class at the Observatorio del Teide in Tenerife (Spain). The project is designed to detect very high-energy gamma rays up to the multi-TeV scale. Upon completion it will be for some...
As part of the upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory, known as AugerPrime, the Underground Muon Detector is being installed in the low-energy extension of the Surface Detector, allowing for a direct measurement of the muonic component of air showers produced by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with energies between 10$^{16.8}$ and 10$^{19}$ eV.
The detector consists of an array of 30 m$^2$...
The Zirè detector is one of the scientific payloads of the NUSES satellite, which is currently under construction and is foreseen to be launched in 2026. Zirè aims to measure electrons, protons, and light nuclei in a kinetic energy range spanning from a few MeVs to several hundred MeVs, enabling the study of low-energy cosmic rays, space weather phenomena, and potential...
New planned and in-development experiments for direct cosmic ray detection in balloons or satellites use plastic scintillators readout by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to provide timing information with resolutions in the order of picoseconds (ps). This information is essential for triggering, vetoing, or particle identification. Due to the particularly harsh environmental conditions these...
The atmospheric electric field (AEF) is a key characteristic of the Earth's atmosphere and changes as a result of local weather, seasonal patterns, and global electrical circuits. Under fair weather conditions, the AEF typically has an ambient strength of a few hundred volts per meter (V/m) near the ground. However, during turbulent weather conditions, the magnitude varies up to several...
The knowledge of the atmospheric muon flux in cosmic rays at ground level is of considerable interest in various particle physics and applied physics experiments, in particular to calibrate Monte Carlo models used in atmospheric shower simulations and for precision studies of muon neutrino oscillations. In the literature there is no systematic study of the muon component at ground level at...
The ASTRI Mini-Array will be an array of nine Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes located at the Observatorio del Teide, in the Canary Islands. Out of them, one telescope (ASTRI-1) has been taking data since November 2024, with the rest of the telescopes expected to become operational during the next months.
Given the complexity of the analysis of gamma-ray data acquired with Cherenkov...
The first detection of Gravitational Waves in 2015 marked the dawn of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, a new observational window to the Cosmos (Nobel Prize Physics 2017). Since then, the worldwide LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) network of gravitational wave detectors have measured well over a hundred gravitational wave signals. To make students share in the thrill of discovery in an authentic setting...
The cosmic ray neutron monitor detects secondary cosmic ray neutrons with energies ranging from ~ 500MeV to several GeV. This energy range is associated with solar activity. Therefore, it is useful for studying the Sun and the space environment. We operate two neutron monitors: one in Daejeon on the Korean Peninsula and the other at Jang-Bogo research station in Antarctica. Recently, we...
SuperTIGER (Super Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder) is a balloon-borne instrument designed to directly measure ultra-heavy galactic cosmic-ray (UHGCR) nuclei. SuperTIGER had two successful Antarctic flights: one in 2012 for 55 days and one in 2019 for 32 days. Stratospheric float altitudes varied between ~36-40 km for both flights. The elemental abundances measured by SuperTIGER must be...
Our research investigates the cascade properties of fast-mode magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in compressible plasmas, which play a crucial role in cosmic ray scattering and acceleration. Fast modes are known to scatter cosmic rays much more efficiently than Alfvén modes, yet the dynamics behind their energy transfer remain under-explored. To address this gap, we conduct high-resolution,...
The transport of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) through the interplanetary space remains a challenging aspect in space physics. The effects of the interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind turbulence on the SEP arrival to Earth has motivated the adoption of physics-based approaches in operational space weather forecasting. 3D physics-based models offer a framework for incorporating the...
Virgo, hosted at the European Gravitational Observatory (EGO) in Cascina, Italy, is one of the most advanced physics research centers in Europe. As part of its education and public outreach mission, Virgo virtually opens its doors for schools across Europe and beyond with remote guided tours in English. Visiting a cutting-edge research laboratory like Virgo offers a unique opportunity to...
We present a novel design for Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) that integrates small photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with wavelength-shifting (WLS) fiber bundles. A prototype detector was constructed and rigorously tested under various configurations, including vertical, inclined, and peripheral muon incidences, as well as self-trigger operation.
Key advancements include the introduction of...
The LHAASO-KM2A can precisely measure the shower sizes of both electromagnetic particles and muon content in cosmic-ray air showers. In this study, we present a method for estimating the energy of primary cosmic rays over a broad zenith angle range (0°–40°) with a consistent zenith-angle correction. This wide range zenith angle enhances cosmic-ray measurement statistics by significantly...
