A review of single-photon detectors used in particle identification systems for high-energy physics experiments is presented. Different detector technologies will be reviewed, including photomultiplier tubes, microchannel plate photomultiplier tubes, Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes and hybrid photodetectors.
The current understanding of radiation tolerance of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) is reviewed. Methods to characterize irradiated SiPMs after their single photo-electron resolution is lost are discussed and ideas are presented on how to approach the development of radiation hard SiPMs.
Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) will be used extensively in the upgraded CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. SiPMs have already been implemented into the barrel and endcap hadron calorimeters as part of the Phase I upgrade, and hundreds of thousands of SiPMs will be used for two new Phase II subdetectors, the Barrel Timing Layer and the endcap high granularity hadronic calorimeter. We...
