Over the last decade, the solar wind has exhibited low densities and magnetic field strengths, representing anomalous states that have never been observed during the space age. As discussed by Schwadron et al. (2014), the cycle 23--24 solar activity led to the longest solar minimum in more than 80 years and continued into the ``mini'' solar maximum of cycle 24. During this weak activity, we...
Radiation exposure from solar energetic particle (SEP) events becomes a much greater concern as human exploration extends beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) and the protective environment of Earth's magnetic field. Free space SEP events have an increased impact on mission planning and operations, as countermeasures may be necessary to avoid exceeding astronaut permissible exposure limits (PELs) and...
