Speaker
Description
Physics of interaction between X-rays or gamma beams and crystals have been worldwide investigated at synchrotron where electrons with energy from tens of MeV to few GeV circulating in storage rings produces X-ray beams which are delivered to extracted lines.
Since the ’70, physics of interaction between bent crystals and heavy particles (protons or ions) is investigated at various worldwide particle accelerators, driven by the possibility to use bent crystals as optical elements for steering or focusing charged particle beams. Recent developments in crystal manufacturing, joined with a deeper understanding of the physics behind crystals-particle beams interaction lead to a discovery of numerous interactional effects.
Nowadays technology readiness level is mature enough to allow the use of crystals even in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of CERN, where crystals are being experimented as primary collimators of the protons or ions circulating beam and are suggested as core elements of fixed-target experiments. Given the extremely high intensity and energy reached in modern accelerators or in future planned ones (such as FCC, ILC, CLIC and CEPC), implementation of bent crystals at such facilities demands to face with various technological challenges.
In this contribution we describe manufacturing and characterization of crystals suitable for installation in the LHC as primary collimators of circulating beams. Successful development of such crystals is based on a merging of ultra-modern technologies used in microelectronics, X-ray science, ultra-precise optical and mechanical machining.