The CMS pixel tracker provided high-quality physics data during the LHC Run 2, finishing with a detector live fraction of 95% and hit efficiency of >99% in all but the innermost layer. However, issues encountered during Run 2 - in particular DCDC converter failures during power cycles to reset stuck TBMs - necessitated a thorough refurbishment of the detector during LS2. The innermost layer of...
The tracking performance of the ATLAS detector relies critically on its 4-layer Pixel Detector. As the closest detector component to the interaction point, this detector is subjected to a significant amount of radiation over its lifetime. By the end of the LHC proton-proton collision RUN2 in 2018, the innermost layer IBL, consisting of planar and 3D pixel sensors, had received an integrated...
ALICE is one of the experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) studying nuclear matter at extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. The LHC Run 3
will start officially in July this year after a shutdown of more than two years to allow for the upgrade of both the accelerator and the experiments. In Run 3, Pb--Pb
collisions will be performed at an unprecedented centre of mass...
The Belle II experiment at the super KEK B factory (SuperKEKB) in Tsukuba, Japan has been collecting $e^+e^-$ collision data since March 2019. Operating at a record breaking luminosity of up to $4.7 \times 10^{34}\, \textrm{cm}^{-2}\, \textrm{s}^{-1}$, data corresponding to $424\, \textrm{fb}^{-1}$ has since been recorded. The Belle II Vertex Detector (VXD) is central to the Belle II detector...
The Belle II experiment is taking data at the asymmetric SuperKEKB collider, which operates at the Y(4S) resonance. The vertex detector is composed of an inner two-layer pixel detector (PXD) and an outer four-layer double-sided strip detector (SVD). The SVD-standalone tracking allows the reconstruction and identification, through dE/dx, of low transverse momentum tracks. The SVD information is...
LHCb is a forward spectrometer at LHC (CERN), aimed to study CP-violation in b-quark physics, but proven during the 2011-2018 data taking years to be a general purpose spectrometer with many exciting measurements. The Vertex Locator (VELO) is a silicon pixel tracking detector in the heart of the LHCb spectrometer. As a higher instantaneous luminosity of 2*10^{33} s^{-1} cm^{-2} is expected...
The LHCb experiment is a forward spectrometer at the Large Hadron Collider designed to study decays of beauty and charm hadrons. After a very successful data taking phase, an upgraded detector is constructed and currently being commissioned with the goal of taking data at a luminosity of $2 \times 10^{33} \mathrm{cm}^{-2} \mathrm{s}^{-1}$. A key feature is the implementation of a flexible...
The CMS silicon strip tracker consisting of 15000 silicon modules with a 200 m2 active area has been successfully taking data in LHC Run 1 and Run 2. After the second long shutdown period from the end of 2018, the detector resumed operations in Summer 2021 and will be operational till the end of LHC Run 3, before the HL-LHC upgrade. In this presentation, the performance of the detector during...
The ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker (SCT) had been maintained during the
long shutdown 2 (LS2) and restarted operations in LHC Run-3. As reported in
the previous VERTEX conference, the SCT successfully operated in LHC Run-2
(2015-2018) which came with high instantaneous luminosity and pileup
conditions that were far in excess of what the SCT was originally designed to
meet. The first...
FASER is a new experiment designed to search for new light weakly-interacting long-lived particles (LLPs) and study high-energy neutrino interactions in the very forward region of the LHC collisions at CERN. The experimental apparatus is situated 480 m downstream of the ATLAS interaction-point aligned with the beam collision axis. The FASER detector includes four identical tracker stations...
The anomalous magnetic moment of muon, muon g-2, has been precisely measured by the experiments at BNL and FNAL, and there is a 4.2 sigma discrepancy between the measurement and the prediction. A new experiment to measure the muon g-2 is planned at J-PARC, based on a different strategy. A low emittance muon beam is stored in a compact storage magnet, and spin precession of muons is...
The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN is expected to collide protons at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV and to reach the unprecedented peak instantaneous luminosity of $5-7.5x10^{34} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ with an average number of pileup events of 140-200. This will allow the ATLAS and CMS experiments to collect integrated luminosities up to 3000-4000 fb$^{-1}$ during the...
The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to deliver an integrated luminosity of $3000-4000\;$fb$^{-1}$ by the end of 2039 with peak instantaneous luminosity reaching to about $5-7.5\times10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. During the Long Shutdown 3 period, several components of the CMS detector will undergo major changes, called Phase-2 upgrades, to be able to operate in the challenging...
The upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will provide a greater number of simultaneous proton-proton collisions, yielding more data for physics analysis, but imposing greater demands on the triggering systems of the detectors. In response, the CMS Collaboration is designing a novel Level-1 (hardware) track trigger using data from the outer tracker. Its...
The High Luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) calls for an upgrade of the CMS tracker detector to cope with the increased radiation fluence, 2.3E16 neq/cm2 (1MeV equivalent neutrons) for the innermost layer while maintaining the excellent performance of the existing detector. An extensive R&D program aiming at 3D pixel sensors, built with a top-side only process, has...
The SuperKEKB accelerator and Belle II experiment have started full operation in 2019, establishing in 2022 a world record with an instantaneous luminosity of 4.7x10^34 cm^-2.s^-1.
To reach the nominal luminosity parts of SuperKEKB will be modified with a time frame currently predicted to be around Long Shutdown 2 in 2026. Thus, the Belle II collaboration is considering the possibility to...
The Belle II Vertex Detector (VXD), which is located around the beam pipe, is one of key sub-detectors in the Belle II experiment that determines the vertex positions. To improve the tolerance for the beam background and reduce the material budget in the outer layers of the VXD, a new silicon strip detector, Thin and Fine-Pitch Silicon Vertex Detector (TFP-SVD), is proposed as a candidate for...
In the high-luminosity era of the Large Hadron Collider, the instantaneous luminosity is expected to reach unprecedented values, resulting in up to 200 proton-proton interactions in a typical bunch crossing. To cope with the resulting increase in occupancy, bandwidth and radiation damage, the ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced by an all-silicon system, the Inner Tracker (ITk). The innermost...
A new all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk) has been designed for the ATLAS
experiment at the HL-LHC. As part of this, a new pixel detector
consisting of a total area of approximately 12m^2, will be constructed
with planar and 3D pixel modules, mounted onto ring and stave shaped low
mass carbon-fibre support structures. The data will be transmitted
optically to the off-detector readout...
The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is currently preparing for an upgrade of the inner tracking detector for High-Luminosity LHC operation, scheduled to start in 2027. The new detectors must be faster and they need to be more highly segmented. The sensors used also need to be far more resistant to radiation, and they require much greater power delivery to the front-end...
With the upgrade of the LHC to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the Inner Detector will be replaced with the new all-silicon ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) to maintain tracking performance in a high-occupancy environment and to cope with the increase in the integrated radiation dose.
Comprising an active area of $165\:\mathrm{m}^2$, the outer four layers in the barrel and six disks in the endcap...
Towards the high luminosity (HL) operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the inner detector of the ATLAS detector is replaced by a fully silicon-based inner tracker (ITk). Its outer parts consist of 22,000 $n^+$-in-$p$ type silicon strip sensors. In order to confirm key properties of the production sensors as well as to establish a flow to perform inspection and monitoring of the basic...
The ALICE experiment is preparing the ITS3, an upgrade of its Inner Tracking System for LHC Run 4. The three innermost layers will be replaced by wafer-scale, truly cylindrical, ultra-thin detector layers, made of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors. This innovative technology will permit to reduce the material budget even further and to improve the tracking and vertexing capabilities. We will...
Bent Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) provide the basis for the next generation of ultra low material budget, fully cylindrical tracking detectors. In this contribution, results of beam campaigns with 5.4 GeV electrons will be presented. They verify the performance of bent 50 μm thick ALPIDE chips in terms of efficiency and space point resolution after bending them to the ALICE ITS3...
Proceeding into the High-Luminosity era of the LHC (HL-LHC) will see the instantaneous luminosity increase by an order of magnitude. The LHCb detector is expected to see an increase in integrated luminosity from 50 fb$^{-1}$ to as much as 300 fb$^{-1}$ in Run 5. Such an increase prompts an upgrade to the LHCb tracking system: to deal with higher occupancy in high-$\eta$, more interactions per...
The tracker upgrade of CMS introduces new challenges for the front-end readout ASICs. Higher channel density and sensor resolution with a good estimation of the z-coordinate allows for mitigating the higher pile-up in the event reconstruction. To Improve the single hit resolution and two-track separation is necessary to exploit the large amounts of collision data while having a drastically...
The RD53 collaboration is designing the pixel front end chips for the inner tracker detector upgrades of both ATLAS and CMS for High Luminosity operation at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This region is very challenging due to high event pileup, total ionising dose and single event effects. This contribution presents the chip design including analogue blocks, digital functions and protection...
Mu3e is an experiment based at PSI which searches for the charged lepton flavour violating decay µ→ eee with an aimed sensitivity of 1 event in 10^16 decays. The low energy of the decay products imposes harsh constraints to the momentum resolution and, ultimately, to the material budget. Among the several measures to minimize the material budget, the vertex detector adopts the HV-CMOS...
The development of depleted monolithic active pixel sensors ("DMAPS") aims to meet the hit-rate and radiation-hardness requirements of tracker systems in modern and future particle collider experiments. These devices use multi-well commercial CMOS processes to integrate sensor, front-end and read-out electronics in a single piece of silicon. Their radiation tolerance is enhanced through design...
The CERN RD50 collaboration develops depleted monolithic active pixel CMOS sensors for future colliders with the aim of high radiation tolerance, good time resolution, and high granularity pixel detectors. The most recent prototype, the RD50-MPW3, is a 150 nm High Voltage CMOS LFoundry chip that features pixels with a 62 μm pitch that integrate both digital and analog readout electronics...
ATLASPix is a high-voltage CMOS pixel sensor (HV-CMOS) designed as a candidate for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade. Using the commercial 180 nm CMOS process, they are more cost effective compared to hybrid pixel detectors. ATLASPix 3.1 has an area of 2$\times$2.1 cm$^2$, consisting of 150$\times$50 $\mu$m$^2$ pixels, each with a large n-well as charge collection electrode.
With the...
The ALICE Inner Tracking System has been recently upgraded to a new version (ITS2), which is entirely based on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS). For a future upgraded tracker, the ITS3, it is intended to replace the three innermost layers of the current ITS2 to further improve its position resolution. The proposed design features wafer-scale, ultra-thin, truly cylindrical MAPS. In order...
SOI wafer consists of a high-resistive handle wafer and a CMOS LSI circuit layer, and these two layers are isolated by a Silicon oxide layer. The handle wafer corresponds to the radiation sensor.
Produced charges in the sensor are read out through tungsten VIA to the circuit. Sensor thickness can be changed from 500 to 50 um according to application. This allows the fabrication of complex...
The FASER experiment at the LHC will be instrumented with a high precision W-Si preshower to identify and reconstruct electromagnetic showers produced by two O(TeV) photons at distances down to 200µm. The new detector will feature a monolithic silicon ASIC with hexagonal pixels of 65 µm side, extended dynamic range for the charge measurement and capability to store the charge information for...
The MALTA family of DMAPS produced in Tower 180 nm CMOS technology targets
radiation hard applications for the HL-LHC and beyond. Several process modifications and front-end improvements have resulted in radiation hardness up to 3e15 n/cm2 and time resolution below 2 ns, with uniform charge collection efficiency across the Pixel of size 36.4 × 36.4 𝜇m2 with a 3 𝜇m2 electrode size. The MALTA2...
Harsh environments such as related to ionizing radiation and high temperature conditions can seriously degrade electronic devices. For example, their levels in next-generation fusion reactors, such as ITER, can severely compromise or even cause permanent failure of many key diagnostics devices that are presently used in D-D magnetically-confined fusion plasma devices. Therefore, expected...
Detectors based on Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond have been used successfully in beam conditions monitors in the highest radiation areas of the LHC. Future experiments at CERN will accumulate an order of magnitude larger fluence. As a result, an enormous effort is underway to identify detector materials that can operate after fluences of 10^{16}/cm^2 and 10^{17}/cm^2.
Diamond is...
The increase of the particle flux at the HL-LHC with instantaneous luminosities up to L ≃ 7.5 × $10^{34}$ cm$^{−2}$s$^{−1}$ will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector performance. The forward region where the liquid Argon calorimeter has coarser granularity and the inner tracker has poorer momentum resolution will be particularly affected. A High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be...
The significant increase of pileup interactions is one of the main experimental challenges for ATLAS detector physics program during the High Luminosity (HL) LHC operation phase. The nominal operation scenario expects to have an average of 200 simultaneous proton-proton interactions (〈μ〉 = 200) in each bunch crossing. The reconstruction and trigger performance for physics objects will be...
LHCb has recently submitted a physics case for an Upgrade II detector to begin operation in 2031. The upcoming upgrade stage is designed to run at instantaneous luminosities of up to $1.5 \times 10^{34} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$, and accumulate a sample of more than 300 fb$^{-1}$. At this intensity, the mean number of interactions per crossing would be 42, producing around 2000 charged particles within...
Timepix4 is the latest generation in the Timepix family of ASICs. It has a pixel matrix of 512 by 448 pixels with a size of 55 by 55 μm, where each individual pixel measures the arrival time of the hits via leading edge discrimination. The TDC is constructed of four phase-shifted 640 MHz clocks to achieve a time bin size of 195 ps and a nominal time resolution of 60 ps. Besides the time of...
The recently emerged Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) sensor technology is optimized to measure single particles with an excellent timing precision and with a high spatial granularity. These properties, paired with a low material budget and a high radiation hardness, make LGADs viable candidates not only for 4D particle tracking, for example in high energy physics experiments and medical...
In this contribution, I will review the performance improvements that two design innovations, low-gain (LGAD) and resistive read-out (RSD), have brought to silicon sensors. Large signals lead to improved temporal precision (~ 30 ps), while charge sharing allows for achieving excellent spatial resolution (20 microns) with large pixels (~ 1 x1 mm2). LGAD- and RSD- based silicon sensors are now...
Several anomalies have recently emerged in high energy physics experiments leading us to believe that discoveries are at reach in the next generation of collider physics experiments, however, for their success, technological advances are critical. Among them, 4-dimensional (4D) detectors that provide high-resolution space and time measurements in a single device are in growing demand, and will...
Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) sensor is one of candidate sensors for tracker at future hadron collider. To use this sensor as tracking detector, AC-LGAD sensor was developed which has both timing and spatial resolution. In high luminosity environment, a 30ps of timing resolution and O(10um) spatial resolution helps to reduce pileup effect and reconstruct tracks precisely. By optimization...
In this work the results of Technology-CAD (TCAD) device-level simulations of non-irradiated and irradiated Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) detectors will be presented. Since LGADs are becoming one of the most promising devices for high performance particle detector in harsh radiation environments, it is of the utmost importance to have a predictive insight into their electrical behavior and...
The TimeSPOT project has developed fast sensors and electronics for the readout of radiation-hard 4D pixels for vertex detectors of the next generation of experiments at colliders. In this paper, results about 3D silicon sensors, fabricated according to a so-called 3D-trench geometry, are illustrated. 3D-trench sensors have shown an intrinsic time resolution around 10 ps even after an...
The MONOLITH ERC Advanced project aims at producing a monolithic silicon pixel ASIC with 50µm pixel pitch and picosecond-level time stamping. The two main ingredients are low-noise, fast SiGe BiCMOS electronics and a novel sensor concept, the Picosecond Avalanche Detector (PicoAD). The PicoAD uses a multi-PN junction to engineer the electric field and produce a continuous gain layer deep in...
Recent developments in semiconductor pixel detectors allow for a new generation of positron-emission tomography (PET) scanners that, in combination with advanced image reconstruction algorithms, will allow for a few hundred microns spatial resolutions. Such novel scanners will pioneer ultra-high-resolution molecular imaging, a field that is expected to have an enormous impact in several...
The high-luminosity high-energy Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) will provide a clean environment to study several fundamental questions in the high energy and nuclear physics fields. A high granularity and low material budget vertex and tracking detector is desired to provide precise measurements of primary and displaced vertex, track momentum...
A Muon Collider with the centre-of-mass energy ranging from 1.5 TeV to 10 TeV has gained a lot of interest in the recent years thanks to its unique combination of high energy reach, clean final states and low environmental footprint. In particular, discovery potential of the 100 km-long FCC-hh collider could be achieved with a more compact circular tunnel at a fraction of power...
Construction of linear e$^+$e$^-$-colliders has been proposed as a high-precision complement to the LHC and HL-LHC. The advantages of such a collider are a well-defined initial state with a tunable centre-of-mass energy, a clean environment with small backgrounds compared to hadron collisions, and the possibility of using highly polarised beams. This enables precision studies of Higgs...
