Atmospheric neutrinos have been crucial in advancing our knowledge of neutrino oscillations. Notably, this source of neutrinos provided one of the first evidences of this phenomenon in the late 20th century. Since then, significant progress has been made, bringing us closer to the so-called precision era of neutrino oscillation physics. SuperK has demonstrated for over three decades that...
Gamma-ray observations over the past decade—from space-based instruments like Fermi-LAT to ground-based arrays such as H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS—have provided an increasingly detailed view of supernova remnants (SNRs). Several dozens of SNRs have been detected in the GeV–TeV energy range, revealing a diverse population shaped by their environments and evolutionary stages, and new detections...
In this talk, I will review recent measurements of the local Galactic cosmic ray flux up to the knee region, as well as the emission from the Milky Way galaxy in gamma-rays and neutrinos within the same energy range. I will discuss the major classes of Galactic sources of high-energy cosmic rays, their multi-messenger signatures, and present an overview of both observational data and...
The escape of particles from their accelerators is a major open problem in cosmic-ray physics. It is intrinsically connected to the ability of sources to accelerate particles up to very high energies, and influences deeply the spectrum released in the interstellar medium, the propagation in the source region, and all direct and indirect observables of the phenomenon. The study of these...
The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a high-energy astroparticle physics experiment in operation on the International Space Station (ISS) since 2015 with excellent and continuous performance. Designed to measure the spectra of electrons+positrons up to 20 TeV (and gamma rays up to 10 TeV), CALET is searching for possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons and dark matter...
Much has been learned about Galactic cosmic rays in the past decade: On the observational side, the spectra of cosmic ray nuclei have been directly measured with high precision, resolving chemical composition up to TV rigidities. At even higher rigidities, direct detection is making contact with indirect observations from air shower arrays. A number of breaks have been found in the nuclear...
The pursuit of understanding the structure and origin of Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields is a central science driver for current and future radio telescope surveys. Magnetic fields are pervasive and thought to be a critical driver in many astrophysical processes across all physical scales from solar flares to exoplanet habitability, stellar evolution, galactic turbulence, cosmic ray...
In this presentation, I discuss the recent highlights from eROSITA observations.
In particular, I will discuss the findings about our Milky Way and its bubbles as well as measurements of the circumgalactic medium.
In 2023, multiple pulsar-timing-array collaborations reported evidence for a low-frequency background of gravitational waves. The amplitude and spectral shape of the background are consistent with emission from the population of supermassive black-hole binaries at the centers of galaxies, but more exotic sources are not excluded. I will explore the collection and analysis of...
High energy hadron-hadron collisions can provide many valuable inputs for cosmic ray physics. Forward hadron production measurements at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) probe equivalent fixed target collision energies of above a PeV, which are a crucial input for modelling of ultra high energy cosmic ray air showers. Recently the new LHC experiments, FASER and SND@LHC, have carried out the...
The origin, acceleration, and propagation of Galactic cosmic rays is a fundamental question in astrophysics. The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is a major national science and technology infrastructure facility in China. With hybrid detection techniques of surface air shower array, underground muon detector array, water Cherenkov detector, and atmospheric Cherenkov...
Massive Star Clusters (SCs) have been proposed as additional contributors to Galactic Cosmic rays (CRs), to overcome the limitations of supernova remnants (SNRs) to reach the highest energy end of the CR spectrum. Thanks to fast mass losses due to the collective stellar winds, the environment around SCs is potentially suitable for particle acceleration up to PeV energies, and their energetics...
The Pierre Auger Observatory is the world’s largest facility dedicated to studying ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR). Located in Argentina, it spans 3,000 square kilometers and utilizes a hybrid detection system comprising over 1,600 water Cherenkov detectors and fluorescence telescopes. Since its inception in 2004, the Observatory has provided groundbreaking insights into the energy...
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a precision particle physics detector operating on the International Space Station. Since 2011, AMS has collected more than 250 billion charged cosmic rays, from elementary particles to iron nuclei with energies up to multi-TeV. The high-precision measurements with ~1% accuracy, over a solar cycle, have led to many surprising observations. The latest...
The Earth’s magnetic field acts as a natural spectrometer for cosmic rays. Because the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity varies with geographic location, particles of different energies are selectively filtered depending on their arrival direction and the position of the observer. Space based missions such as the PAMELA (Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics)...
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE; also known as ``Wukong'') is a satellite-borne, calorimetric-type particle detector that has been smoothly operating in space for more than 9 years since its launch in December 2015. DAMPE is designed to detect cosmic rays and gamma rays up to unprecedentedly high energies, benefited with its large geometric area and thick imaging calorimeter. The...
Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) can be detected in the heliosphere following their acceleration during solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). They are a key component of the space radiation environment, affecting space weather. SEP observables, including intensity profiles, spectra, composition and anisotropies, carry signatures of the energisation processes and of propagation...
Relativistic jets play a fundamental role in the phenomenology of black holes and neutron star mergers. I will review briefly the progress made within the EHT collaboration in modelling jet emission from accreting supermassive black holes and their multiwavelength emission. I will also discuss about jet launching from binary neutron star mergers either from a magnetised remnant or from a...
Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are the most energetic particles known - and yet their origin is still an open question. However, with the precision and accumulated statistics of the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array, in combination with advancements in theory and modeling - e.g. of the Galactic magnetic field - it is now possible to set solid constraints on the sources of UHECRs....
The KM3NeT multi-site detector is designed to detect and study cosmic neutrinos and their sources in the Universe, as well as to improve the intrinsic neutrino properties knowledge. Comprising two underwater Cherenkov neutrino telescopes located at two deep-sea sites in the Mediterranean, the KM3NeT infrastructure includes KM3NeT-ARCA, offshore Portopalo di Capo Passero (Sicily, Italy), which...
The Telescope Array (TA) experiment has been observing ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) using a surface detector (SD) array and fluorescence detector (FD) stations since 2008. TA is the largest UHECR observatory in the Northern Hemisphere. It has been expanded by constructing additional SDs and FDs to extend its energy coverage toward both lower and higher energies. These extensions are...
The first deep images with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have transformed our view of the Universe. From day one, JWST produced one surprise after another: from unexpectedly luminous candidate galaxies at z>10, to an abundant, new class of obscured black holes, to massive quiescent galaxies when the Universe was only 1-2 Gyr old. With its unparalleled imaging and spectroscopic...
The IceCube neutrino observatory has been successfully operating in its full configuration for almost 15 years and is characterized by a remarkably high stability and uptime. During this time, it has made many groundbreaking observations, such as the first detection of a high-energy diffuse cosmic neutrino flux or, more recently, the identification of the AGN NGC1068 as a steady source of...
How magnetized turbulent plasmas can accelerate charged particles is a long-standing question dating back to the seminal work of Enrico Fermi in the late 1940s. Nowadays, it is often invoked to model the production of non-thermal particle spectra in a variety of astrophysical settings, including extreme, relativistic sources such as black hole accretion disks, pulsar wind nebulae, or...
Axions and ALPs are amongst the prime candidates for dark matter. Consequently there is a broad effort aiming for their detection. However, it is also worthwhile what we can learn beyond an initial detection. Can we establish whether it is a QCD axion and whether it consitutes most of the dark matter in the Universe? Can it serve as a probe for deep UV physics?
The quest to uncover the nature of dark matter remains one of the central goals in astroparticle physics. A leading hypothesis is that dark matter is composed of new elementary particles, with possible masses and interaction cross sections spanning many orders of magnitude. Particles in the MeV to TeV mass range may leave observable signatures through rare scatters off atomic nuclei or...
The microscopic nature of dark matter is one of the greatest mysteries of modern science. On the other hand, the best-motivated particle dark matter candidates will be definitively probed in the coming years by a combination of laboratory and astrophysical probes. In this review I will focus on present-day and near future efforts to use astrophysical observations, for example in the gamma-ray...
Microquasars are jetted binary systems composed of an accreting compact object—typically a black hole—and a donor optical star. They exhibit bright emission across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, with prominent non-thermal leptonic components, particularly in the radio and soft gamma-ray bands. However, their contribution to the Galactic cosmic-ray spectrum remains unclear. Recent...
Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are high-amplitude, soft X-ray flares that repeat on timescales of hours-days, and have been discovered recently in the nuclei of some galaxies. These remarkable and mysterious repeating transients are thought to be associated with the supermassive black holes in these galaxies. QPEs have could provide powerful new constraints on accretion physics (if caused by...
