In the coming hydrogen society, the development of hydrogen infrastructure is an urgent task. Hydrogen infrastructure can be broadly categorized into “production,” “transportation and storage,” and “utilization.” Among these, it is desirable to use liquid hydrogen for storage and transportation from the viewpoint of energy density. On the other hand, since the liquefaction temperature of...
Liquid hydrogen is attracting attention as an energy carrier derived from decarbonized power generation. Magnetic refrigeration is an application of the magnetocaloric effect, which is the reversible heating and cooling of magnetic materials by applying the external magnetic field. Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigeration (AMR), which is one of the magnetic refrigeration methods, has been...
A thermodynamic study is carried out to investigate how the composition of helium-neon mixture in Brayton refrigeration cycle affect the liquefaction performance of hydrogen. Two-stage expansion Brayton cycle is proposed for pre-cooling of a Linde-Hampson hydrogen liquefaction system, because the operating pressure of hydrogen can be significantly reduced. As refrigerant of the Brayton cycle,...
A LH2 target cell and a vertex tracking detector system will be specifically optimized to fit inside the spherical target region of the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking Array (GRETA) and are expected to operate at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB). The LH2 target-cell and windows will be made of thin Mylar of order 100um. The target thickness is in the range of 10~15 cm with an effective...
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) utilizes the Cryogenic Moderator System (CMS) to provide supercritical hydrogen cooling at 20 K to three neutron moderators. As part of the Proton Power Upgrade (PPU) project, two significant enhancements were made to the CMS: the integration of ortho-hydrogen into para-hydrogen catalyst beds and an expansion of...
In 2024, ESS installed two hydrogen moderators, designed and optimized to achieve maximum neutron brightness while maintaining a parahydrogen fraction exceeding 99.5%. The cryogenic moderator system (CMS) was designed to meet two critical requirements: (1) a temperature rise of less than 3 K across each moderator, and (2) a parahydrogen fraction exceeding 99.5%. Subcooled liquid hydrogen at 17...
Hydrogen is expected to become a one of the major energy sources as an environment-friendly fuel because it emits no carbon dioxide when used. Rather than as a gas, hydrogen will be transported and stored as liquid hydrogen (LH2) owing to its higher density, which enables more efficient utilization of container capacity. However, LH2 has a very low boiling point of 20 K, so a small amount of...
Liquid sloshing in next generation sub-cooled liquid hydrogen aircraft fuel tanks can induce rapid pressure drops in the ullage space when wave breaking is present. Significant pressure drops can result in problems such as cavitation in cryogenic pumping systems, thrust oscillations in the combustion chamber and structural instabilities on the tank walls. In flight, civilian aircraft are...
Developments toward future liquid hydrogen mobility require lightweight cryogenic engineering, favoring the use of composite materials over stainless steel. Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (FRT) composites are considered for cryogenic applications, such as tanks and transfer systems. However, the permeation of hydrogen molecules through composite materials represents a significant challenge, as...
Hydrogen is rapidly gaining recognition as a pivotal energy carrier capable of driving the transition to net-zero emissions by replacing conventional fossil fuels. When produced using renewable energy sources, hydrogen can achieve a completely net-zero lifecycle. Moreover, it provides an effective solution for addressing the intermittency of renewable energy by serving as a reliable storage...
