NASA Glenn Research Center has been testing temperature sensors both internal and external to liquid hydrogen tanks for the past 70+ years. A range of sensors have been used including thermocouples, silicon diodes, and Cernox based RTDs. Different application processes for measuring the temperature of the hydrogen fluid, as opposed to solid materials, are used within a tank and within a pipe...
Germanium resistance thermometers (GRTs) have played a crucial role in the dissemination of both the 1976 Provisional 0.5 K to 30 K Temperature Scale and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 to cryogenic experimenters worldwide. GRTs combined a small physical package with a sensing element that possessed high temperature sensitivity and very high stability over thermal cycling and time....
Understanding boundary layer flows in high Reynolds number (Re) turbulence is essential for advancing fluid dynamics across a range of critical applications, from enhancing aerodynamic efficiency in aviation to optimizing energy systems in industrial processes. Accurate characterization of turbulence, including scaling laws for mean velocity and turbulence intensity, is vital for developing...
Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) cavities cooled by superfluid helium-4 (He II) are critical components of modern particle accelerators. Tiny defects on the inner surface of SRF cavities can cause Joule heating, leading to cavity quenching. Developing reliable technologies to locate these defects for subsequent removal is essential for improving the performance of SRF cavities. Existing...
The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory represents a major advancement in particle physics, requiring sophisticated cryogenic infrastructure to support its superconducting elements. This effort involves the conversion of the existing cryogenic control system, originally developed for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), to meet the specific demands of the EIC....
Details on Final design for Cryogenic Electrical & Controls System for Fermilab' s next-gen particle accelerator PIP-II. Electrical Controls System includes instrumentation and controls of Cryogenics Distribution System and Cryomodules. Design includes Siemens PCS7 Controls System with 26 Remote IO Rittal Cabinets and 48 Relay Racks for Temperature Readouts, Valve Positioners, Level, Heater...
The Dalian Advanced Light Source (DALS), is a linear accelerator based on continuous wave superconducting radio frequency(SRF) technology aiming to produce high-quality electron beam with repetition rate up to 1 MHz. The cryogenic test facility is designed to provide the cooling capacities and maintain 2 K temperature operation for the SRF cavity and the cryomodules, which includes Horizontal...
Liquid hydrogen is the highest specific impulse rocket fuel available and is used on roughly 25% of active United States rocket launch systems. However, these systems are informed by heat transfer correlations, the most recent of which has 50% root-mean-squared error when used with liquid hydrogen. No previous experiment has optically determined multiphase hydrogen flow regimes with heat...
