Sub-millikelvin (sub-mK) temperatures, or even lower, were first achieved in 1956 by adiabatic demagnetization cooling of nuclear spins in copper [1]. Since then, the use of such extremely low temperatures has long been limited to researchers in fundamental science such as superfluid 3He and nuclear magnetism [2]. In general, lowering temperature have their own advantages, e.g., improved...
Adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (ADR) is an efficient and reliable cooling technology well used for temperatures below 1 K. It is particularly well suited for space applications, thanks to the absence of fluid refrigerant and of moving parts and to a competitive Carnot efficiency. A multi-ADR cooler, that is the last stage of a cryogenic chain, is proposed for the LiteBIRD and Athena...
In astronomical observations, detectors operating in the sub-Kelvin temperature range require extremely stable working temperatures. Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADR), as the sub-Kelvin refrigerator that is independent of gravity and offers high temperature control precision, have become the preferred choice for astronomical observation missions. The high temperature control...
As an important sub-Kelvin refrigeration technology, the adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (ADR) is used for space detector cooling and ground-based experiments because of its wide temperature coverage, high efficiency and gravity-independence. We design a 3-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator pre-cooled by a GM-type pulse tube cooler and operating from 4 K to 50 mK. Gadolinium...
