Prof. Mahouton Norbert Hounkonou
International Chair in Mathematical Physics and Applications (ICMPA-UNESCO Chair), University of Abomey-Calavi, 072 BP 50 Cotonou, Benin Republic
Abstract
This talk explores the opportunities offered by science, technology and innovation (STI) to achieve the interconnected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which range from eradicating poverty...
The fifth edition of the African Conference for Fundamental and Applied Physics (ACP2027) is scheduled to be hosted by the University of Zambia in 2027. In preparation for this event, a Zambian delegation—comprising the Dean of the School of Natural and Applied Sciences at the University of Zambia, Dr. Orleans Mfune, and the ACP2027 coordinator, Dr. Benard Mulilo—has been invited to attend the...
Complexity Science—or Complex Systems Science—offers a powerful, transdisciplinary framework for understanding how diverse systems evolve, adapt, and self-organize across scales. Rooted in the principles of fundamental physics—such as nonlinearity, emergence, feedback, and collective behavior—Complexity Science extends into diverse domains: from particle interactions to ecological networks,...
There are several approaches that are used to organize matter at the nanoscale level. These organizational methods are mainly classified into two groups: Top-down and bottom-up approaches. In the top-down approach the bulk material is reduced chip by chip to the nanoscale material. The bottom-up approach which is the reverse of the top-down approach builds the bulk material from nanoscale...
Faced with the exponential growth in the world's population and, above all, the increase in population density in urban areas, housing is often designed without considering environmental constraints and specific regional features. The result is very high internal temperatures in premises that require the use of conventional electric air conditioners to maintain acceptable thermal comfort....
At the end of Run 3 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the accelerator complex will be upgraded to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) which will achieve a peak instantaneous luminosity of 7.5 × 1034 cm⁻²s⁻¹. This corresponds to approximately 200 proton-proton collisions per bunch crossing—more than three times the current pileup levels. Over its operational lifetime, the HL-LHC is expected to...
Achieving optimal beam quality and stability in linear accelerators (Linacs) is essential for advancing accelerator physics. However, High Order Modes (HOMs) in superconducting cavities, particularly in Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs), pose significant challenges to beam dynamics. To address these challenges, we introduce the Compact HOMEN (High Order Mode Evolution based on Energy budget)...
This forum explores how digital platforms can serve as powerful scientific tools for developing communities. It will highlight educational initiatives in physics, the role of particle accelerators in discovery, and effective strategies for science communication. Concrete examples of connecting science with society will be shared, followed by a discussion on best practices for promoting digital...
Abstract:"This talk explores how UNESCO, in partnership with physics research communities, empowers Africa’s youth to become innovators in science and technology. Highlighting UNESCO-led initiatives—such as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ 2025)—the presentation showcases how physics and STEM education are transforming lives through panels, entrepreneurship, and...
Molecular motors are proteins that bind to filaments in a cell and can move along a filament. Their natural stepping movement along a filament can exert force on another object if the motor is bound to that object. Examples of such objects include vesicles or another filament. In cells, there are many motors and their collective motion can result in interesting behaviour. For example, motors...
First year physics courses serve an important function in many physics departments. In this presentation, I will discuss my experience teaching an introductory course at Queen's University in Canada and how I have integrated many elements from Physics Education Research and beyond. At the most basic level, students take the course to decide if they will major into physics. I have found that...
High-energy heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC offer unique insight into the many-body physics of QCD. I will give a broad introduction to the physics of Heavy-ion collisions and how they are modelled, before touching on an open problem in the field and the potential of the LHC's recent oxygen run.
Colliding heavy nuclei at a speed approaching that of light allows QCD matter to be investigated in the Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) state that existed microseconds after the Big Bang. Numerous competing physics processes that influence the final detected particles require a vast amount of data and diverse measurements to unravel the properties of strongly interacting matter in this regime of high...
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a next-generation facility set to advance our understanding of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) through precise studies of the internal structure of nucleons and nuclei.
This presentation highlights both the scientific potential of the EIC and the emerging contributions of African researchers within the EIC program. It aims to encourage deeper international...
Strongly interacting dark sectors, colloquially referred to as dark-QCD, is becoming increasingly popular in the collider community, primarily because of the rich phenomenology and the novel signatures it offers. The author pioneered the first search for semi-visible jets in ATLAS, and is following that up with multiple studies focussing on other final states, new generator setups to simulate...
In this talk, I will discuss the collider phenomenology of the U(1)_{B-L} extension of the Standard Model, focusing on the production and decay of a heavy neutral gauge boson Z′ at the LHC. A distinctive feature is the Z′ decay into right-handed neutrinos, leading to rich multi-lepton and multi-jet final states such as 2ℓ+4j, 4ℓ+MET, and 3ℓ+2j+MET. I will show how optimized event selection...
Physics Without Frontiers is the flagship international outreach programme of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), built through a network of physics ambassadors who are PhD students, researchers, and professors who work to help build the next generation of scientists in the Global South, often in their home country. Working with universities without strong research teams,...
Background/Purpose: End-window X-ray tubes, despite their growing application in energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), remain less studied than side-window designs. This work focuses on using Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the effect of Palladium (Pd) target thickness and beam energy on X-ray spectra. The goal is to optimize these parameters to enhance spectral quality and...
Abstract:
Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) is a remarkable phenomenon where quantum effects manifest on a macroscopic scale. It has been observed in various systems, including ultracold atoms, and has recently been extended to non-equilibrium systems comprising photons and quasiparticles such as excitons, polaritons, and magnons. In this work, we focus on magnon Bose-Einstein Condensates...
OPTIMIZING GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH DATA DRIVEN INSIGHT
Thomas O. Daniel
*Corresponding e-mail: daniel.thomas@funai.edu.ng ; danielojonugwathomas@gmail.com
Abstract
Global energy consumption has grown significantly over the past decades due to rapid industrialization, technological...
Facial detection is a rapidly evolving field, driven by recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. This presentation explores the current techniques employed in facial detection, with a focus on computer vision algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which have revolutionized this discipline.
We will begin with an introduction to the...
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely used in image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) to improve treatment accuracy, particularly for thoracic and pelvic regions. However, the repeated use of CBCT raises concerns about cumulative radiation exposure, especially to radiosensitive organs. This study presents a comprehensive dosimetric analysis of CBCT protocols for thoracic and pelvic imaging,...
ABSTRACT
Excessive emission of greenhouse gases has been discovered to affect the health and economic
potentials of individuals, communities and institutions in Nigeria adversely. The use of solar
energy and a lesser reliance on fossil fuels in Nigeria which is in line with the United Nations
Paris Agreement will help to reduce the excessive emission of greenhouse gases which are...
Background: High-energy photon beams in radiotherapy can induce photoneutron production in linear accelerators (LINACs) operating above 10 MV, leading to secondary neutron contamination (Králík et al., 2008). These neutrons contribute to unwanted dose deposition in patients, making their characterization crucial for optimizing patient safety.
Materials and Methods: Monte Carlo simulations...
The interplay between magnetism and superconductivity in Fe-based superconductors remains a topic of significant interest. This study investigates the electronic structure and superconducting properties of LiFeAs in ferromagnetic (FM), antiferromagnetic (AFM), and non-magnetic (NM) states using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and DFT+U
approximations. Notably, the DFT approximation favors AFM...
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project was to investigate the mechanoluminescence properties of Mn²⁺ doped CaZnOS phosphors and analyze their potential applications in stress sensing and radiation dosimetry. Mechanoluminescence (ML) is a phenomenon where materials emit light under mechanical stress, making them valuable for impact detection and structural monitoring.
In this study, Mn²⁺...
The continuous search for high-performing energy materials in photovoltaics is driving the exploration of novel doping schemes to modify the properties of established semiconductors. This work suggests a study using ab initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) to explore the impacts of codoping Bi and Sb in methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr$_3$), which is a highly...
External radiotherapy is one of the main cancer treatment strategies, it is based on accurately administering high doses of ionizing radiation to the tumor volume while ensuring the protection of the surrounding healthy organs. Treatment in radiotherapy is administered using linear accelerators; In these medical facilities, bremsstrahlung photons are created by the deceleration of high-energy...
The advancement of spintronics, a technology that leverages the electron’s spin in addition to its charge, demands materials with unique combinations of magnetic and electronic properties. Cobalt (Co)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has emerged as a promising candidate for such applications due to its potential to exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism alongside semiconducting behaviour. This...
In this work, we investigate the strong interaction between quarks within a hadron using the framework of the generalized equivalence principle. First, we derive a spherically symmetric solution to Einstein’s equations, describing spacetime curvature induced by a strong interaction potential dominated by both chromoelectric and chromomagnetic fields. The resulting metric enables us to analyze...
Study of the electronic and optical properties of Ba3PCl3 antiperovskite using the DFT/GW-BSE approach
Solar power is the most abundant, free, and sustainable energy source. There is a pressing need to develop next-generation photovoltaics (PVs) that are cheap and highly efficient to harvest the solar energy. A well-studied potential material for such purpose is perovskite with over 24%...
A Study of the Isotope Effect in Superconductors with Emphasis On the Alpha Index
〖R.T.CHAPOLOZA〗^,G.G.NYAMBUYA
National University of Science and Technology,
Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Department of Applied Physics
P.O. Box 939,
Ascot,
Bulawayo
Republic of Zimbabwe
〖Email:ronaldtafarachapoloza@gmail.com〗^
Abstract
This study investigates the isotope effect in superconductors,...
The ionizing radiation produced during the activation stage of the MinPET technology can pose a radiological concern to the environment and be harmful to biological life if not carefully managed. Moreover, it can lead to the alteration of diamonds (production of defects), making the technology unsuitable for diamond discovery. This study investigates the long-term activation of kimberlite and...
This study explores the concurrent assessment of RF interference exhausting key performance indicators (KPIs) and measurement techniques personalized for mobile telecommunications in Nigeria. The militating challenges responsible for the low quality of services in telecom sector are identified while possible resolutions are proffered for effective communications. The proliferation of mobile...
Non-collision activities prior to LHC beam collisions observed in ATLAS can be beam-induced when beam protons interact with upstream collimators, residual gas within the beam pipe, the beam pipe itself or caused by the exposure to high-energy particles from cosmic rays showers produced in the atmosphere, then cosmic muons can penetrate until the ATLAS cavern mainly via the two large access...
This paper extends the Euclidean path integral formalism to account for nonextensive thermodynamics. Concretely, we introduce a generalized Wick's rotation from real time $t$ to imaginary time $\tau$ such that, $t\rightarrow-i f_\alpha(\tau)$, where $f_\alpha$ a differentiable function and $\alpha$ is a parameter related to nonextensivity. The standard extensive formalism is recovered in the...
Socioeconomic activities such as agriculture, water resources management, electricity production, disaster risk management, and health in West Africa (WA) are greatly related to rainfall. Therefore, there is an urgent need for reliable seasonal rainfall forecasts with sufficient lead time for responsible planning and decision-making. We present a regional evaluation of precipitation forecasts...
The Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have emerged as crucial tracers in the field of nuclear forensics, offering unique fingerprints for identifying uranium ore concentrates (UOC). These elements, due to their distinct geochemical behavior, provide a reliable means of differentiating various uranium sources and detecting illicit trafficking of nuclear materials. The ability to analyze the specific...
The Pan-African Citizen Science e-Lab (PACS e-Lab) is an online platform that engages the African public in hands-on activities in space science and astronomy, including those in North and Sub-Saharan Africa. We run five main projects, including exoplanet observations, asteroid searches, deep space image processing, double star research, and ARISS—amateur Radio on the International Space...
Medical Physics is a critical component of modern healthcare, involving the application of physics principles to medicine, particularly in diagnostics and treatment. Despite global advancements in medical imaging and radiation therapy, Nigeria faces a significant gap between the availability of advanced equipment and the level of specialized training required. Currently, medical physics...
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{\large{\bf Optical Aspect of Cosmological Black Holes in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton Theory} }
% AUTHORS
\vskip0.5\baselineskip{\bf \underline{Mohamed Amin...
Monte Carlo simulations at next-to-leading order (NLO) precision are crucial for accurate predictions in high-energy physics, yet they remain computationally expensive due to intensive phase-space integration and event unweighting. This project explores an alternative strategy: generating events at leading order (LO) accuracy and reweighting them to NLO precision. The method is evaluated in...
n this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT) in a cavity that has a moving end mirror and is subjected to an external force. Furthermore, we place an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) inside the cavity. We show that the transmission intensity of the probe field and the group delay is enhanced by the parametric gain and phase of the OPA. We also...
ABSTRACT
Nigeria is one of the developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa whose youths make
up a larger percentage of the population. Youths form the active sector with agility,
liveliness, innovation, and potential to mobilize the other community members into
taking due and effective climate action. They can take up tasks and projects
effectively with a high level of energy and zeal...
Amorphous molybdenum disulfide has shown potential as a hydrogen evolution catalyst, but the origin of its high activity is unclear, as is its atomic structure. Here, we have developed a classical inter-atomic potential using the charge equilibration neural network method, and we have employed it to generate atomic models of amorphous MoS2 by melting and quenching processes. The amorphous...
In this presentation, we investigate the influence of perfect fluid dark matter and quantum corrections on the thermodynamics of nonlinear magnetic-charged black hole. We consider the metric of the static nonlinear magnetic-charged black hole in the background of perfect fluid dark matter. Starting with the black hole temperature and the corrected entropy, we use the event horizon propriety in...
Detecting harmful bacteria in drinking water is a significant concern for public health. Indicator bacteria like E.
coli and fecal streptococci serve as markers for fecal contamination of water [Environmental and Pollution
Science (2019), pp. 191]. Several detection methods of these markers require costly equipment, and
specialized laboratories and technicians, and are time-consuming,...
Ghana’s Contribution to Planetary Defense through Pan-African Asteroid Search Campaign
Author: GUKUU Bingunmeh Justpa (bingunmeh@gmail.com).
Affiliations: University of Energy and Natural Resources (UENR), Sunyani, Ghana.
ABSTRACT
Planetary defense is now a global concern due to asteroids and other space objects. Asteroid search is a global effort in planetary defense, and Ghana is...
We study the phenomenology of the charged Higgs boson at future muon colliders. We investigate both the pair production µ+µ− → H+H−, the single production µ+µ− → W±H∓, as well as the Vector Boson Fusion (VBF) {e+e−, µ+µ−} → ννH¯+H−. We show that the neutral Higgs exchange diagrams in the muon collider case can lead to a significant boost in the cross sections through their Yukawa couplings....
Nuclear physics is one of the most fundamental and powerful areas of physics, playing a key role in solving significant global problems such as energy production and medicine. However, the study of nuclear physics in educational institutions faces many obstacles, such as the complexity of the concepts and the lack of sufficient educational materials. It is important not only to enhance...
Nanowires are an important part of making next-generation solar cells due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio and they have better electronic qualities. This paper highlights the advantages of nanowire architectures, including enhanced light absorption, reduced recombination losses, and improved charge collection for nanowire solar cells. Tailoring nanowire dimensions and arrangements...
Natural convection within a partially porous medium constitutes a complex coupling phenomenon, where boundary conditions at the interface between porous and free zones play a key role. These mechanisms are of great interest for many industrial applications. As part of this research, we have numerically modeled the double-diffusive convection of a nanofluid (Cu-$H_{ 2}O$) circulating in a...
Natural convection within a partially porous medium constitutes a complex coupling
phenomenon, where boundary conditions at the interface between porous and free zones play a key
role. These mechanisms are of great interest for many industrial applications. As part of this research,
we have numerically modeled the double-diffusive convection of a nanofluid (Cu-H20) circulating in...
This study presents an investigation of analysis of photometric variable Pre-Main Sequence stars in the star-forming region Sharpless 86 (Sh2-86). Sh2-86 is a prominent HII region located in the Vulpecula constellation, known for its active star formation, and is part of the larger Vulpecula OB1 association (Vul OB1; [1]). We identified the young stellar objects (YSOs) census using the method...
In this paper, we have studied two-mode Gaussian states. First, we computed the distance between two mode
separable states using the well-known Hilbert-Schmidt measure. We also calculated the scalar curvature of
the manifold associated with the two-mode separable states, which we showed to be zero. Additionally, we
considered two different operations on the two-mode bosonic system:...
Purpose: The understanding of physics among high school students can be enhanced by their ability to solve mathematical questions. This study investigates the impact of a Foundational Mathematics Intervention on students' understanding of Physics by comparing the outcomes of students at two different schools with and without the intervention. The hypothesis is that equipping students with...
The precise determination of the Higgs boson mass is a fundamental objective in future high-energy physics experiments, particularly at the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). This study uses a comprehensive simulation and analysis framework to examine the impact of the luminosity spectrum quality at 380 GeV on Higgs boson mass measurements. The beam-beam interaction effects were simulated with...
This research focuses on exoplanets by conducting observations on several of them using the MicroObservatory and the EXOTIC program to perform photometry on the data. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the periodic refinement of already discovered exoplanets, preparing them for missions like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. By...
Thin-film ferroelectrics belong to an important class of materials showing very interesting nonlinear optical properties that have a variety of applications in photonic devices. Using a model that employs the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire Mean Field Theory, where the order parameter follows the same transformation characteristics as the polarization, we obtain a continuous Hamiltonian considering...
To address the stability and toxicity issues of halide perovskites, we proposed chalcogenide perovskites as an alternative family of materials with the intention to replace halide perovskites for photovoltaic and other optoelectronic applications. Zr-based chalcogenides AZrS3 (A=Ba, Ca, or Sr) are the most studied family of chalcogenide perovskites for optoelectronic properties, due to their...
To address the stability and toxicity issues of halide perovskites, we proposed chalcogenide perovskites as an alternative family of materials with the intention to replace halide perovskites for photovoltaic and other optoelectronic applications. Zr-based chalcogenides AZrS3 (A=Ba, Ca, or Sr) are the most studied family of chalcogenide perovskites for optoelectronic properties, due to their...
In this work, a theoretical framework for the spectroscopy of the $6\text{P}_{3/2}$ state in $^{85}Rb$ is demonstrated using a triple resonance spectroscopy technique implemented in the V-type plus a two-level system addressed by 780 nm, 420 nm and 421 nm lasers. This has been achieved using the density matrix formalism under electric dipole and rotating wave approximations and simulated using...
The Affordable Multiple-Aperture Spectroscopy Explorer Prototype (AMASE-P) is a ground-breaking initiative focused on enhancing high-resolution integral field spectroscopy to probe ionised gas in the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies. A pivotal aspect of AMASE-P is the fibre instrument cable (FIC), which is engineered to effectively channel light from the telescope to the spectrographs....
In high-energy particle collisions, protons emit quarks and gluons, which are modelled to interact with the surrounding vacuum to produce more quarks and gluons in a cascading process known as a parton shower. Eventually, these particles combine to form hadrons, collectively moving in the same direction to create what we observe as a jet. The Lund Jet Plane (LJP), mapping the momentum and...
Building on the results of [Faye et al., Phys. Rev. B 97, 235151 (2018)], which identified an antiferromagnetic (AFM) and Kondo singlet phases on the Kondo-Hubbard square lattice, we use the variational cluster approximation to investigate the competition between these phases on a two-dimensional triangular lattice with 120 degree spin orientation. In addition to the AFM exchange interaction...
The rapid adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in developing countries is a critical driver of the global transition to renewable energy. However, the growing volume of end-of-life PV waste presents significant environmental and resource challenges, especially in regions with inadequate waste management infrastructure. This study focuses on developing a cost-effective circular economy...
The content is given in the attachment section.
This study focuses on the development of innovative screening techniques for autoimmune diseases, particularly Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), aiming to overcome the limitations of invasive and costly analyses. By leveraging non-invasive spectroscopic methods, along with the analysis of easily acquired biological tissues like nails, hair, and skin, the research aims to enable rapid,...
The 25Mg nucleus plays a critical role in nucleosynthesis processes, particularly in slow neutron capture process (s-process). The (α,n) reaction on 22Ne producing 25Mg is the main neutron source in massive stars. In addition, 25Mg is the origin of the formation of two other nuclei in stellar environments, the proton capture on 25Mg, forms 26Al and the neutron capture on 25Mg, forms 26Mg. The...
The search for sustainable and clean alternative energy sources has recently increased interest in hydrogen storage using hydride-forming alloys. High -entropy alloys have become a topic of interest in the recent years, this is because of their potential application in hydrogen storage materials. Although numerus experimental studies have been conducted, there is still a lack in the...
〖 〖Akotchayé Amenou〗^(1,2),Komi Apélété Amou〗^(1,2 ),〖Komlan Segbéya Gadedjisso〗^(2,3) 〖 Essowè Mouzou〗^(1,2) 〖,Mazabalo Baneto〗^(1,2),〖Ayayi Claude Ahyi〗^(4,5)
1_(Solar Energy Laboratory,Department of Physics,Faculty of Science,University of Lomé,01BP 1515,Lomé,Togo) ) 2_(Regional Center of Excellence for the Mastery of Electricity (CERME),University of Lome,01BP1515,Lome,Togo) )...
The SU(1,1) interferometer, a nonlinear analog of the traditional Mach-Zehnder interferometer, has emerged as a powerful tool for achieving phase sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit (SQL). In this work, we propose the using of a superposition of even and odd coherent states as input states to enhance the phase sensitivity of an SU(1,1) interferometer. These non-classical states...
Citizen Science provides the public with an opportunity to contribute to scientific research. The [Pan-African Citizen Science e-Lab (PACS e-Lab)] [1] is a nonprofit educational platform dedicated to promoting astronomy and space science in Africa through hands-on projects. It serves as a means of advancing space exploration while enhancing space education and outreach. The [**Paradox...
Neutrinos are elementary particles that interact with other particles through the weak nuclear force, making them incredibly difficult to detect due to their extremely small mass and lack of electric charge. Despite their elusive nature, neutrinos play a pivotal role in astrophysics and cosmology. Modern research in high-energy astrophysics, astronomy, and cosmology reveals that neutrinos are...
The Zintl phased K2SbAu ternary compound, previously investigated by experimental method and hitherto unexplored by theoretical techniques, has been studied by first-principles methods.The lattice parameters of the K2SbAu ternary compound agree with the experimentally observed ones. We observe the structural stability of the K2SbAu ternary compound using the enthalpy of formation, which is...
Geopolymer has become a viable, eco-friendly, and effective alternative to Portland cement as binders in concrete meant for structural engineering and radiation shielding purposes. However, the radiation interaction cross-section of geopolymer could be lower than that of cement due to differences in chemical compositions. In this study, the influence of B4C on the strength and...
Today, high energy consumption and thermal energy management are becoming crucial for sustainable energy and a stable environment, since nonrenewable fossil fuels are the main energy source for energy consumption worldwide. Therefore, new technologies are needed to capture energy from alternate sources before fossil fuel runs out. In this work, we designed a nanostructured grating for...
L. Serafini, S. Samsam, M. Rossetti – INFN/Milano
L. Pellegrino – INFN/LNF
Energy reservoirs are an ongoing challenge for renewable/green energy production systems based on non-programmable sources, like wind or solar energy. Several solutions are being studied and implemented, from hydro-reservoirs to mechanical energy storages, from hydrogen to electrical batteries.
Gravity...
In large optical surveys, a bi-modal distribution of galaxies has been observed at all redshifts based on parameters such as colour, luminosity, stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and specific SFR. This distribution separates galaxies into the blue cloud, with active star formation, and the red sequence, with galaxies hosting older stellar populations. The region between the blue cloud...
In this work, we approach certain black hole issues, including remnants, by provid
ing a statistical description based on the weak gravity conjecture in the swampland
program. Inspired by the Pauli exclusion principal in the context of the Fermi sphere,
we derive an inequality which can be exploited to verify the instability manifestation of
the black holes via a characteristic...
This work presents a detailed numerical investigation of natural convection within a triangular enclosure containing a nanofluid, using the single relaxa-tion time lattice Boltzmann method (SRT-LBM). The study aims to evaluate the impact of dispersing copper nanoparticles in pure water under various thermal conditions. The focus is placed on the analysis of isotherm distribu-tions, flow...
Superconductivity being a gray area of research for the past four decades now is still a hot topic for discussion. It was discovered in 1911 by kammerling Onne’s where a mercury wire upon immersed in liquid helium realized an abrupt change of resistance to zero. Further research has been conducted until today to unravel a superconductor that can operate at room temperature and ambient pressure...
The cosmological background and perturbation dynamics have been explored using an interacting dark-fluid model, where energy is exchanged between dark matter and dark energy via diffusion. After solving the background expansion history for the late-time Universe, we aim to constrain the best-fit cosmological parameters ({\Omega_m, h, r_d, Q_m}) through the MCMC simulations using several...
We live in an amazing and very diverse Universe, in which our Sun is only one of 100-400 billion stars in the Milky Way, and our Milky Way is only one of 2-3 trillion galaxies. The size of our observable Universe is estimated to be about 90 billion light-years. However, the Universe could be much larger than that, even infinite, and in that case the above numbers could be even larger....
Stephen Inkoom1.2,3*, 1,2,3Francis Hasford, 1,4Chris Trauernicht, 1,5Taofeeq Abdallah Ige
1 Federation of African Medical Physics Organizations (FAMPO)
2 Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Ghana
3 School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
4 Stellenbosch University, South Africa
5 University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: Stephen Inkoom
Email:...
Authors: Christopher Njeh(1), Stephen Avery(2), Joseph Weygand(3), Katy Graef(4), Saiful Huq(5), Twalib Ngoma(6), Joerg Lehmann(7) and Wilfred Ngwa(8)
(1)Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
(2)University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
(3)Department of Radiation Oncology and Applied Science, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH,
(4)BIO Ventures for Global Health, Seattle, WA
(5)UPMC...
Background:
Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) are an optimization tool for medical imaging procedures using ionizing radiation. DRLs indicate whether the dose to the patient in a specified imaging procedure is unusually high or low for that procedure. DRLs can be established either locally, nationally, or regionally, usually on the basis of surveys of median or third quartile doses...
Abstract: This abstract provides an overview of renewable energies and their diverse applications, highlighting their increasing importance in addressing global energy demands, climate change, and environmental sustainability. Renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass, offer viable and sustainable alternatives to conventional fossil fuels, significantly...
D. Sekyi-Arthur*, E. Atioyire, K.A. Dompreh, S.Y. Mensah
Department of Physics, University of Ghana
Email: dsekyi-arthur@ug.edu.gh, rasdean3@gmail.com
In this work, we investigate the nonlinear acoustoelectric transport phenomena in fluorine-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (FSWCNTs) subjected to high-frequency electric fields in the hypersound regime (ql≫1), where q is the acoustic...
I. Takyi, M. O. Ohemeng, B. Barnes, J. Ackora-Prah
Mathematics Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Solitons are classical solutions of non-linear field theory. They have a permanent form, and their energy density moves undistorted with a constant velocity. They are non-integrable model and behave particle-like when subjected to external forces and...
The STAR project (Southern Europe Thomson Backscattering Source for Applied Research), hosted at the University of Calabria (Italy), is a compact accelerator facility producing tunable, polarized, ps-duration X-rays (40–350 keV) via Thomson scattering. Its Phase II development, nearing completion, integrates an S-band RF gun operating at a cutting-edge 100 Hz repetition rate, one S-band...
The University of Zambia is set to host the fifth edition of the African Conference for Fundamental and Applied Physics (ACP2027) in Zambia. As part of the preparatory process, a Zambian delegation — comprising Dr. Orleans Mfune (Dean of the School of Natural and Applied Sciences) and Dr. Benard Mulilo (ACP2027 coordinator and alumnus of the African School of Physics as well a member of the...
We present a new technique aimed at forecasting earthquakes via active sensing of the tectonic induced pressure across faults. The method is based on propagating high energy (TeV-class) muon beams through km-long rock sections underground, actively measuring the pressure induced by tectonic movements, a precursor of ruptures in the earth crust due to exceeding the rock elasto-plastic...
I will give a history of the High Througput / High Performance Computing tutorials at the African School of Physics from 2012 until today, and plans for future schools.
Over the past decade, researchers have focused on developing affordable, durable, and efficient electrocatalysts for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting as a potential remedy for the energy crisis. Among these, CuO has emerged as a promising photocathode material due to its unique physicochemical characteristics and narrow bandgap, making it one of the few photocatalysts capable of...
Abstract
Introduction: Radiotherapy aims to precisely target tumors while sparing healthy tissue, traditionally relying on CT imaging for accurate dose planning. However, CT has limitations in soft tissue contrast and exposes patients to ionizing radiation. MRI offers superior soft tissue contrast without radiation but lacks electron density information, restricting its use in dose planning....
The ATLAS detector is one of the two general-purpose detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)at CERN, designed to explore a wide range of physics, including the discovery of new particles, precision measurements of known particles, and searches for signs of new physics beyond the Standard Model. One of the essential parts of the ATLAS experiment is the trigger system, which manages large...
South Africa's ongoing energy crisis, marked by regular load shedding, presents formidable obstacles to economic growth and sustainable development, particularly in rural regions with restricted access to the national grid. Renewable energy microgrids present a practical solution for rural electrification, providing cleaner, decentralized, and more resilient power options. However, the...
Evaluation of secondary cancer risk after radiotherapy in high- and intermediate-risk
prostate cancer patients
Background and Purpose:
External beam radiotherapy is the primary approach for cancer treatment. This method can result in radiation-induced second cancers that mainly affect healthy tissues and organs at risk due to out-of-field doses. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of...
A collider search for dark matter through dark photons based on a phenomenological study is presented. Where simulated samples with the ATLAS detector at the CERN LHC with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV are used. A dark photon is a hypothetical dark matter particle which may be detected through its kinetic mixing with the general photon. In which it couples weakly to electrically charged...
Background
Ensuring precise dose distribution calculations by treatment planning systems (TPS) is crucial in brachytherapy. Accurate dose computation is essential for effective treatment planning and patient safety. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of TPS calculations by comparing them with various analytical methods used for dose verification.
Materials and Methods
This study used...
Neutrinos, elusive and abundant particles, play a pivotal role in understanding some of the most extreme astrophysical events, including supernovae. This presentation explores the role of neutrinos in stellar evolution, with a particular focus on their importance in the mechanisms of supernova explosions. We will introduce the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment, a next-generation water Cherenkov...
Face à l'épuisement mondial des ressources naturelles en énergie fossiles, et d’origine
thermonucléaire; face aux multiples crises pétrolières, économiques, et les problèmes de
changements climatiques dus à l’effet de serre, la science s’intéresse aux ressources en
énergie renouvelables plutôt éco-responsable et durable.
la plupart des travaux de
recherche dans le domaine des énergies...
Given the continuous increase in modulated radiation therapy plans, patient-specific quality assurance became mondatory. Measurement-based patient-specific quality assurance is time-consuming and burdensome for medical physicists, particularly in busy radiotherapy centers. This study predicts and classifies gamma passing rate outcomes at the planning stage for head-and-neck volumetric...
Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron., 66(1): 211062 (2023)
arXiv:2411.09345 [Conceptual Design Report]
Nucl. Sci. Tech.35,148(2024)
Nucl. Sci. Tech.35,201(2024)
Nucl. Sci. Tech. 36,41(2025)
arXiv:2407.20723 [submitted to JINST]
arXiv:2401.15477 [10.1007/978-981-97-0065-3_19]
PoS ICHEP2024 (2025) 728 [DOI:10.22323/1.476.0728]
DOI:10.5281/zenodo.8373963 [LeptonPhoton2023...
Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe was in an incredibly hot and dense state, with particles moving at nearly the speed of light. During this brief period, lasting only a few microseconds, quarks and gluons were the dominant components. Due to the extremely high temperatures, these quarks and gluons—collectively known as partons—were only loosely bound and could move freely, forming a...
Introduction: Accurate prediction of radiotherapy complications is crucial for optimizing treatment planning and improving outcomes in breast cancer patients. However, modeling the risk is challenging due to intricate interactions between clinical, demographic, and dosimetric parameters. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of advanced machine learning techniques...
Space weather, defined as the variable conditions in space driven by the sun, significantly impacts
the performance of both terrestrial and space-based technologies. To mitigate these adverse effects,
it is essential to develop accurate storm-time space weather models. Since the sun is the primary
driver of these models, solar indices like SSN and F10.7 are crucial for creating these...
Authors : Kokou GNRONFOUa,c, Tchamye Tcha-Esso BOROZEa,b,c*, Essohouna TAKOUGNADIa,c
a. Department of Physics, University of Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515 Lomé – TOGO
b. Regional Center of Excellence for Electricity Management (CERME), University of Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515 Lomé – TOGO
c. Research Team on Agricultural Mechanization and Process Engineering (ERMAP), University of Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515 Lomé –...
The CMS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN conducts a broad particle physics research and discovery program analysing data from high-energy proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions. As part of its commitment to open science and public engagement CMS has released substantial fractions of these data to the public. This talk will describe the content of CMS Open Data and how it...
Abstract:
Active galaxies, which host an active galactic nuclei (AGN) at their centre, are some of the brightest sources in the Universe, and are fundamental to understand the formation and evolution of galaxies. AGN can emit energies tens of thousands of times larger (across the entire electromagnetic spectrum) than all stars in a galaxy, and are triggered by accreting material onto the...
African Science Stars is a pioneering initiative dedicated to advancing astronomy, space science, and STEM education across the African continent. It was launched as a quarterly publication under the African Astronomical Society (AfAS). Since its inception, African Science Stars has grown from a niche science magazine into a continent-wide platform that amplifies African scientific...
The ATLAS Collaboration has recently, for the first time, released a large volume of data for use in research publications, with its use being now extended via a new education-focused release. The 2015 and 2016 proton collision datasets, along with a large quantity of matching simulated data, in a light format, PHYSLITE, for research purposes, and in a simplified version for educational...
Topological quantum computation (TQC) offers a promising path towards building fault-tolerant quantum computers. Unlike traditional approaches, TQC leverages the unique properties of two-dimensional quasi-particles, known as anyons, to encode quantum information. By braiding these anyons, we can manipulate qubits in a way that is inherently protected from errors due to decoherence. This...
Quantum computing represents a fundamental shift from classical computing by utilizing quantum mechanical principles to solve problems currently intractable for traditional supercomputers. This presentation will delve into the main concepts of quantum computing, beginning with the foundational unit, the qubit. We will draw the distinction between quantum and classical logic gates, emphasizing...
iThemba Laboratories for Accelerator Based Sciences (LABS) is a national research facility in South Africa with its various activities centred around a number of sub-atomic particle accelerators. The largest accelerator at the facility, a K=200 separated sector cyclotron (SSC), accelerates protons of energies up to 200MeV, and heavier particles to much higher energies. With the protons beams...
Each year, various forms of particle physics masterclasses are offered to the world by the International Particle Physics Outreach Group. These masterclasses use authentic physics research data to enable students and their teachers to experience how physics works. African participation is rising and can go further to benefit science education and workforce development. We will provide an...
The large-scale distribution of galaxies contains crucial information about the acoustic waves that propagated in the primordial baryon-photon plasma. These waves imprint a characteristic scale into the galaxy two-point correlation function. This scale, called the "Linear Point" (LP), is defined as the mid-point between the peak and dip of the correlation function at scales of about 150...
SLOWPOKE-2 is a pool-type research reactor whose accurate modeling is challenging due to its compact core and significant neutron leakage. In this study, a detailed three-dimensional continuous-energy model of the SLOWPOKE-2 reactor was developed using the Monte Carlo code OpenMC. The model was validated through criticality calculations, showing good agreement with measured excess reactivity...
Understanding the behaviour of matter under extreme conditions remains a central challenge in high-energy nuclear physics and astrophysics. This study presents a comparative analysis of relativistic shock wave propagation in the plasma environments of heavy-ion collisions (HIC) and core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). Using both analytical and numerical techniques, we model shock generation in...
Abstract
Inorganic scintillator materials find widespread use in ionizing radiation detectors across various fields such as nuclear physics and medical physics. Recently, there have been advancements in enhancing their optical properties through the addition of small quantities (doping) of metals, typically from the rare-earth family. The primary objective of this research is to conduct...
In this study, we examined variability of sun-related energies, auroral electrojet current, ring current, and magnetopause current during solar cycles 23 and 24. The study revealed a dependence of sun-related energies on the Sun and Earth current systems with solar activity from 1996 to 2019. A decrease in the correlation between sun-related energies and sunspot number was observed over solar...
In this paper, we observationally test the f(Q) gravity model at both background and perturbation levels using Pantheon+, Hubble measurements, and Redshift Space Distortion Data. We obtain the best-fit parameters by solving numerically the modified Friedmann equations for two distinct cosmological models of f(Q) gravity namely the Power law and Exponential models. This involves performing a...
Ce projet s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’étude du comportement hyperélastique des élastomères, avec pour objectif la caractérisation avancée de leur réponse sous des conditions de chargement multiaxial. L’approche expérimentale adoptée repose sur l’essai historique de traction-torsion développé par Rivlin et Saunders en 1951 [1], reconnu pour sa capacité à révéler les non-linéarités du...
This study aims to analyze the energy deposition distribution of lithium-7 (⁷Li) ions in a multi-cell model applied to Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Using Monte Carlo simulations with Geant4, we evaluate the influence of charged particle interactions at the cellular scale and their impact on BNCT dosimetry. Results show that ⁷Li ions deposit their energy primarily in the cytoplasm and...
We present an analysis that investigates the $H_0$ and $S_8$ tensions by considering a phantom dark energy model. The latter is a late-time model characterized by a future abrupt event known as the Little Rip (LR) model and characterised by one extra parameter, $\Omega_{\text{lr}}$, compared to the standard model, $\Lambda$CDM. To test this approach, we perform a statistical analysis by the...
There are currently rather few catalogues of rotational velocity of FGK type stars, based on high-resolution spectra. This paper aims to present a method for determining the rotational velocities of cool stars, for the AMBRE Project. The AMBRE main goal is to parametrize European Southern Observatory (ESO) archived high-resolution spectra, make their parameters publicly available and help in...
Abstract:
This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of ZnFe₂O₄-ZnO nanocomposite thin films, focusing on the effect of film thickness on the appearance of ZnFe₂O₄ in the composite. The films were prepared using the spray pyrolysis technique. Structural, optical, morphological, electrical, and magnetic properties of the thin films were systematically analyzed. X-ray...
Cancer induction and progression are major challenges faced by humanity [1]. Several procedures and methods have been used to detect the disease at various stages within the clinical setting [2]. However, many of these clinical tests are geared towards biochemical cues [3,4]. This study studied the inherent nanomechanical properties of breast and colorectal biopsies. The tissues were obtained...
The global decline in coal demand, driven by environmental concerns, has prompted research into alternative uses for coal. Graphite, as a high value carbon materials and similar structure to coal molecules, provide a promising route to repurpose coal. This study investigates the conversion of coal into high-purity graphite using an innovative, low-cost, metal-assisted microwave treatment...
Abstract
For diagnostic X-ray rooms to remain compliant with regulations and radiation safety guidelines, an accurate radiation dose estimation is requisite to guide the optimization of radiation safety. The spatial and energy-dependence distribution of ionizing radiation in the radiation room were characterized using Geant4 Monte Carlo-based simulations. An X-ray machine was modeled...
Chalcogen perovskites have become one of the most competitive materials in the field of environmentally friendly energy production due to their stability and non-toxicity. In this context, both stability and structural, optoelectronic, and thermoelectric properties were studied using the DFT method. We also addressed the calculation of photovoltaic parameters via the Scaps-1D simulation code....
The objective of this work is to use the Casson fluid model to analyze the hemorheological characteristics in the arterial region using computer simulations of two-dimensional (2D) hemodynamics of unsteady blood flow via an inclined overlapping time-variant stenosed artery in the presence of nanoparticles. A uniform electric and magnetic field is applied to the blood flow in an axial and...
Dans un contexte de précarité énergétique persistante au Togo — où seulement 55,4 % de la population avait accès à l’électricité en 2020 [1] —, cette étude analyse les déterminants socio-économiques, comportementaux et spatiaux de la consommation électrique résidentielle à Lomé. S’appuyant sur une enquête menée en 2025 auprès de 1 094 ménages, elle mobilise une approche méthodologique mixte...
Small satellite (SmallSat) technologies have enhanced the potential and feasibility of geodesic missions, through simplification of design and decreased costs allowing for more frequent launches. These aspects are especially relevant for the development of space programs in Africa, where satellite-based Earth surveys can enhance local science, industry, and communities. SmallSat data...
The Peltier modules are used for small scale cooling and refrigeration purposes at both domestic and industrial sectors. Portable refrigerators operated by Peltier element have been constructed, and experiments are conducted on air or/and water as coolants on module efficiency using water pump or fans. In this study, experimental approach is used to evaluate the possibility to homogenize...
The Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) is one of the Generation IV reactors, utilizing liquid fuel that flows through the core and other supporting components. Due to its liquid nature, an optimal flow will distribute the reactor power evenly across all pin channels, ensuring efficient heat transfer throughout the system [2]. Therefore, an optimal design is required to ensure flow uniformity throughout...
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have emerged as the most representative and versatile rechargeable energy-storage system. Among the numerous anode materials used in LIBs, titanium dioxide stands out as an excellent material. However, the poor conductivity of titanium dioxide in its raw form and limited cell capacity have hindered its practical use. In this study, we investigate aluminum-doped...
Nuclear Science and Technology (NST) hold the potential to meet the objectives of the Botswana Vision 2036, which seeks to transform Botswana from a middle-income to a high-income nation. Botswana intends to capitalize on the deployment of high-tech nuclear technologies for meeting its national development goals through the establishment of BINST - the Botswana Institute for Nuclear Science...
Although antimatter is known since almost a century, the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe is one of the biggest mystery of our time. At the Antimatter Factory at CERN, among other experiments, the ALPHA collaboration is studying the properties of antihydrogen to shed light on such asymmetry. In particular, although the gravitational interaction between matter and antimatter has been...
This session introduces the HPC Ecosystems Project as a catalyst for Africa’s digital transformation, having expanded access to advanced research computing, enabling talent development, and fostering cross-border collaboration for more than ten years.
Initially launched to address disparities in scientific computing infrastructure, the project has evolved into a continent-spanning movement...
We will discuss the latest efforts in our laboratory to develop highly sensitive methods of
microscopy, to go directly inside living cells and uncover the behavior of single biomolecules
as they effect their function in transcription. Transcription is the first step in gene expression
regulation, during which genetic information on DNA is decoded into RNA transcripts.
Methodologically, the...
ALICE is the heavy-ion experiment at the CERN LHC designed to study the properties of strongly interacting matter under extreme energy densities and temperatures. Despite the vast number of measurements that have led to crucial advances in our understanding of the QCD phase diagram and the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), several fundamental questions will remain unanswered even after the completion...
Laza Rakotondravohitra, a Malagasy physicist, is an alumnus of the inaugural African School of Physics (2010), which ignited his passion for medical and applied physics. Formerly an international fellow at Fermilab, he earned his PhD in neutrino physics through the MINERvA collaboration. Transitioning to medical physics, he completed a residency at Duke University Medical Center and now...
We will share with the participants how the physics we do translates into real-life applications through collaboration across disciplines. Also, how physics education equips students with critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and how these abilities can be applied to develop innovative solutions to real-world challenges.
Teams of students organize cards depicting fundamental particles based on their characteristics. This activity is a foundation for learning about the Standard Model and parallels the methods used by scientists to organize the elements into the period table.
Teacher Notes
[Particle card set for printing][2]
Session content:
- Network for Astronomy School Education (NASE) introduction (10min)
[NASE website][1]
- Experiment 1: Measuring the luminosity of the Sun with the homemade photometer (20min)
- Experiment 2: Polarisation of light, includes the use of solar glasses (6min)
- Experiment 3: Measuring the rotation period and differential rotation of the Sun, includes the use of solar glasses...
10:45 Introduction
10:55 Measure series circuit
11:00 Measure parallel circuit
11:05 Connect RC circuit
11:10 Voltage decay experiment
11:30 End
Pancreatic cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Despite advances in deep learning based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), pancreatic cancer detection has been underexplored. We present a novel approach for detecting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that incorporates clinically relevant anatomical features such as the pancreatic duct, common bile duct, and...
Title: DFT and Molecular Docking Analyses of the Effects of Solvent Polarity and Temperature on the Structural, Electronic, and Thermodynamic Properties of p-Coumaric Acid: Insights for Anti-Cancer Applications
Umer Sherefedina, Abebe Belaya, Kusse Gudisheb, Alemu Kebedea, Alemayehu Getahun Kumelac, Tadesse Lemma Wakjiraa, Dereje Gelanua, Tesfaye Feyisea, Jebel Haji Mahamuda, Abdulkerim...
This research explores the critical intersection of experimental and computational approaches in gamma-ray spectrometry using thallium-doped sodium iodide (NaI) detectors. Despite advances in detection technology, NaI scintillators remain fundamental tools in radiation analysis due to their exceptional light yield, optimal signal preservation, and practical advantages including...
The measured anomalous magnetic moment of muons is clear evidence of a physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles. We present the some beyond standard model explanations of the muon g-2, which includes a left right model with inverse seesaw neutrino mechanism and a model with leptoquarks.
As it passes through the atmosphere to the ground, solar radiation is attenuated by atmospheric constituents that absorb and diffuse it. Two parameters are used to estimate this attenuation: Linke and Angstrom's turbidity coefficients. In this study, we evaluate these coefficients in order to characterize the thermodynamic state of the northern Benin using data acquired from 2010 to 2015 at...
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the coherent, neutrino-less conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus, an example of Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV). Observation of CLFV at Mu2e would be an unambiguous signal of physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). Mu2e aims to improve previous sensitivity on the conversion rate by four orders...
Understanding sediment dynamics in an estuary is important for environmental management and sustainable development in a region. Kilindini Harbour in Mombasa, Kenya is a natural harbour and serves as the largest port in East Africa. Consequently, it holds significant economic importance for regional trade and commerce. The objective of this study was to analyze sediment movement in the harbour...
Solid-state systems have emerged as highly promising candidates for realizing qubits in quantum technologies. Among these systems, graphene stands out as an exceptional platform due to its remarkable electronic properties and long coherence times. This presentation focuses on investigating the quantum properties of graphene that make it particularly suitable for advancing solid-state quantum...
A new technology is currently being developed for the DUNE Vertical Drift prototype at CERN. By combining the strengths of dual-phase and single-phase designs, the Vertical Drift concept was developed, featuring a single-phase liquid-argon time projection chamber
(TPC). A specific new geometry was created for this prototype.
LArSoft is designed to simulate the physical processes occurring...
