Ms
Chariclia Petridou
(Atomic and Nuclear Physics Laboratory)
15/09/2008, 14:35
On behalf of the Greek HEP Community
The major contributions of the Greek Experimental High Energy Community in both Accelerator and non-Accelerator experiments in the last decade will be presented.
The strong points of the HEP scientific community will be stressed and an outlook for the future activities will be outlined with emphasis on carrying joint R&D projects and participating in...
Mrs
Christine Kourkoumelis
(University of Athens)
15/09/2008, 14:55
The Greek contribution to the construction and commissioning of the ATLAS Muon spectrometer will be reviewed. In addition, the physics studies, leading to lepton final states, performed by the Greek Groups will be summarized.
Dr
Nikolaos Manthos
(University of Ioannina, Physics Department)
15/09/2008, 15:15
In this report the contribution of the Greek teams participating in CMS experiment is briefly presented.
The contribution refers to the CMS Preshower, the CMS trigger/DAQ system, the CASTOR forward calorimeter, the CMS physics reconstruction and selection, and the preparation for Physics analysis
Efstratios Anassontzis
(University of Athens - Physics Department - Nuclear and Particle Physics Section)
15/09/2008, 16:00
NESTOR Collaboration is a key player in the Design Study of the KM3NeT, the
European Deep Sea Neutrino Telescope and claims to have the best site in the Mediterranean for this. In this report we describe briefly the site properties, the pioneer NESTOR expertise, our contribution towards the KM3NeT and present the specially constructed, for telescope modules deployments, ship-platform...
Mr
John OLIVER
(Havard University)
15/09/2008, 17:30
The LSST is an 8.4 meter survey telescope currently under development for operation on the 2,700 meter Cerro Pachon mountaintop in central Chile. LSST will have features which make it uniquely capable of carrying out multiple science missions including “Type 1A” supernovae surveys to constrain dark energy parameters, weak lensing probes for dark matter tomography, transient phenomena, galactic...
Prof.
Volker Lindenstruth
(KIP Uni-Heidelberg)
16/09/2008, 09:00
Since 90 nm, Moore’s Law offers diminishing performance increase,
requires architectural changes:
Bigger LUTs, dedicated hard cores, microprocessors and transceivers.
Virtex-5 had excellent start in 2007
In 2008: Virtex-5 FXT.
PPC440 with attached 5 x 2 Crossbar for performance and flexibility.
GTX Transceivers achieve 6.5 Gbps data throughput.
After 2008 through 2013:
45 nm...
Dr
Steve Worm
(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)
16/09/2008, 09:45
Image Sensors with In-situ Storage (ISIS) are being developed for use in future linear collider and fast imaging applications. The ISIS device consists of pixels each with a short charge storage register. Charge is collected by a photogate and stored in one of many in-pixel storage registers, for readout during quiet periods in the beam duty cycle. For an ILC application it is expected that...
Jamie Crooks
(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)
16/09/2008, 10:10
The leading proposed technology for electromagnetic calorimeters
for ILC detectors is a highly granular silicon-tungsten calorimeter.
We have developed an active pixel sensor for such a calorimeter, which
would have extremely fine granularity, allowing binary pixel readout.
A first generation chip (TPAC1) has been fabricated, and this contains
a 168x168 pixel array, consisting of 50x50...
Dr
Gianluca Aglieri Rinella
(CERN)
16/09/2008, 10:10
The ALICE Silicon Pixel Detector transmits 1200 Fast-OR signals
every 100 ns using its 120 optical readout channels. They indicate
the presence of at least one hit in the pixel matrix of each readout
chip. The ALICE Level 0 Pixel Trigger system extracts, processes
them and delivers an input signal to the Central Trigger processor
for the first level trigger decision within a latency of...
Mr
Michael Karagounis
(Bonn Physics University)
16/09/2008, 11:00
A new hybrid pixel readout integrated circuit denominated FE-I4 is being developed for use in ATLAS upgrades. The design goals include 4 times higher rate capability, 4 times the active area (full reticule), and 38% smaller pixels than the presently used FE-I3 IC. The target applications are a possible smaller radius replacement of the present inner layer and/or outer layers or disks of a...
Dr
Gregory Michiel Iles
(Imperial College)
16/09/2008, 11:00
The CMS Global Calorimeter Trigger (GCT) has been designed, manufactured and commissioned on a short time schedule of approximately two years. The GCT system has gone through extensive testing on the bench and in-situ and its performance is well understood. This paper describes problems encountered during the project, the solutions to them and possible lessons for future designs, particularly...
Mrs
Pamela Klabbers
(University of Wisconsin)
16/09/2008, 11:25
The electronics for the Regional Calorimeter Trigger (RCT) of the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment (CMS) have been produced, tested, and installed. The RCT hardware consists of 1 clock distribution crate and 18 double-sided crates containing custom boards, ASICs, and backplanes. The RCT receives 8 bit energies and a data quality bit from the HCAL and ECAL Trigger Primitive Generators (TPGs)...
Dr
Damien Prieur
(STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)
16/09/2008, 11:50
The ATLAS first-level calorimeter trigger is a hardware-based system designed to identify high-pT jets, electron/photon and tau candidates and to measure total and missing ET in the calorimeters. The installation of the full system of custom modules, crates and cables was completed in late 2007, but, even before the completion, it was being used as a trigger during ATLAS commissioning and...
Ms
Christine HU-GUO
(DRS-IPHC Strasbourg (IReS))
16/09/2008, 11:50
CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) have demonstrated their strong potential for tracking devices, particularly for flavour tagging. They are foreseen to equip several vertex detectors and beam telescopes. Most applications require high read-out speed, requiring sensors featuring digital output with integrated zero suppression. The most recent development of MAPS at IPHC and IRFU...
Giulio Dellacasa
(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN))
16/09/2008, 12:15
The NA62 experiment will need hybrid pixel sensors with a size of 300 um x 300 um and a time resolution of 150 ps (rms). To meet the timing requirement an adequate strategy to compensate the discriminator time-walk must be implemented and an R&D effort investigating two different options is ongoing. In this presentation we describe the two different approaches. One is based on the use of a...
Ms
Andrea Neusiedl
(University of Mainz)
16/09/2008, 12:15
The ATLAS first-level calorimeter trigger is a hardware-based system designed to identify high-pT jets, electron/photon and tau candidates and to measure total and missing ET in the ATLAS calorimeters. Apart from the initial analogue stage, the trigger system consists of a multi-stage pipelined digital processor distributed over several crates of custom-built modules. The high demands for...
Dr
Jeremy Batten
(Cable&Wireless)
16/09/2008, 14:15
This paper summarises the current approaches to high speed optical transmission design. Cable&Wireless operates a large global optical transmission network, with the main purpose of serving the bandwidth market and of providing connectivity for its Internet Protocol data networks. In long haul spans, dense wavelength division multiplexed systems with aggregate capacities of 1Tbit/s per fibre...
Mr
Julien Fleury
(Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire)
16/09/2008, 15:00
SPIROC embeds cutting edge features that fulfil ILC final detector requirements. It has been realized in 0.35m SiGe technology. It has been developed to match the requirements of large dynamic range, low noise, low consumption, high precision and large number of readout channels needed.
SPIROC is an auto-triggered, bi-gain, 36-channel ASIC which allows to measure on each channel the charge...
Mr
Jens Dopke
(University of Wuppertal)
16/09/2008, 15:25
The ATLAS Pixel optical link connects the readout electronic in the counting room and the active detector elements.
After installation the link has been comissioned and tuned. Tests for optical and electrical functionality of components sorted out failures on the off-detector side and had the system more than 99% functional after installation.
For optical links in future detectors in...
Prof.
Jingbo Ye
(Southern Methodist Univeristy, Dpt of Physics)
16/09/2008, 16:15
The LOC ASIC is a serializer for data transmission. This ASIC development is supported by US-ATLAS upgrade program, and is based on a 0.25 μm Silicon on Sapphire technology. Characterization tests on the technology and the first prototype LOC1 have been carried out both in lab and in irradiation tests. Measurement results on jitter and Bit Error Rate of the ASIC as well as the TID and SEE...
Mr
Babak ABI
(Oklahoma State University)
16/09/2008, 16:15
The ATLAS has started the upgrade project to address the upgrade
of the LHC luminosity by factor of 10. ATLAS pixel tracker employs
optical links for communication between the sensors and data
acquisition. We study the radiation hardness of
PiN diodes which are part of the optical link. These components were
irradiated by 200 MeV protons up to 40 MRad and by gamma source
up to 10 MRad....
Dr
Miguel Ullan
(CNM-IMB (CSIC), Barcelona)
16/09/2008, 16:40
As previously reported, silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technologies promise several advantages over CMOS for the ATLAS upgrade [8]. Since our last paper, we have evaluated the relative merits of the latest generations of SiGe HBT BiCMOS technologies, the 8WL and 8HP platforms. These 130nm SiGe technologies show promise to operate at lower power than CMOS...
Prof.
Paul Leroux
(K.H.Kempen)
16/09/2008, 17:05
We present the design and characterization results of different electronic building blocks for a MGy gamma radiation tolerant optoelectronic transceiver aiming at ITER applications. The circuits are implemented using the 70GHz fT SiGe HBT in a 0.35µm BiCMOS technology. A VCSEL driver circuit has been designed and measured up to a TID of 1.6 MGy and up to a bit rate of 622Mbps. No significant...
Dr
Kostas Kloukinas
(CERN)
16/09/2008, 17:30
Daniel Ricci
(CERN)
16/09/2008, 17:30
Anthony Weidberg
(Nuclear Physics Laboratory)
16/09/2008, 17:40
Jingbo Ye
(Southern Methodist University, Department of Physics)
16/09/2008, 17:55
Francois Vasey
(CERN)
16/09/2008, 18:15
Cigdem Issever
(University of Oxford)
16/09/2008, 18:30
Todd Brian Huffman
(Nuclear Physics Laboratory)
16/09/2008, 18:45
Prof.
K.K. Gan
(The Ohio State University)
16/09/2008, 19:00
Mr
Vladimir Ryjov
(CERN)
17/09/2008, 11:00
The CMS Beam Conditions and Radiation Monitoring System (BRM) is composed of different subsystems that perform monitoring of, as well as providing the CMS detector protection from, adverse beam conditions inside and around the CMS experiment. This paper presents the Fast Beam Conditions Monitoring subsystem (BCM1F), which is designed for fast flux monitoring based on bunch by bunch...
Dr
Rachel Avramidou
(CERN and National Technical University of Athens)
17/09/2008, 11:00
The installation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is completed. The magnets are installed and the emphasis is shifted to the commissioning. This work focuses on the commissioning of the cryogenic instrumentation. The LHC is a two-ring superconducting accelerator and pp collider of 27 km circumference.. The dipoles will operate at 8.3 T, cooled by superfluid helium at 1.9 K. The...
Dr
Andrej Gorisek
(J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia)
17/09/2008, 11:25
The ATLAS Beam Condition Monitor (BCM) based on radiation hard pCVD diamond sensors and event-by-event measurements of environment close to interaction point (z=+/-184 cm, r=5.5 cm) has been installed in the Pixel detector since early 2008 and together with the Pixel detector in the ATLAS cavern since June 2007. The sensors and front end electronics was shown to withstand 0.5 Mrad and 10^15...
Dr
Juan Casas-Cubillos
(CERN)
17/09/2008, 11:25
The LHC optics is based in the extensive use of superconducting magnets covering 23 km inside the tunnel. The associated cryogenic system for keeping the magnets in nominal conditions is hence distributed all around the 27 km LHC tunnel and the cryogenic instrumentation submitted to the LHC radiation environment is composed of close to 18’000 sensors and actuators.
Radiation Tolerant (RadTol)...
Lucia Masetti
(Institut fur Physik)
17/09/2008, 11:50
The ATLAS Pixel Detector is the innermost detector
of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
Approximately 80 M electronic channels of the detector, made
of silicon, allow to detect particle tracks
and secondary vertices with very high precision.
After connection of cooling and services and verification of their operation the ATLAS Pixel Detector is now in the...
Mr
Jochen Hartert
(University of Freiburg)
17/09/2008, 11:50
In LHC experiments, a precise measurement of the radiation dose at various detector locations is crucial. In ATLAS, this task is performed by a set of radiation monitors (RADMON) which are able to record Non-Ionising Energy Loss (NIEL), the Total Ionizing Dose (TID) and measure fluences of thermal neutrons. These measurements are vital for understanding the changes in detector performance...
Markus Friedl
(Institute of High Energy Physics (HEPHY))
17/09/2008, 12:15
Modern front-end amplifiers for silicon strip detectors offer fast shaping but consequently are susceptible to input capacitance which is the main contribution to the noise figure. Hence, the amplifier must be close to the sensor which is not an issue at LHC, but a major concern at material budget sensitive experiments such as Belle or the ILC detector.
We present a design of a silicon...
Nicolo Cartiglia
(Univ. + INFN)
17/09/2008, 12:40
This talk reviews the CMS high resolution electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) on- and off-detector electronics and its commissioning within CMS in-situ. In particular it presents results on electronics noise, monitoring, dead channels and performance , together with the experience gained during installation. The talk will also include results from the first months of ECAL operation during...
Dr
Christophe de La Taille
(IN2P3/LAL Orsay)
17/09/2008, 12:40
The front end electronic (PMF) of the future ATLAS luminometer is described here. It is composed by a MAPMT and a compact stack of three PCBs which deliver the high voltage, route and readout the output signals. The third board contains a FPGA and MAROC, a 64 channels ASIC which can correct the non uniformity of the MAPMT channels gain thanks to a variable gain preamplifier. Its main role is...
Guy Perrot
(Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP))
17/09/2008, 13:05
The cryostats of the ATLAS LAr calorimeter system are installed in the ATLAS cavern since several
years. Following this, an effort to install and commission the front end read-out electronics
(infrastructure, crates, boards) has been ongoing and is finished now, in time for the cavern closure.
Following cautious procedures and with continuous testing-campaigns of the electronics at each...
Dr
Achim Vollhardt
(Universitat Zurich)
17/09/2008, 14:15
The LHCb Silicon Tracker is part of the main tracking system of the LHCb detector. It covers the full acceptance angle in front of the dipole magnet in the Trigger Tracker station and the innermost part in the three Inner Tracker stations downstream of the magnet.
We report on final elements of the production, the installation and commissioning process in the experiment. Focusing on...
Mrs
Caroline Magrath
(Radboud University,)
17/09/2008, 14:40
The Barrel and EndCaps of the ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker have been installed in the ATLAS cavern since summer 2007. All the electrical and optical services were connected and rapid tests performed to verify their continuity. Problems with the cooling circuits, meant that the time for detailed tests in 2007 was limited. These problems have now been resolved allowing the SCT to be operated and...
Dr
Katja Klein
(I. Physikalisches Institut (B))
17/09/2008, 14:40
Due to the increase in granularity and higher complexity of the front end electronics needed at the SLHC, an upgrade of the CMS silicon strip tracker is expected to require even more power than the current CMS strip tracker. However, the space available for cables will remain the same as today. In addition, a further increase of the material budget due to cables and cooling is not acceptable...
Mr
Ramesh khanna
(National Semiconductor Corp.)
17/09/2008, 15:05
Buck topology is the workhorse in most of the power electronic devices. Buck converter is step-down DC to DC converter. It utilizes two switches (two FETS or one FET and one diode) along with an output inductor and output capacitor.
Whether you look at the large computer server, personal computer Desktop or laptop, cell phone or GPS unit all will contain a buck topology design in one form...
Mr
Pieter Everaerts
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
17/09/2008, 15:05
During the latter months of 2006 and the first half of 2007, the CMS
Tracker was assembled and operated at the Tracker Integration Facility in Building 186 at CERN. During this time, several dedicated studies were carried out to validate the performance of the tracker after assembly, testing general noise performance, potential interference between subdetectors, and performance at high...
Mr
Robert Stringer
(Department of Physics - University of California)
17/09/2008, 15:30
A report is given on the completed programme of installation, connection and testing of the CMS Tracker services, culminating in the full checkout of the Tracker as an integrated system. Finally, in the context of future upgrades to the CMS Tracker, we report also on the potential capacity and constraints of re-using the current services.
Mr
Peter Phillips
(Particle Physics)
17/09/2008, 15:30
The costs, difficulties and inefficiencies associated with the cabling of silicon detector systems are well known. Serial Powering is an elegant solution to these issues and is being actively pursued by the ATLAS Tracker upgrade community.
Demonstrator supermodules have been produced using the ABCD chip from the present ATLAS SCT together with serial powering circuitry built from commercial...
Dr
Valerie Chambert
(IPN Orsay)
17/09/2008, 16:15
The Alice Muon Spectrometer tracking system is composed of five stations (ST) with two wires chambers each. IPN Orsay is responsible for the electronics design and production for the tracking (1.1M channels), for the readout electronics software and for the ST1 design and building. We will describe the readout architecture based on dedicated Front-End boards, embedded digital crates, and a...
Ivo Gough Eschrich
(UC Irvine)
17/09/2008, 16:40
The ATLAS muon spectrometer employs cathode strip chambers (CSC) to measure high momentum muons in the forward regions (2.1 < |\eta| < 2.7). Due to the severe radiation levels expected in this environment, the on-detector electronics are limited to amplifying and digitizing the signal while sparsification, event building and other tasks are performed off-detector.
We report on the...
Theodoros Alexopoulos
(National Technical University of Athens)
17/09/2008, 16:40
The Detector Control System (DCS) of the power supply of the Monitored Drift Tubes (MDT) detector of the ATLAS experiment at CERN will be presented. The principal task of DCS is to enable and ensure the coherent and safe operation of the detector. The interaction of detector experts, users or even shifters with the detector hardware is performed via DCS. This is the responsible system of...
Dr
Vincenzo Izzo
(Universita di Napoli Federico II and INFN, sez. di Napoli)
17/09/2008, 17:05
The RPC subsystem of the ATLAS muon spectrometer provides the Level-1 trigger in the barrel and it is read out by a specific DAQ system. On-detector electronics pack the RPC data in frames, tagged with an event number assigned by the trigger logic, and transmit them to the counting room on optical fibre. Data from each sector are then routed together to a Read-Out Driver (ROD) board. This is a...
Mr
Georges Blanchot
(CERN)
17/09/2008, 17:05
The conducted and radiated noise that is emitted by a power supply constrains the noise performance of the front-end electronics system that it powers. The characterization of the noise susceptibility of the front-end electronics allows setting proper requirements for the back-end power supply in order to achieve the expected system performance. A method to measure the common mode current...
Marc Weber
(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)
17/09/2008, 17:35
Petr Sicho
(Elementary Particle Division - Institute of Physics - Acad. of S)
18/09/2008, 11:00
The ATLAS Pixel Detector is an 80 M channels silicon tracking system designed to detect charged tracks and secondary vertices with very high precision. An upgrade is presently being considered for the ATLAS Pixel Detector, enabling to cope with higher luminosity at Super-LHC (SLHC).
Options considered for a new detector are discussed, as well as some important R\&D activities, such as...
100.
Design studies of a low power serial data link for a possible upgrade of the CMS pixel detector
Mr
Beat Meier
(Paul Scherrer Institut, Chip Design Group)
18/09/2008, 11:25
The material budget inside the sensitive tracking volume is highly dependent on the dissipated power for data transmission. It is therefore important to have a very low power serial data link, that allows to transmit digital data over short distances within the tracking volume. Such a low power ohmic data transmission through micro-twisted transmission lines aims for a transmission speed of ...
Mark Raymond
(High Energy Phys.Group Blackett-Lab Imp.Coll.)
18/09/2008, 12:15
The increased luminosity at the SLHC and associated increases in occupancy and radiation levels present severe challenges for the CMS tracker, which will require complete replacement. Inner pixellated regions will expand to higher radii and the outer tracker region will most likely be instrumented with short strip silicon sensors. It is also necessary for the tracker to provide information to...
Robert Richter
(Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik)
18/09/2008, 12:40
The upgrade of the LHC towards higher luminosity needs to be matched by an upgrade of the detector performance. In the case of the ATLAS Monitored Drift Tube (MDT) detectors, higher luminosity will result in increased neutron and gamma background rates leading to a reduction of spatial resolution and tracking efficiency as well as to an increase of the required readout bandwidth. In the...
Mr
Dominique Breton
(Laboratoire de l''Accelerateur Lineaire (LAL) (IN2P3) (LAL))
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The new Matacq14 board described in this paper has been designed to digitize 4 channels with 14 bits of resolution at 2 GS/s with an analog bandwidth of 345 MHz. It is not based on commercial ADCs which don’t reach these specifications, but on the low-power custom-designed analog circular memory called MATACQ. It can be triggered internally or externally, and several boards can easily be...
gerard bohner
(LPC Clermont Ferrand)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The resolution needed in the CMOS sensors of the ILC vertex detector implies a digitization of each pixel by a small, 4-5 bits, dedicated ADC.
The ADC characteristics, given by the constraints of the pixel matrix and its read out are for one ADC per column : 10 MS, 25 micron width and about 1mW consumption, thank to the fact that this power could be turn off 99 % of the time.
To fit these...
Sebastien crampon
(LPC Clermont Ferrand)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
This paper describes the front end electronic developed for the IN2P3 INNOTEP project by the pole microelectronic Rhone Auvergne. (Collaboration LPC Clermont Ferrand and IPNL Lyon).
This circuit handles the signals coming from LSO crystals trough photo detectors (APD, PM...), and has to provide energy and time measurement, with medium accuracy (8 bits) for the energy but very high accuracy...
Prof.
Jingbo Ye
(Southern Methodist Univeristy)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The GOL ASIC is a serializer chip developed by CERN based a 0.25 μm CMOS technology. The GOL operates with two data rate: 800 Mbps and 1.6 Gbps. This ASIC has been evaluated for the ATLAS Inner Detector readout upgrades for the SLHC. A demo link is being designed to read out test staves through fiber optics and study system issues in a giga-bit optical link. The results of the radiation...
Mr
Christian Mester
(CERN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
A multi-channel time-tagging Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) ASIC with a resolution of 24.4 ps (bin size) has been implemented and submitted for fabrication in a 130 nm CMOS technology. An on-chip PLL is used to generate an internal timing reference from an external 40 MHz clock source. The circuit is based on a 32 element Delay Locked Loop (DLL) which performs the time interpolation. The 32...
Mr
Stefano Michelis
(CERN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
Given the larger number of channels and the need for reduced material budget in the SLHC trackers, alternatives to the present power distribution scheme have to be explored. In this context we are envisaging a new architecture based on custom switching converters able to work in the high radiation and high magnetic field environment of the experiments. A prototype of the converter has been...
Masatosi Imori
(ICEPP, University of Tokyo)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
A prototype of the low voltage power supply is implemented with a piezoelectric transformer provided by Tokin Corporation lately, where the piezoelectric transformer realizes ground isolation between the primary and the secondary. The low voltage power supply, integrating the piezoelectric transformer, produces the regulated output voltage of 1.5 V from the supply voltage around 48 V.
A...
Vladimir Gromov
(NIKHEF)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
A Current-summing Bandgap reference circuit, has been developed in a 0.13um CMOS technology.
The reference current has low sensitivity to temperature and power supply variations.
In the design we utilize only CMOS structures (instead of diodes) and poly-silicon resistors.
The combination of the natural properties of the thin gate oxide MOS transistors with gate-all-around layout, results...
Mr
Attila Hidvegi
(Stockholm University - Physics Dept.)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The TileCal hadron calorimeter in the ATLAS detector contains about 2000 digitizer boards, developed and maintained by Stockholm University. A rather complex test system has until now been used to verify the functionality of the boards. However, it was built almost 10 years ago and is now in itself difficult to maintain since it consists of several already obsolete parts. The development of a...
Raffaele Giordano
(Universita’ di Napoli ‘Federico II’ and INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli (Italy))
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The double edge Source Synchronous Transfer (2eSST) is the fastest block transfer cycle offered by the VME64x standard. The maximum achievable data-rate foreseen by the protocol is 320 Mbyte/s.
In this paper we present a reference design based on a FPGA for the reader willing to implement 2eSST in his VME64x application. By using this template, we have designed a custom Bit Error Rate Tester,...
Dr
Jinlong Zhang
(Argonne National Laboratory (ANL))
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The ATLAS detector will be exposed to proton proton collision at the center of mass energy of 14 TeV with the bunch crossing rate of 40 MHz. In order to reduce this rate down to the level at which only interesting events will be fully reconstructed, a three-level trigger system has been designed. The level 1 (LVL1) trigger reduces the rate down to 75 kHz via the custom-built electronics. The...
Mr
Georges Blanchot
(CERN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The upgrade of the LHC experiments sets new challenges for the powering of the detectors. One of the powering schemes under study is based on buck converters mounted on the front-end modules. The switching noise emitted by these converters is susceptible to affect the performance of the powered systems. A model to identify and to control the noise sources of the converter was developed. A...
Alexander Singovski
(Tate Lab.of Physics, High Energy Physics)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The CMS ECAL Low Voltage system is made of 136 WIENER MARATON power supplies, delivering about 250kW of power to the on-detector electronics. The system is controlled by the PVSS-based Detector Control System (DCS), which communicates with the MATATON local controllers via 11 CANbus brunches. The stability of the 2.5V power, delivered to the Very-Front-End electronics is controlled by the DCU...
Mr
Daniel Ricci
(CERN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The installation of over 55000 optical links for the readout and control of the CMS Tracker, ECAL and Pixel detectors is now completed at CERN LHC Point 5. During the 2007 cabling campaign 672 optical cables that span between the experimental and service caverns were installed and tested. The connection to the optical, highly dense, patch-panels inside CMS followed in the first months of 2008....
Dr
Filippo Costa
(Department of Physics & INFN Bologna)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The data concentrator card CARLOSrx is a readout board developed for the ALICE ITS Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) experiment held at CERN.
CARLOSrx is a 9Ux400 mm VME board, containing 4 FPGAs with the purpose of processing data coming from 12 SDD detectors and sending them to a computer running the DATE software.
We have 24 CARLOSrx installed at CERN, each CARLOSrx is able to receive data...
Dr
Robert John Bainbridge
(HEP group, Imperial College London)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The CMS silicon strip tracker is the largest device of its type ever built for the detection of charge particles produced in beam-beam collisions. There are 24244 single-sided micro-strip sensors covering an active area of over 200 square meters and nearly ten millions of readout channels. The sub-detector was installed inside CMS in December 2007. We report on detector performance studies...
Dr
Géza Székely
(MTA Atomki, Debrecen, Hungary)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
During the past years our group has built, calibrated, and finally installed all the components of the Muon Barrel Alignment System of the CMS experiment. This paper covers the results of the hardware commissioning, the full system setup and the connection to the CMS Detector Control System (DCS). The step-by-step operation of the system is discussed: from collecting the analog video signals...
Dr
Murrough Landon
(Queen Mary, University of London)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The ATLAS first-level calorimeter trigger is a hardware-based system designed to identify high-pT jets, electron/photon and tau candidates and to measure total and missing ET in the ATLAS calorimeters. The complete trigger system consists of over 300 custom designed VME modules of varying complexity. These modules are based around FPGAs or ASICs with many configurable parameters, both to...
Mr
Jad Marrouche
(Imperial College London)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
A new trigger component based on the uTCA standard is being developed for the CMS Global Calorimeter Trigger (GCT). The new system is designed to handle the exchange of data between GCT and the Global Muon Trigger and is called the GCT Muon System. The GCT muon system consists of a uTCA crate with a custom uTCA backplane instrumented with several Matrix processor cards, which use a Xilinx...
Mr
Mircea Bogdan
(The University of Chicago)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
We present the proposed Data Acquisition (DAQ) System for the KL Experiment at J-Parc, Japan. It comprises three distinctive flavors of 6U VME boards: a 14-bit, 125 MHz ADC module for reading out an approximately 3000-channel Cesium-Iodide (CsI) detector; a 12-bit, 500 MHz ADC module for reading out a 100-channel Beam Hole Phase Veto (BHPV) detector; and a digital Trigger module able to...
Dr
Satish Dhawan
(Yale University)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
Our group is researching commercial power converters having voltage ratios greater than ten that are capable of running in the ATLAS Silicon Tracker high luminosity upgrade environment. The devices therefore must operate in a high magnetic field (2 T) and be radiation hard to ~50-100 MRad and ~ 1015 neq/cm2. These converters are to be mounted on the same multi-chip modules as the ASIC readout...
Mohsine Menouni
(Unknown)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The single event upset (SEU) tolerance of various latch designs in 0.13um CMOS technology has been studied by both measurement and simulation. The aim of this work is to optimize the design for critical registers on the next generation pixel readout chip for ATLAS upgrades (denominated FE-I4). Results form irradiations with 24 GeV protons will be presented and compared to previous values...
Ms
Winnie Wong
(CERN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
Medipix3 is a single photon-counting hybrid pixel detector which records the discrete number of photons incident on a pixel. It aims to diminish the effects of charge diffusion across the sensor volume by considering the total charge collected by all pixels within a local neighbourhood during the evaluation of a charge event. The integration of multiple functions within the compact pixel area...
Diogo Di Calafiori
(ETH Zurich, Switzerland)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
A full scale implementation of the Detector Control System (DCS) for the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) in the CMS experiment is presented.
The operational experience from the ECAL commissioning at the CMS experimental cavern and from the first ECAL and global CMS data taking runs is discussed and summarized.
Dr
Fernando Arteche
(Instituto Tecnológico de Aragón)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The electromagnetic noise characterization of the FEE and the compatibility of the different systems are important topics to consider during the experiment upgrades. A new power distribution scheme based on switching power converters is under study and will define a noticeable noise source very close to the FEE detector electronics. The knowledge of the FEE noise issues in previous detectors...
Prof.
Stylianos Siskos
(Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki, Physics Dept., Electronics Lab.,)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
An advanced VLSI analog readout architecture, dedicated for X-ray imaging. Critical design issues such as the noise optimization and the shaper implementation technique are addressed and the first test results of a fabricated prototype in a 0.35 μm 3.3 V CMOS process are presented. Important feature of the design is the novel CR-RC2 pulse shaper configuration since in this section,...
Mr
Manuel Koch
(University of Bonn - Physikalisches Institut)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The DEPFET sensor is a favorable technology for use in particle physics experiments. The current system is developed for application in the vertex detector of the planned International Linear Collider (ILC). Besides high spatial resolution, low noise and a low material budget a very high readout speed is required. A new prototype readout system has been built; utilizing a new generation of...
Mr
FREDERIC DULUCQ
(Laboratoire de l Accelerateur Lineaire)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
PARISROC is the front end ASIC designed to read 16 PMT for neutrino experiments. It’s able to shape, discriminate, convert and readout data in an autonomous mode. The digital part manages each channel independently thanks to 4 modules: top manager, acquisition, conversion and readout. Acquisition is in charge to manage the SCA with a depth of 2 for charge and fine time measurement. Coarse time...
Mr
Alejandro Gil-Ortiz
(IFIC)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
This contribution presents the power supply system designed for the frontend electronics of the HADES RPC detector, installed at GSI (Darmstadt, Germany). The system is designed as a distributed architecture and contains custom Low Voltage boards based on DC-DC switching converters to obtain high efficiency and reduce spacing. The switching converters have been conveniently filtered to reduce...
Dr
Anatoli Konoplyannikov
(Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP))
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
All calorimeter sub-detectors in LHCb, the Scintillator Pad Detector (SPD), the Preshower detector (PS), the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) and the Hadron Calorimeter (HCAL) are equipped with the Hamamatsu photomultiplier tubes (PMT) as devices for light to electrical signal conversion. The PMT gain behavior is not stable in a time, due to changes in the load current and due to...
Mr
Daniel Eriksson
(Department of Physics-Stockholm University)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
There are many reasons for keeping the number of communication fibers in a data acquisition system to a minimum. We are therefore evaluating different schemes for using Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) techniques. WDM is a useful tool for achieving high data bandwidths when up scaling current systems and to allow fiber sharing between multiple data sources. Different strategies such as...
Ermanno Imbergamo
(Univ + INFN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
We present the design of the trigger and DAQ system for NA62, with
emphasis to the first level of trigger (L0).
The L0 level runs on-line and is designed as a segment of the DAQ chain.
FPGAs are used to evaluate fast trigger conditions, entirely on
the digitized information from read-out electronics.
In this way, the whole digitized information from detector is available
for...
Mr
Florian Herrmann
(Fakultaet fuer Physik - Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
Many experiments in physics with high data rates, short analog signal pulses (40ns), fast rising edges and large dynamic ranges require transient recorders with very high resolution. Additionally double pulses can occur on many spectroscopy experiments, like the COMPASS recoil proton detector. These pulses are recorded and separated by numerical digital processes to extract time and amplitude...
Dr
Jose Torres
(Universidad de Valencia)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
Traditionally, Optimal Filtering Algorithm has been implemented using general purpose programmable DSP chips. Alternatively, new FPGAs provide a highly adaptable and flexible system to develop this algorithm.
TileCal ROD is a multi-channel system, where similar data arrives at very high sampling rates and is subject to simultaneous tasks. It include different FPGAs with high I/O and with...
Dr
Daniel Lacarrere
(CERN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The grounding, shielding and cooling issues are important factors in the design and the maintenance of all the electronics systems. Inadequate grounding, shielding or cooling can lead to unreliable operation of the sub-detectors. This paper provides an overview on the LHCb strategy and achievements in the field of grounding, shielding and cooling for the electronics equipments.
Dr
Salvatore Loffredo
(Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Roma Tre and Università di Roma Tre)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
Two high-resolution time-interval measuring system implemented in a SRAM-based FPGA device are presented. The two methods ought to be used for time interpolation within the system clock cycle. We designed and built a PCB hosting a Virtex-5 Xilinx FPGA and high stability oscillators to test the two different architectures. In the first method, dedicated carry lines are used to perform fine time...
Mr
Detlef Swoboda
(CERN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The ALICE Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC) have been installed to either side of the LHC IP2 in the machine tunnel next to the dipole magnet D2. The calorimeter modules are mounted on a special table equipped with a mechanism to lower the modules away from the beam orbit during injection and acceleration. During stable operation the modules can be raised individually to be aligned with the beam...
Dr
Attila RACZ
(CERN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
This paper describes in detail the infrastructures/installation of the CMS on-line
computing center (CMSCC) and its associated monitoring system .
In summer 2007, 640 readout Units/builder Units have been deployed along with ~150 servers for DAQ general services. Since summer 2008, ~500 filter units have been added and today, the CMSCC has an on-line processing capability sufficiant for a...
Luigi Gaioni
(Università di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
This work describes a laboratory instrument that was developed to characterize the gate current noise performances of CMOS devices with minimum feature size in the 100 nm span. As a consequence of the reduction of the gate oxide thickness, these devices are affected by a non-negligible gate current due to direct tunneling phenomena. In this paper, the analysis of this noise contribution is...
Mr
Christophe VESCOVI
(LPSC/CNRS/IN2P3/UJF)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The Italian National Centre for Oncological hAdrontherapy (CNAO) is undergoing its final construction phase in Pavia and will use proton and carbon ion beams to treat patients affected by solid tumors. At the hearth of CNAO is a 78 meters circumference synchrotron, capable of accelerating particle up to 400 MeV/u with a repetition rate of 0.4 Hz. Particle acceleration is done by a unique...
Dr
Domenico Lo Presti
(CATANIA UNIVERSITY - PHYSICS DEPARTMENT)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
A proposal for a new front-end architecture intended to
capture signals in the optical module of an underwater
neutrino telescope is described. It concentrates on the
problem of power consumption, signal reconstruction, charge
and time precision. Preliminary test results on a
demonstration board are shown.
Mr
Mikhail Matveev
(Rice University)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
In this paper we discuss two ideas related to the design and application of mezzanine cards in the Endcap Muon (EMU) Cathode Strip Chamber (CSC) electronic system at the CMS experiment at CERN. The first is a proposal to upgrade the FPGA-based mezzanine cards using the most advanced Xilinx Virtex-5 family of FPGA. The second is related to design of a simple and compact mezzanine card with a...
Prof.
Stylianos Siskos
(Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki, Physics Dept., Electronics Lab., Thessaloniki, Greece)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
In this work, a detailed comparison of four equivalent charge-sensitive, folded-cascode amplifiers in terms of noise performance is presented. A couple of complementary structures, one with a noise-optimised input nMOSFET and the other with a noise-optimised input pMOSFET were designed in 0.35 um CMOS process by Austria MicroSystems (AMS). Another couple of complementary structures consisting...
Dr
Anthony Weidberg
(Nuclear Physics Laboratory)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The optical links for the SCT have all been installed in ATLAS and are now used for data taking. This talk will review the processes required for the commissioning the links and the tools used to set-up the links and monitor their performance. This allows for an assessment of the current quality of the optical links as well as starting to monitor their long term performance. The methodology...
Dr
B. Todd Huffman
(University of Oxford)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The luminosity upgrade for the LHC (SLHC), will require new inner detectors capable of operating in the harsher SLHC environment. The expected SLHC doses are a factor of four times higher than those assumed for the LHC detectors. An optical readout system is planned for which all on-detector components must be significantly more radiation tolerant than was required for the current LHC...
Dr
Gisele Martin-Chassard
(IN2P3/OMEGA-LAL)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
PARISROC is a complete read out chip in AMS SiGe 0.35m technology for photomultipliers array. It is made to allow triggerless acquisition for next generation neutrino experiments. The ASIC integrates 16 independent channels with variable gain and provides charge and time measurement by a 12-bit ADC and a 24-bits Counter.
Dr
David Cussans
(University of Bristol)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
In the current CMS tracker power cables constitute a substantial
fraction of its dead-material. In an upgraded tracker for an SLHC the
current scheme of supplying power independently to each module is
unlikely to be tenable due to excessive dead-material. A review of
the current ideas for power distribution for a CMS tracker at the SLHC
are presented, the experimental methods used to...
Dr
Miguel Ullán
(CNM-IMB (CSIC), Barcelona)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
SiGe BiCMOS technologies are being proposed for the Front-end readout of the detectors in the middle region of the ATLAS-Upgrade. The radiation hardness of the SiGe bipolar transistors is being assessed for this application through irradiations with different particles. Biasing conditions during irradiation of bipolar transistors or circuits have an influence on the damage and there is a risk...
Dr
Robert Frazier
(H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The CMS Global Calorimeter Trigger (GCT) is the device within the CMS Calorimeter Trigger system which is assigned the tasks of finding and sorting forward-, central- and tau-jet candidates, sorting isolated and non-isolated electron candidates, and reading out all the calorimeter trigger data. The GCT system is modular and uses 1.6 Gbps optical links to concentrate the calorimeter data in...
Mr
Julien Fleury
(LAL - Omega)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
Integration and low-power consumption of the read-out ASIC for the International Linear Collider (ILC) 82-million-channel W-Si calorimeter must reach an unprecedented level as it will be embedded inside the detector. Uniformity and dynamic range performance has to reach the accuracy to achieve calorimetric measurement. A first step towards this goal has been a 10,000-channel physics prototype...
Daniel Charlet
(Laboratoire de l''Accelerateur Lineaire (LAL) (IN2P3) (LAL))
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The LHCb sub-detector electronics requires a configuration bus able to communicate efficiently and reliably over an up to 120-meter line, between a master, located in the counting room which is not exposed to radiation, and up to 32 slaves located on the detector close to electronics boards. The slaves have been developed in order to work properly in radiation exposed environment (up to...
Tony Rohlev
(Sincrotrone Trieste)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
FERMI@ELETTRA is a 4th generation light source under construction at Sincrotrone Trieste. It will be operated as a seeded FEL driven by a warm S-band Linac which places very stringent specifications on control of the amplitude and phase of the RF stations. The local clock generation and distribution system at each station will not be based on the phase reference distribution but rather on a...
Dr
Rainer Stamen
(University of Heidelberg)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter trigger is a hardware-based system which aims to identify high-pt objects within an overall latency of 2.5us. It is composed of a Preprocessor system which digitises 7200 analogue input channels, determines the bunch crossing of the interaction, and provides a fine calibration; and two subsequent digital processors.
The Preprocessor system needs various...
Cesar Torcato De Matos
(University of Minho)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The ALICE Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD) optical data stream includes 1200 Fast-OR signals indicating the presence of at least one pixel hit in each of the detector readout chips. The Pixel Trigger (PIT) extracts the Fast-OR signals from the data lines and processes them to contribute to the Level 0 trigger in the ALICE Central Trigger Processor (CTP).
We present here the design, the...
Francesco Crescioli
(Univ. of Pisa + INFN Pisa)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
Modern experiments search for extremely rare processes hidden in much larger background levels. As the experiment complexity and the accelerator backgrounds and luminosity increase we need increasingly complex and exclusive selections to be efficient selecting the rare events inside the huge background. We present a fast, high-quality, track-based event selection for the self-triggered SLIM5...
Dr
Sergei Lusin
(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL))
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The power system for the on-detector electronics of the CMS Experiment comprises approximately 12000 low voltage channels, with a total power requirement of 1.1 MVA.
The radiation environment inside the CMS experimental cavern combined with an ambient magnetic field reaching up to 1.3 kGauss at the detector periphery severely limit the available choices of low voltage supplies, effectively...
Mr
Olivier Gutzwiller
(Conseil Europeen Recherche Nucl. (CERN))
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
ATLAS is the largest particle detector at the new accelerator Large Hadron Collider (LHC), scheduled to start operations in summer 2008 at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. ATLAS will study proton-proton collisions at the unprecedented energy of 14TeV. In order to guarantee efficient and safe operation of the ATLAS detector, an advanced Detector Control System (DCS) has been implemented. With more...
Dr
Massimiliano Bitossi
(INFN PISA)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The MAGIC telescope is the world’s largest gamma ray telescope, designed to look at the light emitted by air shower by Cherenkov effect. It is operating since 2004 at the Roque de Los Muchachos observatory, La Palma, Canary islands. MAGIC-II is the upgrade of the project, consisting of a twin telescope frame with innovative features like new photon detectors to lower the threshold energy...
Dr
Olivier Bob
(Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The Liquid Argon Jet Trigger, installed in the H1 experiment at HERA,
implements in 800 ns a real-time cluster algorithm by finding local
energy maxima, summing their immediate neighbors, sorting the
resulting "jets" by energy, and applying topological conditions. It
operated since the year 2006 and drastically reduced the thresholds
for triggering on electrons and jets.
Mr
Gueorgui Antchev
(CERN PH-TOT)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
The TOTEM Roman Pot Motherboard (RPMB) is the main component of the Roman Pot front-end electronic system. It is mounted on the Roman Pot between detector hybrids and patch panel. The RPMB main objectives are to acquire on-detector data and trigger information from up to 10 hybrids, to perform data conversion form electrical to optical format and to transfer it to the next level of the system....
Dr
Paul Aspell
(CERN)
18/09/2008, 16:15
Poster
VFAT is the front-end ASIC designed for the charge readout of silicon and gas detectors within the TOTEM experiment of the LHC.
A stand alone portable Totem Test Platform (TTP) with USB interface has been developed for the systematic testing of the TOTEM hybrids equipped with VFAT chips. This paper is divided into 3 sections; the first describes the hardware features of the TTP, the second...
Dr
Riccardo Travaglini
(Dipartimento di Fisica-INFN Bologna-Italy)
19/09/2008, 09:00
Drift Tubes chambers are used for muon detection in the central region of the CMS experiment at LHC. Custom electronics is used for reconstructing muon track segments and for triggering the CMS readout. The trigger Sector Collector modules collect muon segments identified by the on-chamber devices, synchronize the data received from different chambers and convert from LVDS to Optical for...
Fukun Tang
(Enrico Fermi Institute - University of Chicago)
19/09/2008, 09:00
Time-of-flight techniques with resolution of a one to several picoseconds would allow the measurement of 4-vectors of relativistic particles at high energy colliders, the association of photons with collision vertices, and the construction of spectrometers with which to study muon cooling without magnetic spectrometers.
In order to take advantage of photo-detectors with intrinsic single...
Dr
John Jones
(Princeton University)
19/09/2008, 09:25
The size and complexity of the latest generations of FPGAs has increased dramatically. This in turn means that the time taken to develop and build even small firmware projects is increasing exponentially. Pre-constrained logic placement and routing is becoming critically important for the use of specialized components in the FPGA such as serial link interfaces. This necessitates significant...
Mr
Yasuyuki Okumura
(Nagoya University)
19/09/2008, 09:25
The ATLAS Level1 endcap muon trigger selects interesting events containing muons with Pt greater than 6GeV/c from 40MHz proton-proton collisions. This system consists of 3,600 Thin Gap Chambers (TGCs) and the total number of readout channels is 320,000. This trigger logic is based on the coincidence between 7 layers of TGCs. All processes are performed on fast electronics within 2.5 micro...
Dr
Saverio Minutoli
(INFN - Genova)
19/09/2008, 09:50
Totem is an experiment located at CERN and devoted to the measurement of the proton-proton elastic and total cross section at LHC. TOTEM and CMS foresee a program of common measurements on diffractive physics.
This presentation will be focused on the design of T1 detector, devoted to the measurement of the inelastic rate, made of Cathod Strip Chambers.
We will present the complete...
Andrea Messina
(Conseil Europeen Recherche Nucl. (CERN)-Unknown-Unknown)
19/09/2008, 10:15
The ATLAS Level-1 Central Trigger (L1CT) consists of the Central Trigger
Process (CTP) and the Muon to Central Trigger Processor Interface
(MuCTPI). The CTP forms the final Level-1 Accept (L1A) decision based
on the information received from the Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger system
and from the muon trigger system through the MuCTPI. Additional inputs
are provided for the forward...
Mr
Larry G. Edson
(Consultant)
19/09/2008, 14:15
1) Circuit boards fail primarily for mechanical and electro-chemical reasons.
2) Failure mechanisms in circuit boards.
a) Vibration (mechanical fatigue).
b) Mechanical shock (high stress).
c) Thermal fatigue (thermally induced fatigue).
d) Humidity effects (diffusion of water vapor).
e) Condensing moisture effects (electromigration and dendritic growth).
3) These failure mechanisms...
