The explanation of the photo-electric effect in 1905 literally shed light on the structure of matter. Nevertheless, it still took 40 years before the first practical solid devices exploited this understanding for detection of ionizing nuclear particles. From then on, during 70 years a succession of innovations has led to widespread use of semiconductor nuclear detectors in physics, materials...
Introductory concepts: cross section, mean free path and attenuation coefficients. Interaction of photons with matter: photoelectric effect (Auger electrons and fluorescence photons), Compton scattering, pair production, Rayleigh scattering. Interaction of electrons with matter. Emphasis on materials commonly used as radiation detectors (Si, GaAs, CdTe, CdZnTe, Ge)
Semiconductor properties, the p-n junction (depletion width, capacitance), fluctuations on the charge (Fano factor), signal induction, drift, diffusion and the small pixel effect. Detectors classification (for example: 1. Hybrid (1.a. hybrid, 1.b. hybrid+3d), 2. Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (2.a CMOS with charge collection on epitaxial layer, 2.b. Depleted MAPS (HV or HR substrate), CMOS on...
CMOS transistors, Moore’s law, technology roadmap, operation and characteristics (equations for strong and weak inversion), (very short description of bipolars, circuits where they are used) small signal circuit, matching, noise, passive components in CMOS technologies, radiation effects, technology scaling.
Analog CMOS circuit design: The charge sensitive amplifier (Noise mechanisms, ENC, noise sources, dimensioning the input transistor, the preamplifier reset, the shaper, baseline stabilization, discriminator, sample and hold, ADCs, TDCs, packaging and interconnects, examples.
Analog CMOS circuit design: The charge sensitive amplifier (Noise mechanisms, ENC, noise sources, dimensioning the input transistor, the preamplifier reset, the shaper, baseline stabilization, discriminator, sample and hold, ADCs, TDCs, packaging and interconnects, examples.
Si and compound semiconductor sensor design (distances, implantation, interpixel capacitance), edgeless Si sensors. Interconnections: Bump bonding, TSV (types, processing steps, materials involved, etc.)
Radiation hardness in semiconductor detectors. 3D detectors.
Applications of hybrid pixel detectors: medical, space applications, dosimetry, material science, electron microscopy
Applications of hybrid pixel detectors: medical, space applications, dosimetry, material science, electron microscopy.
ASICs for spectroscopic X-Ray imaging, digitization methods, count-rate, strategies for dealing with high fluxes, charge summing and hit allocation architectures, power consumption, detector tiling.
Passive monolithic pixel sensors and active monolithic pixel sensors: CCDs, CMOS with charge collection on epitaxial layer, Depleted MAPS (HV or HR substrate), CMOS on SOI, DEPFETs
Space applications of semiconductor detectors: pixel detectors, strip detector, Compton detectors. Examples: AMS, Astrogam, LOFT, Athena.
- Basic Concepts
- Milestones and Trends
- Imaging vs Computer Vision
- Photodiodes and Pixels
- Readout and Sensor Architectures
- Exemplary 2-D Sensors
- Motivations for Time-of-Flight Estimation.
- Evolution of 3D Shape Measurement
- ToF Estimation in CMOS Technology
- Single-Photon Detection in CMOS
- SPAD Arrays For 3D Imaging
- Si-PM For PET and HEP
Review of photodetectors model: APD, SPAD, SiPM. Front end electronics for photodetectors: input stage (charge amplifier, transimpedance, RF amplifiers), effect of interconnetions. Optimal processing for timing: design considerations, filtering, TDC design, etc. Examples of readout ASICs for photodetection.
PANalytical provides solutions for the chemical (which and how much of certain elements) and structural (in what molecular structure) analysis of a wide variety of materials. Our customers can be found in virtually all markets including building materials, metals, mining, food, pharma, cosmetics, polymers, oils, plastics, thin film metrology, nanomaterials and many more in industries and...
Digitizers for photodetectors: ADCs, waveform sampling, etc. Digital pulse processing with emphais on timing properties extraction.
Applications of photodetectors in high energy physics and medical imaging. Focused on solid state (APDs, SPADs, SIPM) but in context of PMT technology.
pplication of photodetectors in Super-resolution Microscopy, Single Molecule Spectroscopy, Time-resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Application of photodetctors in ground and space astrophsyics instruments. CD and CMOS Imaging Devices for Ground Based Telescopes and Space Missions. Cosmic ray amd VHE particle detection with solid state photo-sensors.
