Continuous wave (CW) ion beam power of 170 kW has been recently demonstrated with the Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) linac CAFe at IMP. A 2.45 GHz microwave ion source was used as the beam injector at the warm front end. For the stable operation at such a beam power, total extraction beam current of more than 25 mA was delivered at the beam energy of 20 keV according to the design...
This paper introduces the development of a compact high-yield DD neutron generator in China Institute of Atomic Energy. The generator uses a 2.45 GHz high current ECR ion source to generate a 10 mA D beam. The experimental results show that the 200 keV beam energy can be reached. A copper drive-in target structure with water-cooled is adopted. The target surface does not need to be charged...
The CERN ALPHA experiment makes precision measurements of antihydrogen atoms, confined in a superconducting magnetic minimum trap. Recent measurements of the antihydrogen spectrum have already provided high-resolution tests of fundamental symmetries, and ALPHA has now embarked on an ambitious upgrade programme aimed at directly comparing both hydrogen and antihydrogen within their existing...
Dynamics of an axial-symmetric electron beam moving in a rarefied plasma is investigated analytically. The model based on Kapchinsky-Vladimirsky approach is applied, which is valid up to the beam currents near Alfven limit. In approximation of a quasi-neutral regime the nonlinear equation for the beam radius is solved, the results of its numerical integration are presented. The conditions of...
At TRIUMF, 1+ Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) of noble gases, halogens, and molecules are created using a Forced Electron Beam Induced Arc Discharge (FEBIAD) ion source. Reported ionization efficiencies for FEBIADs at other facilities range from 10% to 25% for 40Ar+, while TRIUMF-FEBIAD ionization efficiency is $<$ 1% with an emittance $<$ 15 um. As RIB ion sources aim for a high ionization...
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) column is an optical instrument that allows the production of ion beams with spots size down to few tens of nanometers. FIB is today an essential technology used for micromachining as well as microscopy. The resolution of the FIB is driven by the ion source properties, brightness, energy spread and angular density and also by aberrations induced by optical elements of...
TRIUMF’s 500 MeV cyclotron has been fed by an arc discharge H$^-$ ion source developed in-house 30 years ago. Since then, the existing rare isotope facility ISAC and the new rare isotope facility ARIEL in TRIUMF have required more and more proton beam current from the cyclotron. To satisfy the growing intensity of proton beams from cyclotron, the ion source beam current and brightness needed...
The optics of the negative ion beam of SPIDER experiment is characterized by studying the width of the accelerated beamlets when varying the experimental conditions. The beam, which is composed by many beamlets, is observed by 15 visible cameras, and a multi-Gaussian fit of their profiles provides the width, the position and the intensity of the different beamlets, giving a spatial profile...
The simulation experiments for investigation of reactor material resistance are ongoing at heavy ion linear accelerator HIPr in Institute for theoretical and experimental physics (ITEP – NRC “Kurchatov institute”). The helium accumulation in reactor materials can be simulated by implantation helium ions in the location of damages generated by the heavy ion beam. The $^3\textsf{He}_2$+ beam...
Experiments on irradiation of high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) materials simulating the results of radiation exposure are carried out at ITEP at the HIPr accelerator. Samples of HTSC are irradiated by a copper ion beam generated by metal vapor vacuum-arc (MEVVA) ion source and accelerated to an energy of 6.4 MeV. The results of experiments give unique information on the radiation...
High resolution of mass separation is important to the radioactive isotopes on-line separation facilities. This specification often implies that energy desperation and emittance of beams are small. A method by buffer gas collisions under Radio Frequency Quadrupole RFQ to improve beam quality is a feasible way for radioactive ion beams. Due to the requirements of RIB’s high resolution mass...
Project of the proton accelerator-driven compact neutron source DARIA(Dedicated for Academic Research and Industrial Application) is developed in order to replace small and middle flux neutron sources based on the nuclear reactors. DARIA has a uniquely high ratio of efficiency to cost due to deep optimization of each key element of the system (proton injector and accelerator, target, neutron...
By now, the fluxes of accelerated negative ions of steel an indispensable tool for accelerators, plasma physics, solid state physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, important areas of new technique and technology. It arouses increased interest to the development of intensive sources of these particles.
The cesiation effect - a significant increase in the emission of negative ions from the...
The existing MEDeGUN Brillouin-type electron gun at the TwinEBIS test bench is, according to Herrmann theory, capable of producing an electron beam with a current density of 3850 A/cm2 in the 2 T solenoid. To control the electron beam current density and the magnetic flux inside the beam, the existing electron gun - now using purely electrostatic focusing - can be modified by permitting...
In the J-PARC user operation from Nov. 2020 – Apr. 2021, continuous operation up to 3,651 hours of J-PARC RF (Radio Frequency) negative hydrogen ion (H-) source has been achieved. The ion source was operated with the output H- current of 60 mA. After the operation, phase space diagrams at the end of LEBT (Low Energy Beam Transport), which corresponds to RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole)...
One dimensional Child-Langmuir (C-L) law is commonly used in ion source physics to describe space charge limited ion extraction from the plasma. However, C-L law is not strictly valid for plasma ion sources as the emission surface is dynamically changing plasma meniscus, not a fixed planar electrode. The applicability of the recently developed 3D C-L law to positive ion extraction from...
Several research and developments have been performed at a compact ECR ion source (Kei3) with a fixed magnetic field for high-energy carbon-ion radiotherapy. In order to improve the beam current of multiply charged ions such as the neon and the argon, the two microwave frequency heating method was tested. Microwaves are introduced from the vacuum box on the upstream side of the plasma chamber...
To investigate the trigger mechanism of electron cyclotron instabilities in highly charged electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS), the microwave emission, wall bremsstrahlung and beam current signals were synchronously measured on SECRAL-II (Superconducting ECR ion source with Advanced design in Lanzhou No. II) ion source with various magnetic field configurations. The experimental...
The electrostatic probe-based photodetachment technique with one or two laser beams can provide insight on the negative ion absolute densities or even dynamics, respectively, in electronegative plasmas. In this work, this diagnostic is installed in the ECR-driven (2.45 GHz) source “Prometheus I” and numerous details of the setup design along with the underlying physics are discussed for its...
The ReA post-accelerator of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory employs an Electron-Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) as a charge breeder to reaccelerate rare-isotope beams to several MeV/u. The Facility for Rare-Isotope Beams (FRIB) is near completion and will provide RIB rates expected to exceed in some cases 10$^{10}$ particles/s. The ReA EBIT operates with an electron current of 300 – 600...
Ion beam extraction simulation codes like IBSimu use approximative models for predicting the size and location of the plasma sheath inside an ion source. The plasma sheath has a strong focusing effect in the formation of an ion beam from the plasma. Emittance of the extracted beam depends on the shape and location of the plasma sheath inside the ion source. In the present study, the variation...
An Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source is used as the charge state booster at the Isotope Separator and Accelerator facility of TRIUMF. Since its commissioning in 2010, the modified 14.5 GHz PHOENIX booster has been used to charge breed radioactive ions ranging from potassium to erbium operating in single-frequency heating mode. Under this regime, the efficiency of the booster was measured...
For the stable J-PARC operation, it is important for the J-PARC Cesiated RF-Driven Hˉ Ion Source to produce the stable beam with the same superior quality, such as the small transverse emittances. Only three plasma chambers so called #7, #8 and #9 among 11 chambers are being used for the J-PARC operation, since their beam qualities are more superior than those of others. However, the...
For focused ion beam applied to secondary ion mass spectrometry,reduced brightness related to beam current,beam size and energy spread is a key parameter to evaluate beam quality.An ion beam size measurement device with knife-edge sweeping method aimed to measure the diameter of 10μm scale has been developed.The device enables to measure beam current changes as a function of knife-edge...
Linear accelerator I-3 at Institute for theoretical and experimental physics (ITEP) consists of a buncher, two-gap 2 MV accelerating cavity and a beam transport line. Laser ion source is used to generate ions for the linac. The ion source is based on pulsed CO2 laser setup with radiation-flux density of 1011 W/cm2 at the target surface. Beam of carbon ions with energy of ~9 MeV was used to...
Using collinear optical pumping technique, the laser-nuclear-polarization beam facility at TRIUMF-ISAC has successfully provided highly polarized radioactive isotope beams, such as $^{8}$Li and $^{31}$Mg, to study material science, biochemistry, nuclear physics, and fundamental symmetries. An overview of the polarizer facility will be presented. The system upgrade and future development plan...
In a high-intensity ion beam accelerator, a non-destructive beam profile diagnostic system is required since destructive measurements can cause system failure or radio-activations of the monitor components due to energy deposition. We have been developing a non-destructive beam spatial profile monitor using a gas sheet. The sheet-shaped gas formed by a technique of rarefied gas dynamics is...
The Californium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) facility is changing the mechanism for creating neutron-rich fission products. Spontaneous fission from a $^{252}$Cf source has provided beams to support the low energy and accelerated-beams ATLAS programs. $^{252}$Cf has a 2.65-year half-life, requiring the source to be replaced every three years to maintain high beam intensities....
In this paper we present the numerical design and simulation of RF antennas to be employed in Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) systems working in an ECRIS setup. A 3D full-wave numerical model, based on the coupling between COMSOL FEM solution of Maxwell equations and the MATLAB-computed non-homogeneous plasma dielectric tensor, has been employed in order to study the performance of...
The ion source at the ELISE test facility is an intermediate step towards the operation of the ITER source and demonstrates fulfillment of the ITER NBI requirements in hydrogen (H). However, in deuterium (D) operation the co-extracted electron current (Ie) is higher and limits the source performance. In the standard setup of ELISE, Ie is reduced by a positive potential applied to the...
One of the methods used to produce ions of metals and metal oxides is through extracting them from a magnetron sputtering ion source. In this study, the extraction of ions from a compact, reactive magnetron sputtering source is investigated, with water vapor as reactive gas. The use of water vapor has been shown to improve the film’s properties, through the introduction of hydrogen ions. To...
MedAustron is a synchrotron-based Particle Therapy Accelerator located in lower Austria, delivering proton and carbon beams in the range of 62-252.7 MeV/u and 120-400 MeV/u respectively in two medical treatment rooms. A proton Gantry was also recently commissioned for a third medical treatment room. A fourth beamline with a dedicated experimental room is used for non-clinical research. The...
At Central Michigan University (CMU), we are developing the CMU High Precision Penning trap (CHIP-TRAP) with the aim of performing high-precision mass measurements on stable and long-lived radioactive isotopes. The major goals of the CHIP-TRAP are to measure $^{163}$Ho EC Q-value to $\sim$1eV to aid direct neutrino mass determination experiments with $^{163}$Ho, such as HOLMES and EcHO, and to...
RF-driven negative hydrogen ion sources are operated at low frequencies around 1 MHz, gas pressures around or below 1 Pa and large power densities up to 10 Wcm$^{−3}$. Owing to these conditions and further design criteria, such as discharge geometry and antenna layout, the RF power coupling is far from optimized, i.e. only a fraction η of the power delivered by the generator is absorbed by the...
The CANadian Rare isotope facility with Electron-Beam ion source (CANREB) at TRIUMF is set to deliver rare isotope beams in high charge states. In the Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) ions are charge-bred by collisions with an electron beam of up to 500 mA. A strong magnetic field (up to 6T) maximizes the electron beam density and increases the breeding efficiency. Ion confinement is maintained...
A laser ion source provides an ion beam extracted from a plasma produced by irradiating a high power laser on a solid target. The ion species contained in the plasma are analyzed with an electrostatic ion analyzer. In order to distinguish the ions, the spectral width of ion signals in the mass spectrum has to be smaller than the difference of time-of-flight between the different ion species...
Linac4 is the negative hydrogen ion (H−) injector of the CERN accelerator complex. Modelling of the beam formation is essential for optimizing the current and emittance of the H− ion source. We exploited the 3D PIC-Monte Carlo ONIX (Orsay Negative Ion eXtraction) code for studying H− beam formation processes in caesiated negative ion sources. The various geometries of the IS03 prototypes have...
Highly charged ions (HCI) up to uranium are produced efficiently at TRIUMF using an electron beam ion source (EBIS). The EBIS is essential to the new CANadian Rare isotope facility with Electron Beam ion source (CANREB) that delivers clean intense HCI to experiments (B. Schultz et al, this meeting). The EBIS has a high injection efficiency for stable and radioactive beams with 6<E<14 keV at a...
The GTS-LHC ECR ion source delivers ion species for the physics programme of the CERN accelerator complex. Stability and reproducibility are key parameters for successful operation, which currently requires regularly intervention by an expert. The integrated functionality of data logging in the control system of the CERN accelerator complex allows all relevant control values and beam...
The injection of high-energy neutral beam of H and D is one of the most important heating system for future fusion nuclear reactor. SPIDER, the full-size prototype of the ITER negative ion source, is equipped with 15 visible cameras composing the tomographic diagnostic, which exploits the visible light emitted by the beam particles after the interaction with the background gas to characterize...
Magnetic filter is important for negative ion sources, it cools down the electron temperature near the extraction area. The magnetic filter can be produced by permanent magnets or by large current flow through the plasma grid. The plasma transport process from the driver to the extraction area is affected by the magnetic filter, we used a movable Langmuir probe to measure the plasma spatial...
Protection system of cathodes from local discharge has been developed for the high power and stable negative ion source used in the heating system of ITER and JT-60SA. Discharge marks on the cathode indicate that this discharge occurs not only to anode walls but also plasma, so-called unipolar discharge. The critical issue is that the local discharge increases with cesium seedings to enhance...
Keywords: NBI, RF ion sources, RF oscillators
SPIDER is the full-size prototype of the ion source of the ITER Neutral Beam Injectors, and is in operation since June 2018 as part of the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility. The ion source is composed of 8 Radio Frequency drivers supplied by 4 RF oscillators, rated for operation at 1 MHz, for a total power of 800kW.
This article presents an...
The Advanced Ion Source for Hadrontherapy (AISHa) is an ECR ion source operating at 18 GHz, developed with the aim of producing high intensity and low emittance highly charged ion beams for hadrontherapy purposes.
Due to its unique peculiarities, AISHa is a suitable choice for industrial and scientific applications.
In the framework of the INSpIRIT and IRPT projects, in collaboration with...
Due to the rapid development of applications of nuclear science and technology in China, the production capacity of isotopes cannot meet the growing demands. Therefore, the development of electromagnetic isotope separator with high yield and high isotopic purity is needed. An electromagnetic isotope separator based on a 2.45 GHz microwave ion source and high-resolution magnet has been...
Observation of a transient, in Cs-free regime and long term NIO1 operation, led to the development of stabilization techniques, including conditioning (with oxygen or other gases, as argon, nitrogen, and xenon), interleaved with days of use of H$_2$ as a process gas. Stabilization of transients gave more H$^-$ current and less plasma luminosity. After installation of a cesium oven, some...
The BATMAN Upgrade test facility aims to extract H-/D- at high current densities. Inevitably co-extracted electrons are deflected out of the beamlet by permanent magnets before acceleration. These magnets induce a row-wise zig-zag deflection of the beamlets. In the new MITICA-like extraction system, this deflection is compensated by additional deflection correction magnets. Since these...
The flat two-electrode extraction system was upgraded using a new approach to the extraction system design. It is based on the electrodes shape change which causes the redistribution of the electric field in the extraction region. The ion beam formation in the new geometry is more effective than in the flat one because of the more efficient accelerating field distribution. It broadens the...
The efficiency of the microwave-plasma coupling is a key issue to enhance the performance of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRISs) in terms of charge states and extracted currents. The coupling properties are directly affected by the microwave injection scheme, especially for the high frequency(f >20 GHz) and high power（P>5 kW) ECR ion sources. Based on the Vlasov launcher concept,...
A 10GHz ECR ion source (PK-GANESA) with a new magnetic topology has been developed in a GANIL - Pantechnik collaboration [1]. The performance of this source has been analyzed through simulations of electrons prior to collisions for 20µs using TrapCAD. The EEDF obtained from the simulations has been characterized with respect to radio-frequency, heating power, and simulation time. These results...
By now the laser resonance ionization ion source has been firmly established as the ion source of choice for a major portion of the elements requested for experiments at TRIUMF's radioactive ion beam facility ISAC. The presentation will focus on the available capabilities of the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) as implemented at TRIUMF in terms of element reach, beam purity and...
In the design of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS) three topics generally need to be addressed: (i) The feed of a microwave to generate a plasma, (ii) the creation of a magnetic field guiding the charged particles, and (iii) the design of an ion extraction system. In this report, we concentrate on improvements of aspect (i), a new microwave injection system introduced to the...
A Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator is being developed to replace the H+ Cockcroft-Walton (CW) injector. The injector upgrade will significantly reduce the long term operational risks and improve existing LANSCE beam production for the Isotope Production Facility and future 800 MeV proton beam user systems [1].
In this study, we evaluate the vacuum model of the new RFQ injector...
