In-space cryogenic resource utilization (ISRU) is a critical technology for long-duration space exploration missions. The condensation of cryogen is a fundamental heat and mass transfer process of ISRU operations such as the liquefaction of gases at the colder wall temperatures, and the condensation-induced pressure collapse in a cryogenic tank during the fill. Due to their low surface...
Liquid hydrogen advances as vehicular fuel emphasizes the need for continuous and reliable fuel gauging systems in dynamic environments. More specifically there is a need for reliable comparisons and verifications of various fuel level system technologies. To address this need, an existing 180L liquid hydrogen dewar was retrofitted for the simultaneous comparisons between modular liquid level...
This paper presents the implementation of a cryogenic process simulator applied to A Toroidal LHC Apparatus (ATLAS) and the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiments at CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research). Building upon the development of a digital twin of the complex LHC accelerator cryogenic system, this work extends its application to the specific needs of the ATLAS and CMS...
National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) designed, fabricated, and implemented a cooling system for a liquid nitrogen (LN2) tank in the storage ring in 2021. During cooling tests, two significant phenomena were observed: a boiling phenomenon associated with two-phase flow and a rapid cooling phenomenon influenced by the physical properties of oxygen-free copper. This article...
This paper details upgrading the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system for the SST-1 cryogenic subsystems from Wonderware InTouch version 9.5 to the latest release, Wonderware InTouch 2017 R2. The upgrade was necessitated by the obsolescence of the earlier software, which lacked compatibility with modern Microsoft operating systems. Critical subsystems, including the...
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is one of the largest science and technology infrastructure project being built in Sweden. Protons at 2 GeV (with a normal current of 62.5 mA) are delivered by a superconducting linear proton accelerator and are injected onto a rotating tungsten target at a pulsed repetition rate of 14 Hz. Neutrons via spallation reaction are moderated to cold thermal...
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is one of the largest science and technology infrastructure project being built in Sweden. Protons at 2 GeV are delivered by a superconducting linear proton accelerator and are injected onto a rotating tungsten target. Neutrons via spallation reaction are moderated to cold thermal energies by two dedicated moderators. The cryogenic moderator system (CMS)...
