Calibrated orifices for CO2 cooled detectors
Several detectors use evaporating CO2 cooling systems. For a tracker that dissipates power and needs to mantain the sensors below a maximum temperature, i.e. -5 °C, to avoid the thermal run-away, a CO2 cooling system integrated in the local support minimizes the total mass. This means larger radiation length.
The...
The challenges involved in cooling Silicon trackers are well known: a radioactive operating environment, tight space and mass constraints, a need for small thermal gradients and difficulty in access to the detector zone for maintenance. Two-Phase Accumulator Controlled Loop (2PACL) based systems have proven to be successful in meeting these challenges and have thus far been used on the LHCb...
The benefits of the thermal management of tracking detectors through CO2 boiling flows in evaporators of small diameter have been successfully demonstrated multiple times within the research community.
However, the current predictive models for two-phase flows have a wide range of accuracy, in particular when dealing with micro-channels. Due to the lack of reliable experimental...
As the core tracking detector of the CBM experiment, the Silicon Tracking System (STS) located in the dipole magnet (1 Tm) aims to provide track reconstruction (efficiency ≈ 95%) & momentum determination (Δp/p ∼ 2%) of charged particles from beam-target interactions (Au-Au at 10 MHz).
Due to the expected irradiation damage (NI dose - 1 x 10^14 neq/cm²), the sensors will dissipate some power...
The Mu3e experiment uses an ultra-low mass tracking and timing detector to search for the very rare decay $µ^+ \rightarrow e^+e^–e^+$. The tracks to be observed in this experiment will have a maximum momentum of about 53 MeV, hence the need for very thin detectors. The silicon pixel detector is in a barrel shape and the physics performance requires for a material budget per layer of about 0.1...
ABSTRACT
Proton therapy is a novel radiation therapy modality for the treatment of malignant tissues. The high dose gradients that can be achieved using energetic proton beams allow for more conformal treatment plans. However, it has not yet been possible to exploit the full potential of proton therapy due to range uncertainties. An important source of these is the fact that tissue proton...
The CERN EP department has recently launched a process in view of starting in 2020 an R&D programme on new Detector Technologies. Detector Mechanics is one of the main themes within which the specific and focused R&D activities are planned to be. The current target is to provide by November 2018 a report summarizing the R&D programme proposal. We will describe the on-going process of this R&D...
Silicon-based tracking detectors are made possible by semiconductor industry advances, including high-density wirebonding for interconnects. Wirebond connections are made by ultrasonically bonding aluminium wire between sensors, front-end amplifiers and hybrid circuits. A large number of low mass, compact hybrid circuit ‘modules’, with millions of wirebonds, are needed and must withstand the...
Last year we presented the use of diamond-like heat spreaders in the form of cheap Synthetic Graphite Tape (SGT) for cooling of instrumentation in radiation intense environments.The excellent double-sided taping capability of SGT allows to join the support, cooling pipes, sensors and hybrids, leading to "taped modules" without any screwing, which allows in turn for semi-automatic construction...
Thermal interface materials (TIMs) used for bonding components are important for creating a thermal conductive path which improves heat dissipation. Low density, porous carbon foams are commonly used for thermal management applications and devices. Their high surface area to volume ratio enables cooling more effectively via different heat transfer methods. Many studies have adopted different...
For the High-Luminosity LHC a new Mechanical Global Support frame for Strip Endcap of the Atlas Inner Tracker (ITk) (EC for short) is being developed, for this a carbon/epoxy laminate design and prototype have been produced. To match the design to the requirements a finite element model of the system was created for an initial prediction of the mechanical performance, having produced a...
The ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) is the phase-II upgrade of the current ATLAS tracking detector, meant to meet the challenges at the high-luminosity LHC.
The forward regions of the ITk silicon strip tracker (the "end-caps") will consist of six disks populated with wedge-shaped silicon micro-strip sensors, divided in "module" units containing the readout, power and control electronics.
The modules...
The thermal properties of a silicon detector are typically modeled using numerical methods, such as finite element analysis (FEA) simulation, to determine thermal performance and estimate the risk of thermal runaway. Such methods are essential for understanding detector performance, however they have some limitations: a FEA simulation can only provide results for a discrete set of operating...
TLHCb experiment is about to implement a major upgrade, scheduled to start
data taking in LHC Run III. The Vertex Locator (VELO) is the silicon detector
surrounding the interaction region. It will be completely replaced with a new
light weight pixel detector capable of 40 MHz readout.
The upgraded VELO modules will each host 4 silicon hybrid pixel tiles, each
read out by 3 VeloPix ASICs. The...
The High Luminosity LHC will reach an instantaneous luminosity of 5 x 10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 with 140 to 200 pp collisions per bunch crossing and collect a total of 3 ab^-1 of 14 TeV data. To cope with these challenging data conditions, the CMS Inner Tracker will be rebuilt for Phase II Upgrades. To limit particle occupancy to the per mille level and improve track resolution, we will increase the...
To cope with the challenges of the HL-LHC the tracker of the CMS detector will be replaced by an enhanced version within the Phase-II Upgrade until 2026. The future outer tracker consists of ~13000 double-sided silicon sensor modules of two types (2S-Modules: strip/strip sensor, PS-Modules: pixel/strip sensor) with different granularities depending on their distance to the interaction point....
For the start of the High-Luminosity phase of the LHC, the CMS tracker will be replaced by a new tracking detector; this and other upgrades will allow the experiment to both cope with the increased instantaneous luminosity and, at the same time, enhance its overall physics reach.
A key aspect of the upgraded CMS tracker is the use of double-sided pixel-strip (PS) and strip-strip (2S) modules...
For the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), CMS will install a completely new silicon tracker. Due to the anticipated increase in instantaneous luminosity by a factor of five compared to the LHC design value, the granularity will be significantly increased in order to cope with the higher track density. In addition, the tracker will provide information the first level trigger of CMS. The future...
To cope with High Luminosity LHC data taking conditions, the CMS Inner Tracker will be rebuilt for Phase II Upgrades. To limit particle occupancy at the per mille level and improve track resolution, we will increase the granularity of the sensors. This comes with a host of challenges for routing the cooling and electrical services, and optical cabling in the Inner Tracker, especially through...
The all-silicon design of the tracking system of the CMS experiment provided excellent resolution for charged tracks and an efficient tagging of jets during Run1 and Run2 of LHC. CMS upgraded and installed the pixel detector during the shutdown in the beginning of 2017. The position and orientation of tracker, consisting of 15148 silicon strip and 1856 silicon pixel modules needed to be...
The Mu3e collaboration is setting up an experiment to study the decay of a muon into three electrons μ+→e+e-e+. Any observation of this decay with the Mu3e experiment would point to physical processes so far not described in the standard model, mediated by the exchange of very heavy particles.
Mu3e uses ultra-thin High Voltage – Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (HV-MAPS) for vertexing and...
The CMS experiment will change it’s silicon tracker completely during phase II upgrade. There is need to develop light and high precision and durable mechanical structure for silicon sensor. The prime purpose of this should also be reducing material in the silicon tracker detector. The group at IIT Madras is heavily involved in R&D of production of this precision components. We have produced...
In the context of its High Energy Physics related activities, CERN in collaboration with NIKHEF has developed the Transportable Refrigeration Apparatus for CO2 Investigation (TRACI).
TRACI is an evaporative CO2 cooling system for scientific and industrial R&D equipment based on
I-2PACL (Integrated 2 Phase Accumulator Controlled Loop) technology. The I-2PACL is the method that can instantly...
The Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) being currently developed in the Laboratory of High Energy Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research will be used for studies of hot and dense nuclear matter, by detecting particles produced in heavy ion collisions. One of the most important systems of the MPD, which will be used in the identification of these particles is Time-of-Flight (ToF)...
