In this presentation first the complex demands on the mechanics of silicon tracking and vertexing systems in terms of stability and thermal performance will be discussed. I will then discuss examples of how these issues have been addressed in current detector systems and discuss some ideas for the mechanics of future trackers.
The Belle II experiment is a substantial upgrade of the Belle detector and will operate at the SuperKEKB energy-asymmetric e+/e- collider. The accelerator has already successfully completed the first phase of commissioning in 2016 and the first electron-positron collisions in Belle II were recorded in April 2018. Belle II features a newly designed silicon vertex detector based on double-sided...
A major concern with the use of silicon sensor in nuclear and particle physics experiments is its survival in the intense radiation environment. The unprecedented increase in fluence in these experiments affects its long-term sustainability due to both bulk and surface damage, resulting in the deterioration of its static and dynamic properties. Hence, stringent tolerance criteria are imposed...
The LHCb silicon detectors were designed to tolerate the very high radiation dose expected, at as little as 8mm from the LHC collisions. The experience in monitoring the detectors and how the the HV, cooling and simulation of the system had to be updated will be explored. The data collected and how it was used to understand and optimise the detector and what lessons were learned about that...
3D sensors have emerged as the most radiation-hard silicon-based technology for vertex detectors. Their radiation tolerance is due to their structure, where vertical electrodes penetrate the substrate for most or all of its thickness. The inter-electrode separation is therefore determined by the layout and can be made much smaller than the substrate thickness. As a result, sensors can be...
In this contribution, I will review the growing interest in implementing large area fast timing detectors with a time resolution of 30-50 ps based on low gain avalanche detectors. This interest is spurred as timing information is a very effective tool in pile-up rejection. Large scale high-precision timing detectors face formidable challenges in almost every aspect: sensors performance, their...
The CMS outer silicon strip tracker with its more than 15000 silicon
modules and 200m2 of active silicon area is in its tenth year of
operation at the LHC. We present the performance of the detector in the
LHC Run 2 data taking. Results for signal-to-noise, hit efficiency and
single hit resolution will be presented. We review the behavior of the
system when running at beyond-design...
The tracking and vertexing performance of the ATLAS detector relies critically on the silicon detector consisting of a strip detector (SCT) and a pixel detector.
With the excellent performance of the LHC in Run 2, the silicon tracking detectors have been operated well beyond the original design specifications.
The status and limitations of the detectors with respect to band width, radiation...
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general purpose heavy-ion experiment, designed for the study of strongly-interacting matter at the extreme energy densities that characterise Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN LHC. At such energy, the formation of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a deconfined phase of matter, is expected.
The innermost detector of ALICE is the Inner Tracking System (ITS)....
The LHC will enter into its high luminosity phase(HL- LHC), operating at a luminosity of
$5-7.5 \times 10^{34} cm^{−2}s^{−1}$ starting from 2026. To allow CMS experiment to operate efficiently, the current silicon tracker must be replaced as it will be heavily irradiated during current LHC operations and its performance will degrade. The new silicon tracker will be radiation hard to operate...
Title: Performance Studies of the Belle II Silicon Vertex Detector
Kavita Lalwani for the Belle II SVD group
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy e+e- collider in KEK, Japan will operate at an instantaneous luminosity of 8×10^35 cm^-2s^-1, which is about 40 times larger than that of its predecessor, Belle. It is built with the aim of collecting a huge amount of data...
With the upgrade of the LHC to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), scheduled to commence in 2024, the Inner Detector will be replaced with the new all-silicon ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) to maintain tracking performance in this high-occupancy environment and to cope with the increase of approximately a factor of ten in the integrated radiation dose. The outer four layers in the barrel and six...
Depleted CMOS sensors, also known as Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPS), are extremely attractive for particle physics experiments. As the sensing diode and readout electronics can be integrated on the same silicon substrate, DMAPS suppress the need for hybridization and this results in thin detectors with reduced production time and costs. High Resistivity (HR) substrates and...
It is foreseen to significantly increase the luminosity of the LHC by upgrading towards the HL-LHC (High Luminosity LHC), resulting in unprecedented radiation levels, significantly beyond the limits of the silicon trackers currently employed. All-silicon central trackers are being studied in ATLAS, CMS and LHCb, with extremely radiation hard silicon sensors to be employed on the innermost...
The Phase 2 upgrades of silicon pixel detectors at HL-LHC experiments feature extreme requirements, such as: 50um x50um pixels, high rate (3 GHzx/cm2) unprecedented radiation levels (1 Grad), high readout speed, serial powering. As a consequence a new readout chip is required
In this framework the RD53 collaboration has designed RD53A, a large scale chip demonstrator designed in 65 nm CMOS...
ALICE is a general-purpose experiment at CERN dedicated to the study of nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC.
In 2019-20 during the second LHC shutdown (LS2) the ALICE detector will be upgraded in order to improve
its capability of studying rare probes like charmed and beauty mesons and baryons. One of the key parts of this upgrade
is the replacement of the whole Inner Tracking System (ITS)...
Located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the ATLAS experiment has been designed with the goal of measuring the products of proton-proton collisions. ATLAS has full azimuthal angle coverage over a large range in pseudorapidity (from -4.2 to +4.2). However, forward particles, with larger absolute rapidities, escape detection down into the beam pipe. In particular, forward protons produced in...
The PPS (Precision Proton Spectrometer) system consists of tracking and timing detectors installed along the LHC beam line between 210 and 220 m from the interaction point on both sides of the CMS experiment. The aim of the apparatus is to measure with high precision the position, direction and time-of-flight of protons which emerge intact from the pp collision. Fully integrated in the CMS...
pnCCDs are CCD devices which use pn-diodes instead of MOS-registers to generate the electric field that drives charges along the channel.
Therefore they are radiation tolerant and can transfer at high speed.
We show applications for X-ray imaging, either as integrating devices or as spectroscopic single event counters with the possibility of position interpolation.
New developments for faster...
CLIC is an option for a linear electron positron collider in the post LHC era at CERN, aiming at a centre of mass energy of up to 3 TeV. Challenging requirements are imposed on the CLIC all-silicon vertex and tracking system to perform high precision measurements in an environment with high rates of beam-induced background particles. A spatial resolution of a few micrometers and a material...
Status of silicon detector R&D at CLIC
The Gigatracker is the NA62 beam tracker. It is made of three 63.1 mm $\times$ 29.3 mm stations of 300 $\mu$m $\times$ 300 $\mu$m hybrid silicon pixel detectors installed in vacuum ($\sim10^{-6}$mbar).
The beam particles, flowing at 750 MHz, are traced in 4-dimensions by means of time-stamping pixels with a design resolution of 200 ps. This performance has to be maintained despite the beam...
Precision measurements of the properties of the Higgs
boson, discovered by the ATLAS and CMS experiments of the LHC,
and the top quark, the heaviest known elementary particle, are
among the main physics goals for experiments at the proposed
international linear collider (ILC). These measurements must reach
an unprecedented level of precision in order to allow us to decipher
the next...
The ATLAS silicon tracker detectors are designed to sustain high dose integrated over several years of operation. This very substantial radiation hardness should also favour the survival of the detector in case of accidental beam losses.
An experiment performed in 2006 showed that ATLAS pixel detector modules (silicon planar hybridly coupled with FE-I3 electronics) could survive to beam...
The era of High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will pose unprecedented challenges for detector design and operation. The planned luminosity of the upgraded machine is $5-7.5x10^{34} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$, reaching an integrated luminosity of 3000-4500 fb$^{-1}$ by the end of 2039. CMS Tracker detector will have to be replaced in order to fully exploit the delivered luminosity and cope with the...
The LHCb experiment is a forward spectrometer experiment dedicated pri- marily to study CP violation and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons. The LHCb experiment will be upgraded to a trigger-less system reading out data at 40 MHz event rate. To cope with the higher data rates and increased occupancy, the detectors including the Vertex Locator (VELO) need to be upgraded. The VELO performs...
The STAR Heavy Flavor Tracker (HFT) has enabled a rich physics program, providing important insights into heavy quark behavior in heavy ion collisions. Acquiring data during the 2014 through 2016 runs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the HFT consisted of four layers of precision silicon sensors, including the first application of the thin Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS)...
Track and vertex reconstruction in the CMS detector use the information from the silicon pixel and the silicon strip detectors. The track and vertex finding and fitting algorithms are based on the Kalman filter approach. Difficulties arise in the context of standard LHC events with a high density of charged particles, where the rate of fake combinatorial tracks is very large for low pT tracks,...
The LHCb detector is a multipurpose single-arm forward spectrometer. The main goal of its design is heavy flavor physics, covering large range of topics such as rare beauty and charm decays, CP violation and dark matter searches.
It's excellent resolution and reconstruction efficiency in the rapidity region of $ 2 < \eta < 5$ makes much broader physics program possible, including searches...
In this talk we will give an overview of the methods for track and vertex
reconstruction being used in the ALICE experiment at the LHC.
In response to the challenge of high charged-particle multiplicities
(up to d$N$/d$y\sim2000$) and relative softness of particle momentum spectra observed in Pb-Pb collisions, ALICE has implemented a few specific algorithmic
approaches allowing for...
