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The charm quark at energies of the LHC and above is expected to remain well out of chemical equilibrium,with its abundance dominated by initial stage production, and yet be abundantly enough produced (
Using a simple analytically solvable model, we argue that it makes charmonium abundance the ideal probe of remnants of confinement, expected to be present at arbitrary high temperature [1,2] but thermodynamically irrelevant, since the nearest neighbor thermal scale
[1] D. Zwanziger, hep-ph/0303028 (PRD)
[2] G. Bali et al, hep-lat/9306024 (PRL)
[3] A. Maas et al, hep-ph/0408074 (EPJC)