The NA62 experiment is designed to measure the very rare kaon decay K+ -> pi+ nu nubar at the CERN SPS with 10% statistical precision. One of the challenging aspects of the experiment is the suppression of the K+ -> mu+ nu_mu decay whose branching ratio is 10 orders of magnitude higher than the one of the K+ -> pi+ nu nubar decay. Kinematics cuts and the use of the very different stopping...
The CLAS12 deep-inelastic scattering experiment at the upgraded 12 GeV continuous electron beam accelerator facility of Jefferson Lab conjugates luminosity and wide acceptance to study the 3D nucleon structure in the yet poorly explored valence region, and to perform precision measurements in hadron spectroscopy.
A large area ring-imaging Cherenkov detector has been designed to achieve the...
During the second LHC long shutdown, the LHCb experiment underwent a major upgrade in order to be able to operate at the instantaneous luminosity of 2 × 10−33 cm−2 s−1, reading data at a rate of 40 MHz, with a fully software-based trigger.
The RICH system of LHCb has been completely refurbished installing new photon detectors (Multi-anode Photomultiplier Tubes) equipped with a custom...
The High Momentum Particle IDentification (HMPID) detector successfully participated to the LHC Run 1 (2009-2013) and Run 2 (2015-2018) data taking periods, providing the expected contribution to the ALICE physics program. The detector showed so far very stable PID performance, ensured by the stability of its different condition parameters, i.e., MWPCs gain, photocathode quantum efficiency,...
The ring imaging Cherenkov detector of the High Acceptance Dielectron Spectrometer (HADES) at GSI Darmstadt, Germany, has been upgraded with a new photon detection device based on 428 multianode photo electron multipliers (Hamamatsu H12700) partly coated with \textit{p}-Terphenyl as a wavelength shifter.
It is the key component for efficient identification of electrons and positrons emitted...
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider is a B factory experiment to study rare decays with high precision such as $B\to\rho(\to\pi\pi)\gamma$ and $B\to K^{*}(\to K\pi)\gamma$. In order to study these processes, particle identification, especially the separation of charged kaons and pions is very important. In the Belle II detector, a proximity focusing...
The GlueX experiment is located in experimental Hall D at Jefferson Lab (JLab) and provides a unique capability to search for hybrid mesons in high-energy photoproduction, utilizing a ~9 GeV linearly polarized photon beam. Phase II of the GlueX experiment began in 2020 with the installation of a Detector of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light (DIRC), utilizing components from the...
The PANDA experiment at the international accelerator Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe (FAIR), Darmstadt, Germany, will address fundamental questions of hadron physics using $\bar{p}p$ annihilations. Excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a large range of solid angles and particle momenta will be essential to meet the objectives of the rich physics program. Charged PID...
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory detects GeV-to-PeV+ neutrinos via the Cherenkov light produced by secondary charged particles from neutrino interactions with the South Pole ice. Relying on over 5000 spherical Digital Optical Modules (DOM), each deployed with a single downward-facing photo- multiplier tube (PMT) and arrayed across 86 strings over a cubic-kilometer, IceCube has measured the...
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector with the primary physics goal of the neutrino mass hierarchy determination. The detector will be built in a laboratory at 700-m underground. . A Water Cherenkov veto system will be built for cosmic muon detection and background reduction. Outside the central detector, the pool is filled with 34 kton...
The Large-Sized Telescopes (LST) are being deploying four imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes in the Northern site of the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). The first prototype, LST-1, has been inaugurated at La Palma (Spain) in 2018 and is being commissioned since then while the three others will be built during three coming years. Thanks to their large dish of 23 m diameter, they...
The ASTRI Mini-Array is an INAF project to build and operate a facility to study astronomical sources emitting very high energy in the TeV spectral band. It consists of a group of nine innovative aplanatic dual mirror Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes of 4 m diameter. The telescopes will be installed at the Teide Astronomical Observatory of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias in...
An EU supported Design Study has been carried out during the years 2018-2021 of how the 5 MW linear accelerator (linac) of the European Spallation Source under construction in Lund, Sweden, can be used to generate a world-uniquely intense neutrino beam for precision measurement of the CP violating phase δCP. As there are definite limits, related to uncertainties in neutrino-nucleus...
The High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) is an array of five imaging atmospheric Cerenkov telescopes (IACTs) to study gamma-ray emission from astrophysical objects in the Southern hemisphere. It is the only hybrid array of IACTs, composed of telescopes with different collection area and footprint, individually optimised for a specific energy range. Collectively, the array is most sensitive...
KM3NeT is a research infrastructure housing two underwater Cherenkov detectors located in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of two configurations which are currently under construction: ARCA with 230 detection units corresponding to 1 cubic kilometre of instrumented water volume and ORCA with 115 detection units corresponding to a volume of 7 Mton. The ARCA (Astroparticle Research with...
MAGIC is a system of two 17-m diameter Cherenkov telescopes operating at the Observatorio del Roque de Los Muchachos in La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) since 2009. The telescopes detect very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma rays ranging from few tens of GeV to few tens of TeV. In this contribution I will present a selection of the latest scientific results obtained by the MAGIC...
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the next generation ground-based gamma-ray astronomy observatory, planned to comprise two arrays of imaging air Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) located in the northern and southern hemispheres. Three telescope sizes are required to cover the CTA gamma-ray energy range from 20 GeV to 300 TeV.
An array of several tens of Small-Sized Telescopes (SSTs) at the...
The Schwarzschild Couder Telescope (SCT) is a dual mirror medium-sized telescope proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), the next-generation very-high energy (from about 20 GeV to 300 TeV) gamma-ray observatory. The SCT design consists of a dual-mirror optics and a high resolution camera with a field of view (FoV) of 8 degrees squared, which will allow exceptional performance in...
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a high-energy particle physics magnetic spectrometer installed on the International Space Station (ISS) in May 2011, successfully operating and taking data since then. The goal of the experiment is to carry out precise measurements of cosmic rays in the energy range from GeV/n to TeV/n. AMS includes a Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH), which provides a...
Hyper-Kamiokande is a next-generation neutrino experiment that is under construction in Japan. Its multi-decade physics program addresses appealing, unsolved questions in physics, like the discovery of CP-violation in the leptonic sector and searches for proton decay. It will be used to make a long-baseline neutrino oscillation measurement using the upgraded J-PARC accelerator, upgraded T2K...
The LHCb RICH system has undergone a major upgrade during the Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC and it is now ready for operation. The previous incarnation provided excellent hadron identification during runs 1 and 2 of the LHC. The LHCb strategy of having offline quality reconstruction at the High-Level Trigger 2 stage for run 2 posed many calibration challenges that were met successfully. The...
The Time Of internally Reflected CHerenkov (TORCH) detector is a proposed large-area time-of-flight detector, which aims to enhance the particle identification performance of the LHCb detector in the 2--10 GeV/$c$ momentum range. The Cherenkov light pattern in TORCH is a three-dimensional image (in space and time), which is folded by reflections from the sides of the detector modules. This...
The Electron Ion collider (EIC) will be the ultimate facility to address the internal dynamics played by the quarks and gluons to global phenomenology of the nucleons and nuclei. The essential physics programs greatly rely on an efficient particle identification (PID) in both the forward and the backward region. The forward and the backward RICHes of the EIC have to be able to cover wide...
The Large Area Picosecond Photodetector (LAPPD) is a commercially available microchannel plate (MCP) based photon detector that is currently driving the attention of the entire scientific community thanks to its large size, excellent timing resolution of 60 ps or better, high gain and low dark rate. The LAPPD has a large sensitive area of $200\times200~$mm$^2$, making it an attractive device...
The next-generation nuclear physics facility in the United States will be the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), scheduled to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL).
%The EIC will be a powerful new high-luminosity facility with the capability to collide high-energy electron beams with high-energy proton and ion beams, providing access to those regions in the nucleon and nuclei where...
The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is being built at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) next to GSI, Darmstadt, Germany. The fixed-target CBM experiment will explore dense baryonic matter at moderate temperatures produced in A+A collisions at beam energies from 2-11 AGeV. In the matter being created in this collision process, conditions are achieved as they...
The Time Of internally Reflected CHerenkov detector (TORCH) is a proposed large-area time-of-flight detector, which aims to enhance the particle identification performance of the LHCb experiment in the 2–10 GeV/c momentum range. A TORCH module consists of a 10 mm thick quartz plate in which the positions and arrival times of Cherenkov photons from a charged track are detected by highly...
The Super c-Tau Factory is the project of future electron-positron colliding beam experiment with unprecedented high luminosity $10^{35}cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ in the interaction energy range from 3 to 7 GeV, where the most part of charmonium states are produced and the tau-lepton production threshold is located as well. To provide a such high luminosity the Crab-Waist (CW) scheme of beam interaction...
The hadron particle identification provided by the RICH system in LHCb over a momentum range of 2.6 – 100 GeV/c has been a key element of the success of the experiment and will remain equally important for Upgrade II. With luminosities expected to up 7.5 times those expected for Upgrade I and 75 times those released in the past, maintaining in Run 5 and beyond the same excellent PID...
The ALICE collaboration is proposing a new apparatus, ALICE 3, to investigate the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) properties, exploiting precise measurements of heavy-flavour probes as well as electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic probes can give access to the system temperature before hadronization, requiring a novel detector concept aimed at an unprecedented level of purity of the thermal...
C4F10 in COMPASS RICH-1
A Liberec-Prague-Trieste collaboration
Abstract:
COMPASS RICH-1 is using high-purity C4F10 as radiator gas since 2001. The operation and control of the radiator gas has evolved over years with continuous improvements.
We report on the experience gained in the 20 year-long operation of C4F10 as COMPASS RICH radiator.
C4F10 procurement is becoming challenging,...
Aerogel radiators for Cherenkov detectors have been produced in Novosibirsk by a collaboration of Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP) and Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (BIC) for more than three decades. Over this time aerogel radiators were manufectured for different threshold Cherenkov detectors (KEDR, SND experiments at BINP; DIRAC at CERN) and Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors...
Excellent particle identification is an essential requirement for the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) experiment. Particle identification (PID) of the final state hadrons in the semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering allows the measurement of flavor-dependent gluon and quark distributions inside nucleons and nuclei. The EIC PID Consortium (eRD14 Collaboration) was formed in 2015
for...
The housing of the sensors for future RICH detectors is a complex task, regardless of the sensor choice,
due the many requirements. In order to save on the required resources and simplify the design, different
functions should be possibly integrated all together, including, for SIPM-like sensors, some sort of active
cooling. A local cooling strategy is being investigated first, to cool down...
The prompt Cherenkov radiation and focusing optics of the LHCb RICH detectors allow the prediction of the Cherenkov photon detection time from a given track to within ten picoseconds. Fast-timing information on the detected Cherenkov photons can therefore be used to significantly improve the PID performance and the signal-to-noise ratio of the detectors. This concept is a cornerstone for the...
The COMPASS RICH-1 detector has undergone a major upgrade in 2016 with the installation of four novel MPGD-based photon detectors. They consist of large-size hybrid MPGDs with multi-layer architecture composed of two layers of Thick-GEMs and bulk resistive MicroMegas. A dedicated high voltage power supply system has been built and put in operation. It controls more than 100 HV channels. The...
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) are candidates selected as the potential photodetector technology for the dual-radiator Ring-Imaging Cherenkov (dRICH) detector at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). SiPM optical readout offers a large set of advantages being cheap devices, highly efficient and insensitive to the high magnetic field (~ 1.5 T) at the expected location of the sensors in the...
An optimized design and process flow in a specialized 350 nm CMOS technology yields Single-Photon Ava-lanche Diodes (SPADs) with extremely low Dark Count Rates (DCR). They show optimal properties for de-tecting visible and near infrared photons in low quantity with high timing resolution. These characteristics are crucial for building up Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) to detect Cherenkov...
PANDA is one of the main experiments at the FAIR facility at GSI which will study different aspects in QCD by, e.g., performing hadron spectroscopy, among others in searching for glueballs and exotic states, and by investigating hyperons. The PANDA experiment will use an antiproton beam in the momentum range of 1.5 to 15 $\mathrm{GeV/c}$ colliding with a stationary target. Due to...
Researchers at IHEP have conceived two types of MCP-PMTs for the photon detection in particle physics. One is the 20 inch Large MCP-PMT (LPMT) with small MCP units in the large area PMTs for the neutrino detection. This LPMT has already been mass produced more 15K pieces in the JUNO experiment, and has also been evaluated by the PMT group in LHAASO and HyperK. The other is the 2 inch Fast...
Photek have developed a square microchannel plate (MCP) PMT using 6 µm pore MCPs to achieve superior timing, compared to the previous generation which used 15 µm pores. The native anode pattern is 64x64, but for this module the pattern is ganged to a 16x16 design using an epoxy bonded PCB giving an anode size of 3.3×3.3 mm2 in a 53×53 mm2 active area. The electronic front-end is the TOFPET2d...
The BelleⅡ experiment is a high luminosity electron and positron collider experiment at SuperKEKB in Japan. In this experiment, we aim to measure B-decay precisely and search for effects from New Physics. We started physics data taking with the whole detector system in March 2019. The Time-of-propagation (TOP) counter is a detector for particle identification in the barrel region of the BelleⅡ...
The development of a single-photon detector based on a vacuum tube, transmission photocathode, microchannel plate and CMOS pixelated read-out anode is presented. This imager will be capable of detecting up to 1 billion photons per second over an area of 7 cm$^2$, with simultaneous measurement of position and time with resolutions of about 5 microns and few tens of picosecond, respectively. The...
The upgraded LHCb RICH detectors are equipped with Multianode Photomultiplier Tubes, covering a total area of approximately 4 square metres. In order to achieve the same excellent hadron identification performance as during LHC Run 1 and 2 at five times the instantaneous luminosity, the photon detectors have to be sensitive to single photons with repetition rates of up to $100~\text{MHz/cm}^2$...
Progress on coupling MPGD-based photon detectors with nanodiamond photocathodes
A Bari-Trieste Collaboration
Abstract:
Hydrogenated nonodiamond grains represent an alternative to CsI for detection of single VUV photons in gaseous detectors. A dedicated R&D study on the performance of nanodiamond photocathodes coupled to THGEM-based photon detectors is ongoing.
The first phase of these...
Simulation studies have shown that future RICH detectors in high occupancy environments will benefit from time-resolved single-photon readout with sub-nanosecond resolution. We present an FPGA TDC (Time to Digital Converter) implementation developed as part of the LHCb RICH upgrade R&D program. The design requirements for a such TDC core are low logic resource utilization, multi-channel...
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB asymmetric e+e- collider in High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK, Tsukuba, Japan) is searching for CP asymmetries in different rare decays, as well as a new physics beyond the standard model, and aims to collect a high statistics data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 50 $ab^{-1}$ in order to search. The Belle II Aerogel...
Endcap Disc DIRCs have been designed for the PANDA Experiment at FAIR and for the Super Charm Tau Factory at Novosibirsk. The original PANDA Endcap Disc DIRC was designed to provide particle identification and especially $\pi$/K separation of at least 3 standard deviations in the forward region of 5° to 22° polar angle. It features a fused silica radiator with attached cylindrical focusing...
The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) consists of a network of water Cherenkov detectors (WCDs) installed in the Latin American region at various latitudes, from Sierra Negra in México, 18° 59′ N 97° 18’ W to the Antarctic Peninsula, 64° 14′ S 56° 38′ W and altitudes from Lima, Peru at 20 m.a.s.l. to Chacaltaya, Bolivia at 5500 m.a.s.l. The detectors of the network are built on the basis...
The number of hits per ring is the convolution of many factors: Cherenkov photon emission, mirror reflectivity, the probability of absorption and diffusion in the radiator, probability of photon transmission in the quartz window, photomultiplier (PM) quantum efficiency, the readout efficiency. Since this number is relatively small even for rings with beta=1 and hits are uniformly distributed...
The determination of neutrino mass ordering (NMO) is one of the prime goals of several neutrino experiments. KM3NeT/ORCA and JUNO are two next-generation neutrino oscillation experiments both aiming at addressing this question. ORCA can determine the NMO by probing Earth matter effects on the oscillation of atmospheric neutrinos in the GeV energy range. JUNO, on the other hand, is sensitive to...
Optical systems for RICH detectors have historically taken a variety of designs. Nowadays, technological developments allow more flexibility in the design and construction than allowed in the past, such as lightweight secondary mirrors to be placed in acceptance, widespread use of non-spherical optical surfaces, flexible and fast tools for parametric optimization of the optical systems before...
The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is a ground based observatory studying solar or high energy astrophysics transient events. LAGO takes advantage of its distributed network of Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) in Latin America as a tool to measure the secondary particle flux reaching the ground. These secondary particles are produced during the interaction of the modulated cosmic rays...
Large Area Picosecond Photon Detectors (LAPPDs) are micro-channel plate (MCP) based photosensors featuring hundreds of square centimeters of sensitive area in a single package and capable of providing timing resolution on the order of 30-50 ps for single photon detection. One of the recent LAPPD models (Gen II) gives the opportunity of building finely pixelated 2D readout configurations which,...
Qualification of DIRICH readout chain
for the CBM RICH- and TRB collaborations.
DIRICH is a multi-channel FPGA based TDC readout chain aiming for excellent timing precision in single photo-electron measurement applications. It was originally developed for the readout of Multianode Photomultipliers (MAPMT) in the HADES- and CBM RICH detectors at GSI/FAIR, but is also foreseen to be...
During the Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC, the LHCb RICH system has undergone an upgrade to implement the LHCb trigger strategy which increased the read-out rate from 1 MHz to 40 MHz.
The new challenging operating conditions of the upgraded experiment impose the replacement of the Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD) with Multi-Anode Photomultiplier tubes (MaPMT) and the introduction of customised...
The Belle II barrel region is instrumented with the Time of Propagation (TOP) particle identification system comprising sixteen quartz radiator bars arranged around the interaction point. These quartz bars do not overlap, leaving a gap of around 2cm in the azimuthal direction between them and causing a 6% drop in acceptance. An additional 3% of tracks suffer from degraded identification...
Imaging air Cherenkov telescopes (IACT), non-imaging optical detectors (HiSCORE), and scintillation detector array are the three detector systems of the TAIGA experiment at Tunka Valley. The scintillation detectors register the secondary charged particles produced by the extended air showers (EASs). In both IACT and HiSCORE systems, Cherenkov photons from the EASs are registered. Studying the...
Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are of the brightest transients detected, with typical energies in their prompt phase ranging from keV to GeV. Theoretical models predict emissions at higher energies in the early times of the afterglow emission, and recently GRB190114C was the first GRB detected at TeV energies by the MAGIC experiment.
The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) operates a network of...
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is the new large-scale particle accelerator planned in the US and designed to collide polarized electrons with polarized protons and nuclei and investigate the dynamics of quarks and gluons, unlocking the secrets of QCD. The capability to distinguish charged particles over the full momentum range, while working in a strong (about 1T) magnetic field, is required...
TRICK is a INFN CSNV Young Grant project that will investigate an innovative 5D technique for providing 3D information about the position, time, and ID of incoming particles. The core idea is based on the well-known technology of conventional Aerogel proximity focussing RICH combined with a GEM -based Time Projection Chamber (TPC) in a single box. Both parts, TPC and RICH, are read out...
