A project to produce RIB in a reactor has been proposed in China Institute of Atomic Energy, China. A target-ion source with about 5g $^{235}$U will be installed in one of the reactor neutron ducts with inner diameter 170 mm. To verify the feasibility of RIB production, an off-line prototype target-ion source has been designed and fabricated. The design details will be described.
The magnetic filter is an outmost important part of a $\text{H}^-$ plasma ion source since it must reduce electron transport, density, and temperature, apparently with no clear physical indication of a saturation criteria. In the early 2016 configuration of NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization phase 1), an average of B$_x$=30 G dipole field was obtained in the extraction region with a current...
Negative ion sources are a key component of neutral beam Injection systems, which are used in fusion experiments to raise the plasma parameters close to start ignition. A novel concept for a negative ion source based on existing well tested Hall thrusters (HT) is presented. The thruster scheme is modified in order to maximize the hydrogen dissociation so as to produce an atom flux at an energy...
The Experimental Fusion Reactor ITER will use fast Neutral Beam (NB) injectors to increase the plasma temperature in order to drive the plasma current necessary for stability. The NB are produced by a $\text{D}^-$ beam generated by a negative ion source which is neutralized by a gas cell with an efficiency of 60%. In order to improve the electrical efficiency of the NB production, a beam...
Beam optics is a key requirement in multi-stage multi-beamlet negative ion accelerator for fusion applications, such as the high power Heating Neutral Beam injectors for ITER and JT-60SA. In particular, the efficiency of beam neutralization and transport to the tokamak plasma to be heated is crucially dependent on the divergence and deflection angle of the single beamlets with respect to their...
In a theranostic approach in hadron therapy, the $\beta^+$ emitter $^{11}$C can be used as the therapeutic beam and for range verification via PET imaging at the same time. Within the MEDICIS-PROMED project we study a possible injection scheme of the radioactive beam into the synchrotron-based medical accelerator. In this approach, $^{11}$CO is produced with the on-line isotope mass separation...
The 1+/n+ method, early developed at the LPSC laboratory, is implemented at GANIL for the production of radioactive ion beams as well as for studying the production of intense stable metallic beams.
Regarding radioactive ion beam production, the SPIRAL1 charge breeder has been installed in the midst of the SPIRAL1 LEBT. Many modifications of the beam line and the ancillaries have been done to...
Considered the lack of research on the negative ion source for NBI application in China, the Hefei utility negative ions test equipment with RF source has been developed at ASIPP. It will work as a satellite for CFETR Neutral Beam Test Facility. The rf power of negative ion source is up to 50 kW. The size of the plasma chamber is 65 cm(L) ×26 cm(W) × 19 cm(H). An enhanced filter field was...
One of the indexes of ion source performances is a ratio of beam current to discharge power (discharge power efficiency). In some cases, one ion source is utilized for several kinds of ion beams depending on the application. The discharge power efficiency can change by ion species. In particular, hydrogen and deuterium ion beams are utilized in the ion source of a Neutral Beam Injector (NBI)...
Typically, measure of the current distribution (or current density) at the target surface can be performed by using different probes, or Faraday cups, or systems of the rotating disk collector, or systems of scintillation plates and the secondary electron multipliers. However, in those cases, the target and the measuring system should be located under a ground potential. Thus, such measurement...
Among the tokamaks in the world, DAMAVAND is one of the small ones and, regarding the features of its plasma, offers useful and important research fields among which the plasma heating injector design is one of the most conspicuous ones. The heart of any neutral beam injector is the ion source in which ions are produced for the first time. In this paper, conceptual design of an ion source for...
A RF H$^{-}$ source with external antenna is under construction for China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) project Phase-II, which requires a H$^{-}$ beam of 40 mA peak current, 25 Hz repetition rate, and 1 ms pulse length. The plasma chamber is made of Si$_3$N$_4$ ceramic to endure high thermal shock. The water-cooled antenna is brazed on the outer wall of the plasma chamber to enhance heat...
To bridge the gap between ITER and fusion demonstration reactor (DEMO) and to realize the fusion power in China, a new fusion facility named the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is under conceptual design. Neutral beam injection (NBI) is one of the proposed auxiliary heating system to bring the CFETR plasma to the ignition temperature. A steady-state neutral beam with the power...
Intensification of negative fullerene (C60) ion beam current from an ion source is indispensable for research and developments using a MeV energy C60 ion beam with a tandem accelerator. Generally, a cesium sputtering type ion source has been used to generate a negative C60 ion beam. An average current of the negative C60 ion beam is about 50 pA, and...
The Gothenburg ANion Detector for Affinity measurements by Laser PHoto-detachment (GANDALPH) has recently been built to determine the electron affinity (EA) of radioisotopes by laser photodetachment spectroscopy. As a proof-of-principle, the EA of the 128-iodine negative ion, produced at the CERN-ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility, was measured with GANDALPH – representing the first ever...
This study relates to the negative ion source for Neutral Beam Injection (N-NBI [1]). Production of negative ions plays an essential role in N-NBI. A negative ion beam with an energy of 1 MeV and a current of 40 A (a negative ion current density of 20 mA/cm$^{2}$) is required for 3600 s to produce 16.5 MW of power. Conventional negative ion sources require cesium seeding to obtain high...
Calibration of energy channels and control of stripping foil quality in neutral particle analyzers designed for international tokamak reactor ITER will be carried out using a specialized source of helium ions. The ion beam should have a uniform current density in entrance aperture of the analyzer with a diameter of 2 cm. The total intensity of the beam entering the analyzer should be adjusted...
The combined system of Charge Exchange Spectroscopy (CES) and Beam Emission Spectroscopy (BES) will be developed in Versatile Experimental Spherical Torus (VEST) to measure ion temperature and rotation velocity by not using impurity but main hydrogen ion emission line directly. Diagnostic Neutral Beam (DNB) system is needed to supply high energy neutral particles for charge exchange reaction...
A new linear accelerator Linac4 is under development at CERN as a part of the upgrade of their accelerator chain. A radio frequency (RF) driven type negative hydrogen (H$^{-}$) source is used as an injector of Linac4. The Linac4 H$^{-}$ source must deliver 40-50mA, 45 keV H$^{-}$ beam. The power transfer efficiency between the RF generator and the ion source plasma is one of the important...
Several diagnostic studies are planned for the H$^{-}$ Ion source at LANSCE. Studies related to the tungsten filament quality and lifetime, cesium saturation of the converter, and of the plasma in the ion source. Diagnostics will be done using thermal imaging and laser spectroscopy. These studies will help improve the quality performance of the H$^{-}$ ion source at LANSCE.
The magnetic filter is essential in all current negative ion sources for neutral beam injectors. The negative ions produced are easily destroyed by collisions with fast electrons (>2 eV). While the fast electrons are necessary to produce the plasma (e, H+, H2+, H3+, H) through ionizing collisions with the gas. To resolve this conflict, the magnetic filter is applied to form a negative ion...
The RF negative ion source NIO1, built at Consorzio RFX in Padua (Italy), is aimed to investigate general issues on ion source physics, as well as innovative solutions for electrical efficiency, in view of their use as sources of neutral beam injectors (NBIs) in future fusion experiments, like MITICA, the ITER NBI prototype.
NIO1 has been designed to produce 9 H$^{-}$ beamlets (in a 3x3...
The plasma discharge power acts as a control parameter for the plasma density, and the beam optics can be optimized by properly controlling it. In negative ion sources for fusion, a plasma grid (PG) is positively biased with respect to an ion source chamber in order to control the ratio of negative ions to electrons in the extracted beam. In our recent studies, it was confirmed that the...
Recently the CAlifornium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) charge breeder was commissioned at the ATLAS accelerator facility. Different EBIS trap configurations were used in order to investigate the effects on the extracted beam. Extracted beam intensities, timing, and energy spread were measured using a fast-counting ionization chamber. Results of the...
The Electron Beam Ion Source (RHICEBIS) provides various types of ions with the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Laboratory. RHICEBIS will be extended in length to provide a factor of 1.4 increase in the extracted Au$^{32+}$ ion beam as well as internal gas injection capability for light ions. Two unshielded 5T superconducting...
Currently few doubt that a common approach with a gas target for a negative ion beam neutralization in large NB-heating systems is not enough promising. Photon neutralization is considered as main alternative to gas target for injection efficiency enhancement. Significant power density of photons in steady state is needed for this purpose. This requires certain radiation storage. Generally,...
The radio frequency (RF) ion source has the potential of steady-state operation which due to it has no filament. Compares to the traditional arc based ion source, the RF power should couples into the plasma through the matching network. So, the matching network is much important for the RF ion source. Due to the plasma impedance will be changed before and after the plasma generation, the...
The ITER neutral beam injector (NBI) is required to inject 1 MeV, 16.5 MW neutral beams for 3600 seconds converted from 1 MeV, 40 A (${\rm 200 A/m^2}$) deuterium negative ion ($\text{D}^-$) beams. In order to realize the system, a five-stage multi-aperture multi-grid (MAMuG) accelerator, so-called MeV accelerator designed with the same concept as the ITER accelerator, has been developed in the...
Cybele machine which is directed to development of the future NBI system SIPHORE for the reactor DEMO [1] is assembled and operated at the IRFM in CEA Cadarache. The main purpose is to create a tall and narrow (blade-like) negative ion beam (H$^{-}$, D$^{-}$), for further neutralisation by laser photodetachment. The source has a high aspect ratio ($1.2\,$m $\times$ $0.15\,$m), which is...
A global model is applied to investigate the complex chemistry in a negative hydrogen ion source with caesiated plasma grid. This global model includes electrons, neutral hydrogen molecules with all vibrational states ($\text{H}_2 (v)$), hydrogen atoms in the first 3 electronic states $(\text{H}(n))$, and ground state ions $(\text{H}^+$ , $\text{H}_2^+$ , $\text{H}_3^+$ and $\text{H}^-)$. It...
Reliable and stable operation of a hydrogen negative ion source to produce 500 keV, 22 A for 100 s is required for a neutral beam injector (NBI) for plasma heating and current drive of JT-60 Super Advanced (JT-60SA). The chamber to produce the negative ions is a semi-cylindrical multi-cusp source, so-called KAMABOKO source. Though 100 s long pulse operation was already performed, many...
D-Pace's new 13.56 MHz RF powered H$^−$ ion source, a hybrid design between the TRIUMF licensed filament powered ion source [1] and the University of Jyväskylä licensed RF ion source [2], has been shown to be less efficient than the filament powered ion source, even though both sources use the same body and extraction system [3]. The difference is thought to be due to RF power losses to the...
In Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), a collider experiment having same mass number and different charge number atoms is planned at RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider). Specifically, it is planned to investigate the influence due to the difference in charge number by comparing $^{96}$Zr atoms and $^{96}$Ru atoms and one of the isobars, $^{96}$Zr beam will be provided by the laser ion...
Despite the manifold new developments introduced to ISOL (Isotope Separation Online) target units within the last 60 years, the beam extraction of elements with very high boiling points (refractory elements) remains a very challenging topic. Due to their vanishingly low volatility, radionuclides of these elements generated by the driver beam are captured within the target and suffer from...
An advanced Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) was successfully used over the last several years at Brookhaven National Laboratory to supply highly charged ion beams of different elements to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and to the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL). In many cases there is an advantage to inject isotopically pure beams of singly charged ions into EBIS to enhance...
DEMO will be the first fusion plant to produce electricity and has to demonstrate the capability of fusion technology to be used in a power plant environment. Reliability and high wall-plug efficiency are the key requirements for any system to be used on DEMO. In case of neutral beam injection (NBI) – one of the heating and current drive systems currently under discussion for DEMO – upgrades...
In view of the future experiments on the large ion sources used for the neutral beam injection system of ITER and DEMO reactor, a small scale negative ions source called NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization, phase 1) is operated at Consorzio RFX since 2014 [1], [2]. At this stage H$^{-}$ are mainly formed by volume processes, while the use of cesium vapour to enhance the surface production is...
The Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) is the most extensively used ion-source at the CERN-ISOLDE on-line radioactive ion beam facility. It provides not only high efficiencies but also offers element and, in some cases even isomer selective ionization. The ionization method itself, based on stepwise resonance excitation and ionization of atoms using tunable lasers, offers the...
An 8 mA CW surface-plasma negative hydrogen ion source [1] has been routinely used during last decade for proton beam production at 2 MeV vacuum insulation tandem accelerator at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. Continuous 4–6 hours dc runs of the source were regularly produced, and proton beam with current > 5 mA was accelerated [2].
The source uses the hydrogen-cesium Penning...
Negative ion sources are used in a variety of research fields and applications such as in tandem type electrostatic accelerators, cyclotrons, storage rings in synchrotrons, nuclear and particle physics and in magnetic fusion devices. In magnetic fusion applications, negative ion sources are a subset of a Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) producing high power neutral beams which are injected into the...
Detector R&D projects in particle physics and experiments in radio-biology require often very low intensity, stable beams with well controlled flux. Usual method to decrease beam intensity by collimators is usually not suitable since background radiation has to be kept as low as possible. This paper describes internal cyclotron Penning ion source (PIG) modification which allowed to...
C-2U Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC) experiment proved substantial reduction in turbulence-driven losses via tangential neutral beam injection (NBI) coupled with electrically biased plasma guns at the plasma ends.[1, 2] Highly reproducible FRCs with a significant fast-ion population [3] and total plasma temperature of ~ 1 keV were produced and sustained for times significantly longer (more...
Radio Frequency (RF) Inductively Coupled Plasmas (ICPs) have been utilized in the wide variety of fields, e.g., material processing [1], accelerator [2], fusion [3]. Although such RF-ICPs play important roles in their fields, the operation of the RF-ICPs is difficult to control because of the complexity of their discharge process. In the previous work, an ElectroMagnetic Particle in Cell Monte...
In order to clarify the physics of the H$^{-}$ ion extraction and beam optics such as the beam halo formation, and contribute to the design of a negative ion source, the integrated model of negative ion beam from plasma meniscus formation to the beam acceleration is developed by using the 3D3V PIC (three dimensions in real space and three dimensions in velocity space particle in cell) model...
The ITER project requires additional heating provided by two injectors of neutral beams (NB) resulting from the neutralisation of accelerated negative ions. To study and optimise negative ion production, the SPIDER (Source for Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from an Rf plasma) test facility is now in the assembly phase in Padova, with the aim of testing beam characteristics,...
Multi cusp DC arc-discharge hydrogen negative ion ($\mathrm{H}^-$) source has been developed for proton cyclotron, which is used for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) [1, 2]. In order to shorten the treatment time for BNCT, it is required to get high extracted beam current from the source.
$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$The final goal of this study is to understand the dependency of the...
Cs-enhanced, RF-driven (internal or external antenna) H$^-$ ion sources are used to produce high current (>60 mA), high duty-factor (1 ms, 60 Hz) H$^-$ beams for the accelerators at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) facility. A solid reaction Cs dispenser system placed near the ion source outlet, the Cs collar embedded with cartridges containing a mixture of Cs chromate and St101 getter...
Each beam line of the ITER Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) system is designed to deliver 16.5 MW into the plasma, thus providing heating and current drive by means of 40 A of negative ion current accelerated up to 1 MeV for 1 hour. Strict requirements are foreseen for these negative hydrogen ion sources: high extracted current density (33 mA/cm$^2$ for H$^−$ and 28.6 mA/cm$^2$ for D$^−$), very...
Electronic ground state hydrogen molecules at high vibrational states, $\mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{X}^{1}\Sigma_{g}^{+},\nu \geq 5)$, have large cross sections for dissociative electron attachment, $\mathrm{H}_{2}(X^{1}\Sigma_{g}^{+},\nu)+\mathrm{e} \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2}^{-}(^{2}\Sigma_{g}^{+})\rightarrow \mathrm{H}^{-}+\mathrm{H}$, at low electron energies.
Thus, their production through...
The Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) heating system of ITER is a key stage for the yield of the full tokamak machine. The performance of the NBI system in turn strongly depends on the yield of the first component of the system, the negative ion source of $\text{D}^-$ (or $\text{H}^-$) ions.
The plasma is inductively created, by means of a RF discharge in the deuterium or hydrogen gas, in the...
A new microwave driven Cs-free H$^{-}$ ion source was designed at Peking University for the mechanism research of H$^{-}$ source. To understand the influence of liner material to the performance of this ion source, a series of experiments with different materials of liners of Ta, Au, Be, Al, Cu have been carried out recently. In our experiment, H$^{-}$ beam was extracted with negative voltage...
An ion source called NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization, phase 1) has been developed by Consorzio RFX and INFN-LNL and is currently in operation in the Consorzio RFX premises in Padova. NIO1 has a radio frequency (RF) inductively coupled (IC) ion source designed to produce a total of 130 mA $\text{H}^-$ current and to accelerate the ions up to energy of 60 keV; it operates at a frequency of 2 ±...
Operation of a cesiated rf-driven negative hydrogen ion source was initiated in September 2014 in response to the requirements of beam current upgrade in J-PARC linac. Delivery of the required beam current from the ion source to the J-PARC accelerators has been successfully performed. In 2016-2017 campaign, continuous operation of the ion source for approximately 1450 hours (from January to...
The 2018 heavy ion experimental program for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) requires the collisions of Ruthenium-96 (Ru-96) ions. The production of Ru-96 ions is challenging due to the low abundance of the 96 isotope in natural Ruthenium (5.52%) and the small quantity of isotopically enriched material available. To best meet the needs of the experimental program, the BNL Tandem Van...
The radio frequency (RF) ion source has many merits compared to the traditional arc based ion source because of it has long lifetime due to no filaments. It has the potential to be operated in steady-state. In order to meet future development needs of neutral beam injectors, a radio frequency ion source was designed and developed in Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences...
The LPSC ion sources team develops the Phoenix Charge Breeder since 2000. The performances have been improved over time acting on the 1$^{+}$ and N$^{+}$ beam optics, the base vacuum and the 1$^{+}$ beam injection. A new objective is to increase significantly the plasma chamber volume to improve the plasma confinement, enhance the higher charge state production and the 1$^{+}$,...
Models of the hot cathode performance and thermal arc discharge were used to estimate main plasma parameters and the sputtering rate of tungsten atoms. The hot filaments in H- surface converter ion source suffer from non-uniform mass loss that limits its operational lifetime. The dominant mass loss mechanisms used in the new filament model are: the thermal evaporation and plasma sputtering...
In July 2017 SNS will resume 1.2 MW proton beam operations to produce world record beams for neutron scattering experiments. This is enabled by the excellent performance of the SNS H$^-$ ion source and the compact electrostatic LEBT that inject up to 60 mA into the RFQ. To reduce inefficiencies and downtime the source service cycle periods have been increased and up to 96 days have been...
Rare Elements in-Gas Laser Ion Source and Spectroscopy at S3 (REGLIS3) is the new set-up currently under construction at the SPIRAL2/GANIL facility for the production of high-intensity radioactive ion beams, preselected by the Super Separator Spectrometer (S3). REGLIS3 will be a source for the production of low-energy, high-purity isotopic and isomeric ion beams and at the same time a tool for...
Resonance ionization laser ion source has become an essential tool for the production of isobarically pure radioactive ion beams for nuclear research [1]. Efficient resonant ionization of beams of atomic tellurium using a combination of Ti:Sapphire and dye lasers has been recently reported [2]. Development of suitable ionization schemes is important for the laser ion sources equipped with all...
Negative ion transport from metal surface to meniscus of plasma grid in negative ion source with cesium seeding is useful to design high performance ion sources and has been reported in previous works, most of which are simulation studies. Some of experimental studies estimated the main transport route of negative ion by comparing ion beam currents with the several shapes of negative-ion...
A new Penning surface plasma source has been developed with a larger plasma volume with double the linear dimensions of the standard ISIS source. The standard ISIS source has successfully delivered beam for ISIS operations for over 30 years. A variation of this source [1], with the same plasma dimensions is currently being used for the Front End Test Stand (FETS) at RAL. However it has been...
Charge-breeding processes in Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources are numerically simulated by using the target helium plasma parameters obtained with NAM-ECRIS code. Breeding efficiency is obtained as a function of 1$^{+}$ ion injection energy for some alkali ion beams.Time dependencies of extracted ions are calculated; typical times for reaching saturation in currents are in the range of...
The Isotope Separator On-Line DEvice (ISOLDE) facility located at CERN, produces and transports radioactive ion beams at low or high energy through the REX/HIE-ISOLDE linear accelerator, for nuclear physics, astrophysics, solid-state physics and applied-physics purposes. Enhancing the charge state of the ions is a prerequisite for efficient acceleration and is accomplished by an Electron Beam...
The MARA low-energy branch (MARA-LEB) is currently under development at the Univ. of Jyväskylä. The facility will be focused on the study of ground-state properties of exotic proton-rich nuclei employing in-gas-cell and in-gas-jet resonance ionisation spectroscopy, and will provide mass measurements of nuclei at the N=Z line of particular interest to the astrophysical rp process.
MARA-LEB...
A beam line with 4 MW beam power and 80 keV beam energy was designed and developed on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). A hot cathode high power ion source was employed for a neutral beam injector (NBI) on EAST. The ion source contains a hot cathode plasma generator and a tetrode accelerator. The beam cross section is 10 cm × 48 cm which depends on the beam injection...
One of the typical “isotope effects” in negative ion sources for fusion is that the amount of co-extracted electrons is increased for the deuterium plasmas compared to the hydrogen plasmas. With respect to this phenomenon, the experimental result was reported, in which dependence of the co-extracted electron current on the bias voltage changed with plasma species [1]. In Ref. [1], the authors...
One of the main concerns when working with negative ion sources is beam collimation during propagation. All the particles that make up the beam have the same electric charge, therefore they tend to repel each other: this causes the beam to widen after being accelerated. In environments where the beam needs to travel long distances before reaching its target, the compensation of its space...
The goal of the CANREB (CANadian Rare isotope facility with Electron Beam ion source) project at TRIUMF is to deliver pure highly charged radioactive ion beams suitable for acceleration and performing experiments to investigate nuclear reactions. Radioactive isotopes at an ISOL facility like ISAC and ARIEL at TRIUMF are produced by bombarding solid targets with high energy particle beams....
Experimental observation of plasma instabilities in 14.5 GHz PHOENIX charge breeder ECRIS is reported. It is demonstrated with $^{133}$Cs and $^{85}$Rb that the injection of the 1+ ion beam into oxygen ($^{16}$O) discharge of the CB-ECRIS can trigger electron cyclotron instabilities, which restricts the parameter space available for the optimization of the charge breeding efficiency. It is...
Spatial non-uniformity of the surface produced negative ions ($\mathrm{H}^-$) has been one of the causes of non-uniform beam and the resultant short pulse duration time and insufficient power for QST’s (former JAEA) JT-60SA Negative Ion Source (NIS) [1]. Since the asymmetric feature of the high-energy electrons causes the spatial non-uniformity of the $\mathrm{H}^-$ on the Plasma Grid (PG)...
Beijing Radioactive Ion-beam Facility (BRIF) at China Institute of Atom Energy (CIAE) utilizes the high intensity proton beam extracted from a 100 MeV cyclotron to produce the radioactive ion beams (RIB) by the isotope separation on-line method. A positive surface ionization source has been developed to produce the first radioactive ion beam. The modulation design was under development to...
CSNS ion source, similar to ISIS ion source is a type of penning surface plasma ion source, which can produce 50 mA H$^{-}$ beam. The commissioning of CSNS front end including ion, LEBT and RFQ has been finished. Above 15 mA H$^{-}$ beam is obtained at the exit of RFQ, which meets the requirement of CSNS phase I. However, the improvement of both, beam performance and operation stability, is...
Today ion sources based on laser resonance ionization are well-established core techniques at the worldwide leading radioactive ion beam facilities such as CERN-ISOLDE or ISAC-TRIUMF. Ensuring both, highly efficient and element-selective ion beam production to the users, these devices in addition allow for direct laser spectroscopic investigations on exotic nuclei far off stability with lowest...
A singly charged ion delivery system has been designed and constructed for the purpose of charged ion injection into the Electron String Ion Source (ESIS) at JINR, Dubna, Russia. [1], [2]. A Liquid Metal Ion Source (LMIS) is used to produce Ga$^{+}$ and Au$^{+}$ ions which are transported through a beam-line system consisting of charged particle optics [3]: Focusing Einzel-lenses, an...
The ITER baseline foresees 2 Heating and Current Drive Neutral Beam Injectors, HNB’s, operating at 1 MeV 40 A D$^0$, each capable of delivering 16.5 MW of deuterium ions to the plasma, with a 3rd HNB injector foreseen as an upgrade option that would bring up the total neutral beam power to 50MW [1]. In addition a dedicated Diagnostic Neutral Beam Injector, DNB, will be injecting a modulated...
The upgraded version of the neutral beam injector is described, which provide 1.7 MW power and 15 keV atom energy in injected beam. The nominal extracted proton beam current is 150 A, while the ion source provide the maximal current up to 180 A. The beam duration increased to 30 ms after upgrade in comparison with 8 ms for previous version [1]. The multy-slit 3-grid ion-optical system...
Sources for negative hydrogen ions for accelerator front-ends or neutral beam injection systems of fusion experiments use the surface conversion mechanism to convert hydrogen atoms and positive ions from a low temperature hydrogen plasma to negative ions. The efficiency of the underlying conversion mechanism is dominantly determined by the work function of the surface, which is the reason for...
