Resistive Plate Chambers provide the barrel region of the ATLAS detector with an
independent muon trigger and a two-coordinate measurement. The chambers, more than 3700
gas volumes in total covering a surface area of about 4000m2, are arranged in
three concentric double layers and operated in a strong magnetic toroidal field.
The system was originally designed to operate for 10 years...
During Run 3, the LHC is preparing to deliver instantaneous luminosity in the range from 5 x 10^34 cm^-2s^-1 to 7 x 10^34 cm^-2s^-1. To ensure stable data taking, providing redundant information for robust muon triggering, reconstruction and identification, the CMS RPC collaboration has used the opportunity given by the LHC long shutdown 2 (LS2), to perform a series of maintenance and...
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is designed to study proton-proton (pp) and heavy-ion (Pb-Pb) collisions at ultrarelativistic energies. The main goal of the experiment is to assess the properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), which is a state of matter reached in extreme conditions of temperature and energy density, where quarks and gluons are...
The BIS78 project, BI pilot project, consists of 16 sMDT + RPC chambers installed in the barrel-endcap transition region with the function of helping in the reduction of the fake muons produced upstream of the cryostats. The BIS78 RPCs represents a new generation of RPCs, basing their largely improved performance on a novel and highly performing front-end (FE) electronics, which is able to...
In view of HL-LHC, the CMS muon system will be upgraded to sustain efficient muon triggering and reconstruction performance. Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) serve as dedicated detectors for muon triggering due to their excellent timing resolution. RPC system will be extended up to pseudo rapidity of 2.4. Before long shutdown 3 (LS3), RE3/1 and RE4/1 stations of the forward muon system will be...
Resistive plate chambers (RPCs) with thin gas gaps (~1 mm) between two high-pressure phenolic laminate plates offer excellent time resolution down to a few hundret picoseconds and a decent spatial resolution of the order of a few millimiters. As RPCs can be produced at relatively low costs they are the ideal choice for the instrumentation of large areas of many experiments. In order to set up...
The Cooling Storage Ring (CSR) External-target Experiment (CEE) is a multipurpose nuclear physics experimental device to operate in the GeV energy range at the Heavy-Ion Research Facility (HIRFL-CSR) in Lanzhou, China. The primary goals of the CEE are to study the bulk properties of dense nuclear matter and to understand the quantum chromodynamic (QCD) phase diagram by measuring the charged...
The HADES (High-Acceptance DiElectron Spectrometer) at GSI Darmstadt consists of a 6-coil toroidal magnet centered on the beam axis and six identical detection sections located between the coils and covering polar angles between 18° and 85°. The physics aims include the study of the properties of hot and dense hadronic matter—a key problem in heavy-ion physics—as well as elementary and...
In hadron hall at J-PARC, we plan to measure the cross sections for exclusive Drell-Yan reaction ($\pi^-p\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^-n$) for determining the generalized parton distribution function. We are developing a TOF-tracker RPC to identify muons in this reaction. To remove background muons from decays in flight of kaons and pions, precise time resolution (~100 ps) and precise position...
The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is a future heavy ion (HI) experiment planed to
be installed at the Facility for Anti-proton and Ion Research (FAIR) which is currently under
construction close to Darmstadt/Germany. The uniqueness of CBM is the operation at, for HI
experiments, unprecedented interaction rates of up to 10 MHz for Au+Au collisions at beam energies
between 2...
A real-sized trapezoidal Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) has been developed for
the Muon Chamber (MuCh) detector set-up in the upcoming Compressed Baryonic
Matter (CBM) experiment at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR),
Darmstadt, Germany. The detector has been tested for its performance with dedicated
self-triggered electronics and DAQ chain in presence of a very harsh...
RPC detectors combine several crucial advantages of excellent timing precision, high detection efficiency, and good spacial resolution, all at a moderate cost. This makes RPC detectors a prime choice for instrumenting large detector volumes for tracking applications where timing plays a crucial role. This talk reviews the ANUBIS detector concept using RPC detectors to search for long-lived...
The RPCs are widely employed in accelerator particle physics. Conversely, concerning cosmic ray physics, Argo was the only ground-based experiment which used this detector in a very extensive way. The brilliant results published by this experiment encourage to propose RPCs for further experiments. Indeed, they have the advantage of efficiently detecting very low energy secondaries and of...
In order to complement the searches of neutral Long Live Particles (LLPs) at the next
HL-LHC at CERN a new experiment has been proposed, which is called MATHUSLA,
to be located at ground level near the interaction point of CMS. The proposal aims to
build a massive scintillator tracking detector system to monitor a large volume of air
(100 m x 100m x 30 m) in search of decays from LLPs that...
A novel background identification detector is under development for the MEG II experiment, aiming at further sensitivity improvement in the $\mu \to e \gamma$ decay search. This detector needs to detect MIP positrons in a low-momentum high-intensity muon beam. Extremely low-mass design of radiation length of 0.1% is required because the muon beam of $28~\mathrm{MeV}/c$ passes through the...
A new generation of gaseous particle detectors named Resistive Cylindrical Chamber (RCC) has been developed to overcome the limitations of Resistive Plate Chambers and broaden their application range. The principle behind this new technology consists in the transition from a planar to a cylindrical geometry while maintaining an almost planar electric field. The cylindrical structure of the...
The characterization of new materials for electrodes plate design is one of the central themes in the development of high rate RPC detectors.
Semiconductive crystals have been characterized since the 90s, showing an excellent response to high irradiation with the limitation to fall into destructive discharges.
The development of new front-ends with high signal to noise ratio allowed us to...
The surface Resistive Plate Counter (sRPC) is a new RPC based on surface resistive electrodes realized with Diamond-Like-Carbon sputtered on Apical® foil. Exploiting high granularity current evacuation schemes developed for resistive MPGD and using electrodes with surface resistivity from 1 GΩ/□ down to 100MΩ/□, sRPCs standing particle fluxes up to 1 - 100 kHz/cm2 should be easily...
The Picosecond Avalanche Detector is a multi-junction silicon pixel detector based on a (NP)drift(NP)gain structure, devised to enable charged-particle tracking with high spatial resolution and picosecond time-stamp capability. It uses a continuous junction deep inside the sensor volume to amplify the primary charge produced by ionizing radiation in a thin absorption layer. The signal is then...
In the present R&D, multi-gap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) are studied for non-destructive inspection of small airport cargos. A six-gap RPC of a line-scan type was constructed using soda-lime glass whose bulk resistivity is measured as 7 x 10^11 Ωcm. The thicknesses of the gaps and the glass plates were 0.55 and 0.52 mm, respectively. The typical detector characteristics such as the...
A cosmic ray telescope equipped with four RPCs of almost 2 m² per plane was constructed at LIP Coimbra in partnership with the Hydronav company (Spain). In view of a possible application for muon scattering tomography, the telescope was tested during several days with high-atomic-number materials, such as tungsten and lead, located at the center of the telescope with two RPCs on each side....
The standard gas mixture for the Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), composed of $\rm{C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}}$/i-$\rm{C_{4}H_{10}/SF_{6}}$, allows the detector operation in avalanche mode, as required by the high-luminosity collider experiments. The gas density, the low total charge delivered inside the gas and the comfortable avalanche-streamer separation guarantee high detection efficiency, rate...
Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely used at the CERN LHC
experiments as muon trigger thanks to their excellent time resolution. They are
operated with a gas mixture containing R-134a and SF6, both greenhouse gases
(GHG) with a very high global warming potential (GWP). The search of new
environmentally friendly gas mixtures is necessary to reduce GHG emissions
and costs as...
The need of reducing the emission of gases even potentially contributing to the greenhouse effect and climate change has impacted many fields, including scientific research. The Extreme Energy Event collaboration started, already several years ago, a series of tests devoted at finding the ideal replacement of the gases used in the Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers of its network, with other...
Resistive Plate Chamber detectors are largely used in current High Energy Physics experiments being typically operated in avalanche mode with large fractions of Tetrafluoroethane (C2H2F4), a gas recently banned by the European Union due to its high Global Warming Potential (GWP).
An intense R&D activity is ongoing to improve RPC technology in view of future HEP applications.
Since a few...
The use of R134a-based gas mixture containing SF$_6$ for operating RPC is not recommended owing to its high global warming potential (GWP). The effective GWP of the standard gas mixture of R134a (95.2%), i-C$_4$H$_{10}$ (4.5%) and SF$_6$ (0.3%) is about 1300 which is well beyond the permissible limit (less than 150) set in order to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This work presents...
In the framework of the well-known improved rate capability and time resolution of Resistive Plate Chamber type detectors with thinner gap sizes, it has been carrying out the performance characterization of a new RPC prototype with 1mm gas gap thickness. The RPC prototype, with a single gap configuration, was tested in the GIF++ facility at CERN under a muon beam with a momentum range from 10...
The traditional TOF-PET(Positron emission tomography) mainly uses the structure of a scintillator detector connected to a photomultiplier tube. The structure has the disadvantages that time resolution is not good enough (greater than 50ps), the thickness of the scintillator is large (greater than 3cm), and the reception is small, resulting in a waste of information, long detection time, and...
We present first results from a prototype PET scanner based on Resistive Plate Chambers and specialized for brain imaging. The device features a 30 cm wide cubic field-of-view and each detector comprises 40 gas gaps with 3D location of the interaction point of the photon. Besides other imagery, we show that the reconstructed image resolution, as evaluated by an hot-rod phantom, is...
A new readout scheme allowing the exploitation of Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) spatial precision and using a limited number of electronic channels is proposed. The new scheme which exploits the spread of the RPC induced charge on several adjacent inter-connected pads, allows the simultaneous detection of several particles without ambiguity.
In this scheme, pads are connected in rows...
RPC is a gaseous detector that associates high efficiency, fast timing and good spatial resolution to a cost effectiveness. Large RPC made either of HPL or glass are easily built and successfully operated in several HEP experiments. We propose the use of RPC to perform 3D scans of containers with the help of cosmic rays. In order to have an affordable large scanning system to cover large...
The present ATLAS RPC system is a 3D+time tracking detector providing the first level trigger in the ATLAS barrel. It is constituted by 6 concentric cylindrical layers providing independent space-time measurements along the track, with 1ns x 1cm resolution. This system will undergo a major upgrade for the HL-LHC program, consisting in inserting in the Inner Barrel region, three additional full...
The improved RPC (iRPC) chambers, designed using thin low resisitivity High Pressure Laminate gaps, are proposed to equip the very forward region of the CMS detector. They can stand rates of few kHz/cm^2. New electronics equipped with excellent timing precision measurement (< 150 ps) has been developed to read out the RPC detectors from both sides of the strips to allow good spatial resolution...
The high luminosity Time-of-Flight (TOF) systems call for timing detectors with both good time resolution and adequate rate capability, which have been fulfilled by the Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) assembled with low-resistive glass electrodes. However, recent tests and operations with high rate MRPCs have given evidence to the luminosity effects, such as the dark current rise and...
Resistive plate chambers (RPCs) are the ideal technology for the instrumentation of muon systems at high-energy particle colliders where excellent subnanosecond time resolution and reasonable spatial resolution of the order of 1 mm are required. Conventional RPCs with planar electrodes have the disadvantage that these cannot be operated at large overpressure. This limitation is overcome by the...
The conventional readout method of the RPC detector uses two sets of orthogonal readout strips placed at the both sides of the gas gap to collect signals of opposite polarities to obtain space points. A new readout method utilizing the reflection signal is proposed which only requires one set of readout strips. The reflection readout method utilizes the differences in the arrival times of the...
We describe a 96-channel Time-to-Digital converter (TDC) and its intended state-machines, implemented in field-programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for the CMS Phase 2 upgrade of the RPC Link System. It is realized as a 6U card, called Link Board and will be used at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The TDC system operates at an RPC intrinsic time resolution of 1.56 ns, a minimum input pulse width...
To provide better cluster position resolution a new iRPC with two-ends readout and upgraded LinkSystem in CMS RPC detector will be used to provide timing information together with hit information. Different from present CMS RPC system where a partition has been used in data compression and decompression before data transmission and after reception respectively [1], so a new...
Thin-gap RPCs with 1 mm gap size are introduced in ATLAS upgrade. Smaller avalanche charge due to the reduced gap size raises concerns for signal integrity. Analytical study of signal transmission process in lossless condition is implemented for RPC. Modelling and simulation will be discussed in detail. Simulated characteristic impedance has been compared with the measured value to validate...
The Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are extensively used worldwide and at CERN LHC experiments thanks to their excellent time resolution and low cost. RPCs are often operated with a humidified gas mixture made of C2H2F4, SF6 and iC4H10. Unfortunately, C2H2F4 and SF6 are greenhouse gases (GHGs) with a global warming potential (GWP) of 1430 and 22800 respectively and they are subject to...
The study of new materials for the construction of electrodes with low resistivity and high resistance to aging and radiation damage is a central theme in development of future RPC detectors. We investigated the properties of a new low-cost epoxy resin doped with graphene nanotubes, through the material voltammeter characterization and building a small demonstration prototype. The...
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are operated with a humidified gas mixture made of C2H2F4, SF6 and iC4H10. It is well known that under the effect of high electric field and radiation, the C2H2F4 molecule breaks into several compounds and free fluoride ions, which can accumulate under gas recirculation and could be harmful for the long-term detector operation. Furthermore in presence of water,...
A known volume of air is injected into or aspirated from a sealed vessel. In the ideal gas approximation, the corresponding vessel deformation is measurable. The liner correlation between pressure and deformation in the measurements carried out demonstrate the vessel elastic response. Measurements of several RPC gas volumes are reported. Different expansion and compression slopes of pressure...
Modern instruments for neutron science applications, such as, e.g., small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), reflectometry and macromolecular crystallography, require thermal neutron detectors with high detection efficiency, low sensitivity to gamma rays, high counting rates and high spatial resolution. At neutron spallation sources, due the pulsed nature of the beam, in most applications the...
We build up a small 250mmx250mmx24mm prototype RPC to test
the possibility of the industrialized construction in order to reduce the man power and increase the stability during the mass construction. The concept of sensitive volume of SHiP RPC is adopted to our design with some modifications. The sensitive volume is composed of a 8mm-thick acrylic frame, two 8mm-thick PCB boards, and a...
Several experiments in High Energy Physics and Neutrino Physics use Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) made of bakelite electrodes for more than a couple of decades. There are several future experiments that may use bakelite RPCs. Most of these experiments use bakelite electrodes coated with polymerized linseed oil on their inner surfaces. It has been a common practice for ensuring the long-term...
The ATLAS experiment at the LHC consists of several sub-detectors for triggering on particle candidates. The Level-1 muon trigger system uses Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors to identify muon trigger candidates in the barrel detector region. The ATLAS RPCs are arranged in three concentric double layers and consist of around 3700 gas volumes, with a total surface of more than 4000 square...
To take full advantage from the LHC upgrade to high luminosity in 2029, the ATLAS community has approved an intensive detector upgrade program that includes the construction of an additional trigger layer positioned close to the BI MDT chambers of the muon spectrometer. These chambers are RPC with thin gas gap, thin High Pressure Laminate electrodes coated with graphite on one side, and only...
Resistive plate chambers (RPCs) with electrodes of high-pressure phenolic laminate (HPL) are a well established technology for the instrumentation of muon systems at high-energy particle colliders. The gap between the HPL plates is electrodes is defined by spacers and lateral profiles made of polycarbonate. The outer surfaces are covered with sheets of polyethylene terephthalate PET.
It is...
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are inexpensive and easy-to-build gaseous detectors with very good spatial and temporal resolution. These features make them very attractive and they are largely used in high energy particle experiments. RPC electrodes can be made of different kinds of materials with baquelite and glass being the most common. We present the characterization and simulation...
The improved RPC (iRPC) chambers are designed using thin low resistivity High Pressure Laminate gaps. They are proposed to equip the very forward region of the CMS detector, as they can stand rates of few kHz/cm^2. The gas gain of the chamber, corresponding to the total charge production for a MIP, has been carefully studied as a function of the rate and threshold. In particular the behaviour...
CMS has started Phase 2 upgrade to prepare for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The improved Resistive Plate Chambers (iRPC) will be installed in the challenging forward region with new Front-End Electronics (FEE) to read each strip from both ends. The Backend Electronics(BE) provides fast/slow control for the FEB and performs trigger primitives, data acquisition, and readout. A joint test...
Designed using thin low resisitivity High Pressure Laminate gaps, the improved RPC (iRPC) chambers are proposed to equip the very forward region of the CMS detector, since they can stand rates of few kHz/cm^2. A dedicated three layers Printed Circuit Board (PCB), carrying 48 strips each, has been designed to collect the pick-up signal from both ends of each strip. It transmits the signal to...
The CMS Phase 2 Upgrade has been decided to upgrade most of its subsystems. These subsystems will be modified with brand new electronics, and in some cases, some will install the new version of detectors. Based on this idea, the RPC subsystem plans to upgrade the electronics of the present RPC chambers in the η region up to |1.9| and install the new version of improved RPC chambers in the high...
In the CMS RPC system, the electronics upgrade for Phase 2 have been foreseen by the RPC community and has been approved in the CMS Muon technical report. This upgrade not only covers the replacement of the off-detector electronics of the present RPC chambers but also includes renovating the legacy Slow Controller with a new version. In this work, at first, we will review the architecture of...
The electronics upgrade Phase 2 of the present RPC chambers is ongoing in the CMS RPC system. According to the project baseline, this system will be deployed and fully operational at the CMS for Run 3 to fully cope with the HL-LHC condition. Regarding this goal, the design and prototyping of the new Link System has started a few years ago, and now the final prototyping of this system is ready...
The Solenoidal Large Intensity Device (SoLID) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) uses Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) to identify kaons. SoLID requires 20ps for the total time resolution. In this paper, a sealed MRPC (sMRPC) prototype with 4 stack and 7 uniform gas gaps is designed to reach a good time resolution. At the same time sMRPC can lower the airflow through the chamber to reduce the...
With the HL-LHC upgrade of the LHC machine, an increase of the instantaneous luminosity by a factor of five is expected and the current detection systems need to be validated for such working conditions to ensure stable data taking. At the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++) many muon detectors undergo such studies, but the high gamma background can pose a challenge to the muon trigger...
New improved RPC detectors will be installed in CMS stations 3/1 and 4/1 to increase the redundancy of the muon system. Electronics with precise Time-to-Digital converters(TDC) read out signals at both ends of the strips has been developed. The time difference between both ends can be used to calculate the radial position. Clusterization algorithm implemented on Backend electronics is...
The CMS experiment has 1056 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) in its muon system. Monitoring their currents is the first essential step towards maintaining the stability of the CMS RPC detector performance. An automated tool to carry out this task has been developed. It utilises the ability of Machine Learning (ML) methods in the modelling of the behavior of the current of these chambers. Two...
Cosmic muon flux and its angular distribution have been measured using Resistive Plate
Chamber(RPC) at Kolkata (22° 36' 6.71" N, 88° 25' 7.89" E) at 8 m elevation. Zenith angle was
varied upto 90o in clockwise and 900 in anticlockwise direction with respect to zenith direction. The
similar scenario was also simulated using cosmic flux following cosnθ distribution. Experiment and
simulated...
In this work, we investigate the performance of Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) using Geant 4 and Garfield++.
RPCs detectors are commonly operated with a freon-based gas mixture containing C2H2F4 and SF6, both with
a very high global warming potential. The present work aims at contributing to the search for eco-friendly gas
mixtures for RPCs detectors. Based on the studies presented by...
Among the several outstanding issues associated with the RPCs, the loss of efficiency for the detection of particles when subjected to high particle fluxes, and the limitations associated with the common RPC gases can be listed. In order to address the latter issue, we developed novel RPC designs with special anode planes coated with high secondary electron emission yield material such as...
As a novel imaging technology, Muongraphy has great potential in nuclear matter detection. MRPC has a significant advantage in the application of muongraphy. The signal quality is a crucial index to measure the performance of MRPC detector. This paper has analyzed the signal integrality of the sealed MRPC structure in detail with CST simulation. Including the reflection of high frequency...
An efficient and safe Recirculation System for the gas target inside RPCs detector is a crucial item for planning any future application.
The system is based on a special valve that decouples a suction pump from the RPCs, with the aim to keep the pressure inside the chamber in the range of 1-3 mbar, regardless of variations in atmospheric pressure, recirculated flow, and temperature. The...
The CMS Phase 2 upgrade is an important project towards the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) phase. One of the main projects is the development of the new iRPC detectors that will be installed in the forward region of CMS. To validate the performance of the new gaps with HL-LHC radiation levels, experimental tests have been conducted at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++) facility. One...
The High Luminosity LHC will be a tremendous opportunity to search for long lived particles (LLPs) from an extended hidden/dark sector, feebly connected to the known SM sector. Such LLP searches will require special detectors, placed far away from the proton-proton collision point and shielded against SM backgrounds. The CODEX-b detector, to be placed behind a thick shielding wall inside the...
Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) is a fixed target experiment at the future Facility for Anti-proton and Ion Research (FAIR), dedicated to explore the phase diagram of QCD matter at high net baryon densities. With the goal to perform high precision measurements of very rare probes with enough statistics in heavy ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=2-5 GeV, CBM is designed to run at...
The new generation RPCs designed for the ATLAS upgrade, feature a gas gap of just 1 mm challenging the statistical detection limits of its gaseous target with MIPS, and a Front End (FE) electronics with 1-2 fC sensitivity challenging the grounding robustness on such large dimensions with respect to the signal frequency spectrum. This is necessary in order to respond to the performance request...
The present Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) system has been certified for 10 years of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operation at maximum background rate of 300 Hz/cm^2 and integrated charge of 50 mC/cm^2. In the next years, during the Phase 2 of the LHC physics program, called High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the accelerator will increase the instantaneous luminosity up...
In the last two decades, the possibility of using RPCs in systems that work outdoors has increased considerably. Our group has been involved in this effort having several systems in operation, continuing to work on their optimization, studying and developing new approaches that can contribute for the use of RPCs in outdoor applications.
A few detectors were deployed in the field at the...
The simultaneous measurement of the ionic and the fast prompt signals is fundamental for the understanding of the working principles of the RPC detector.
Typical RPC electrodes are made of resistive material with the voltage applied on a thin graphite layer, whose resistivity change the ionic pulse shape depending on the discharge position.
We have therefore realized a small RPC detector...
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general purpose experiment to explore the physics of the TeV scale in pp-collisions provided by the CERN LHC. Muons constitute an important signature of new physics and their detection, triggering, reconstruction and identification is guaranteed by various sub-detectors using different detection systems: Drift Tubes (DT) and Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC)...
