The European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) has set new objectives for the future options of accelerators in view of Precision Physics or Frontier’s Discovery machines. All these accelerators imply large scales of technological breakthroughs which performances may be reconsidered in view of the strategic weight of the sustainability and environmental objectives.
Operating accelerator’s...
High temperature superconductors (HTS) are one of the most ambitious achievements since the discovery of superconductivity and they have the potential to revolutionize large-scale applications in the form of coated conductors (CC). $REBa_2Cu_3O_{7-\delta}$ (REBCO, RE = Rare Earth) coated conductors which belong to the class of HTS called cuprates are one of the highly studied materials due to...
This paper presents a review of the recent development of a variety of high-performance cryocoolers developed in the author’s laboratory with the operating temperatures ranging from 120 K down to 5 mK. Above 1.0 K, the refrigeration cycles involves both regenerative and recuperative cycles, and the hybrid cycle composed by the former two as well. For the regenerative cycle, the study is...
With advancements in space exploration and condensed matter physics, the demand for ultra-low temperature (mK) technology is on the rise. Sorption coolers, known for their extended service life, absence of moving parts, low vibration, high reliability, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, stand out as a crucial refrigeration technology for the future. In this study, we successfully...
REBCO (Re=Y, Eu, Gd) coated conductors (CC) based on biaxially textured, thick and homogeneous nanoengineered multilayer structures opened up new application opportunities, such as dissipation-free energy transmission in superconducting grids, highly efficient engines for electrical aviation or compact fusion reactors beyond ITER. However, current carrying capacities of CC could be further...
The cooling of large superconducting detector magnets used in high-energy physics relies on a continuous supply of liquid cryogen that is provided by large and complex cryogenic plants. An alternative to this is the development of cooling systems based on the use of cryocoolers. Such a solution can be employed to cool a superconducting magnet itself or to intercept heat from other components...
Within the last decades, researchers from all over the world have been demonstrating the fascinating abilities of RE Ba2Cu3O7-δ (Rare Earth=RE) coated conductors (CC) to improve our day-to-day lives. However, among all large-scale applications, the prospect of acquiring energy from fusion power plants may well be the most breath-taking one. The main...
The electronic transport and optical properties of high quality multilayers of NbTiN/AlN with ultrathin NbTiN layers were characterized. The anisotropy of the dielectric function of the multilayers confirmed their hyperbolic metamaterial properties. The superconductive transition temperature, Tc, of these engineered superconductors was enhanced up to 32% compared to the Tc of a single...
The pulse tube refrigerator, lacking moving components at low temperatures, has the advantages of high reliability, long operational lifespan, low cost, and ease of fabrication, and is widely used in refrigeration medical, semiconductor processing, aerospace and other fields. The improvement of pulse tube refrigerator mainly comes from the improvement of phase shifter. In traditional pulse...
The upgrade of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory's Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) to LCLS-II marks a significant advancement in accelerator technology, incorporating a superconducting linear accelerator enhanced by 37 cryomodules segmented into two LINAC sections. This configuration, with 17 cryomodules upstream and 20 downstream, is uniquely supported by one of two helium...
A robust technology for producing superconducting joints between Coated Conductors (CCs) is crucial for those applications in which closed-loops coils working in persistent current mode are required, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The preparation of these joints involves applying both temperature and a transverse compressive load simultaneously to produce the bonding of two adjacent...
This paper presents 100 K cooling performance of a Modified Collins cycle cryocooler designed for in-space cooling applications. Descriptions of this lightweight, high efficiency, and power dense cryocooler design are included. Experimental results are shown of a single-stage floating piston design with active control designed to provide 100 W of cooling at temperatures of 100 K. Maintenance...
Improving known materials and exploring new alternatives for applications in challenging energy environments, such as fusion, has been a priority in recent years in material science. A unique combination of corrosion resistance, toughness, strength, machinability, and wear resistance is required for materials used in energy sector applications. In recent years, a process called cryogenic...
A miniature Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler was designed and manufactured. The performance test was carried out with a linear compressor with a piston diameter of 11 mm. The weight of the whole machine was about 1.2 kg. In this study, we utilized SAGE to investigate the impact of parameters such as frequency, transfer line length, and inertance tube length on the refrigeration performance....
In 2022, Linde received the order to deliver two large helium refrigeration systems operating at 4.5 K and 1.9 K for the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. The two identical plants will be installed at opposing points along the circumference of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). They will facilitate the peak luminosity by a factor of five beyond the LHC’s...
The helium bath cooling becomes more and more expensive and limited and therefore cooling alternatives e.g. conduction cooling or other cryogens have to be used. In the past years, liquid hydrogen or sub-cooled solid nitrogen (at ~ 20 K) were used for superconducting devices. But, liquid H2 needs a special safety conditions and solid N2 may sublimate easily and lost the cooling efficiency....
Actively cooled shields are used primarily in the temperature range at or below 20 K (e.g. LH2 or LHe) so that the heat load to these low temperatures is as small as possible. This is due to the high energy required to generate such low temperatures and the relatively low latent heat of the corresponding cryogens. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) with a boiling temperature of 77 K at 1 bar is very often...
Distillation, adsorption, and thermal diffusion are commonly employed methods for separating helium-3 and helium-4 isotopes. However, due to the exceptionally low concentration of helium-3 present in natural gas or natural helium, an initial enrichment of helium-3 is necessary to reach the minimum concentration required for traditional separation methods. Entropy filter, a porous element,...
Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is an emerging energy storage technology with significant potential for development, owing to its geographical flexibility and superior ability to integrate external energy sources. However, the efficiency of conventional LAES systems is hindered by the shortage of internal cold energy, necessitating the incorporation of external cold energy to improve system...
The mechanical properties of Nb3Sn coils are strongly influenced by the adhesion between the impregnation resin and the coil constituents, which may significantly impact the magnets’ performance. To improve the understanding of the parameters governing the adhesion in such superconducting magnets, a study was conducted on the adhesion of several impregnation systems with respect to different...
The electrical insulation system in wind-and-react niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) superconducting magnets must be robust, such that it can sustain the mechanical stresses, high radiation doses, and thermal cycles involved in the operation of the magnets. The chosen cable insulation material, currently a thin layer of braided S2-glass, must also withstand a high-temperature heat treatment in an inert...
Liquid air energy storage (LAES), characterized by high energy storage density, large-scale storage capacity, and rapid response time, emerges as a novel energy storage technology applicable to grid peaking and renewable energy saving. However, LAES lags behind other energy storage technologies in terms of system efficiency, primarily due to the internal cold energy deficit. To enhance system...
Self-pressurization phenomenon due to heat leakage into liquid hydrogen (LH2) tanks, is considered the primary challenge and dominating factor for its long-term storage and safe operation. Until now, there is still a difficulty in accurately predicting the pressure evolution in such tanks. Despite the wide-spread use of CFD as a mature-developed non-equilibrium modeling approach, intrinsic...
Liquid hydrogen, characterized by its low mass density and high volumetric energy, is actively promoted as an ideal spacecraft fuel. However, due to its cryogenic storage temperature and the risk of leakage, it imposes extremely high demands on the tank structure and material property. Currently, most liquid hydrogen storage tanks are made of metal materials such as aluminum alloys and...
ISIS Neutron and Muon source is a scientific facility which welcomes over 3000 scientific and industrial users per year to carry out experiments across a range of scientific disciplines. Approximately 500 experiments per year require some form of cryogenic sample environment equipment for cooling the sample, and a significant proportion of these use ‘wet’ cryostat or magnet systems consisting...
Driven by the electrification of industries and economic development in emerging economies, the global demand for electricity is anticipated to surge in the coming decades. It is in this framework that a growing interest in fusion energy devices as a sustainable energy solution emerges. Among the different concepts, SPARC stands out as one of the most promising ones: a compact high – field...
Conventionally cryocoolers are defined as devices that are capable of reaching temperatures of 120 K or below. Among various types of cryocoolers, pulse tube cryocoolers (PTCC) have developed rapidly over the past decades. PTCC are advantageous due to the absence of moving parts at the cold end, and their miniaturization aspects. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) studies are nowadays necessary...
The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden, is designed to become the most powerful accelerator driven spallation neutron source in the world. ESS is currently under construction, first beam on target is planned for 2025, with first user operation expected to start in 2026. As a key component of the neutron production, the cryogenic moderator slows down high-energy neutrons released...
The Shenzhen Superconducting Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser (S3FEL) accelera-tor is based on the TESLA type superconducting RF cavity technology. It consists of 26 1.3 GHz cryomodules and 2 3.9 GHz cryomodules, which can produce 2.5GeV free electron laser and operate in continuous wave mode. Three cryogen-ic systems, namely Test Facility CryoPlant (TFCP), Prototype Accelarator Cry-oPlant...
Hydrogen energy holds significant potential as a novel and clean alternative energy source. Due to its low density under ambient conditions, hydrogen faces challenges in storage and transportation. Consequently, various high-density hydrogen storage and transportation methods have emerged in recent years, including compressed gaseous hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, and cryo-compressed hydrogen....
Cryogenic thermoelectric coolers can be widely used in aerospace industry for satellite cooling systems. However, the commercialization of thermoelectric cooling technology has been built on the Bi2Te3 alloys, which have been aimed at room temperatures. Therefore, suitable materials for cryogenic thermoelectric coolers are needed. In this paper, four thermoelectric coolers have been fabricated...
The MAST-U – Mega-amp Spherical Tokomak – is undergoing enhancements which will position it at the forefront of fusion energy research. The enhancements will allow the reactor to run at elevated temperatures, provide more flexibility with studying plasma physics exhaust and increase our understanding of the underlying physics of tokomaks. It will also be essential to validate models when...
Abstract:
Types of Cryogenic storage vessels may vary from low-performance containers, insulated with rigid foam or fibrous insulation to high-performance containers having multilayer insulation along with high vacuum in the annular space of the double-walled vessel. Thermal insulation is the most vital factor in the design of any cryogenic system to prevent the following possible modes of...
Abstract: The High Field Magnet (HFM) program foresees, among others, the systematic measurement and assessment of mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of HTS cables. These measurements are a key factor to characterize the conductor, verify its performances and control the production quality. These values are also necessary inputs to size the prototype magnets that will use HTS...
A mixed refrigerant (MR) Joule-Thomson (J-T) refrigerator has been developed for application in the semiconductor etching process. The designed refrigerator operates on a 2-stage cascade-type MR J-T refrigeration cycle. For pre-cooling, a vapor compression cycle utilizing R1234yf, a low global warming potential refrigerant, is employed. The main cooling cycle utilizes a mixture of argon (Ar),...
A 4 K J-T cooler is developed to provide sufficient cooling capacity for SNSPD (superconducting nanowire single photon detector) or other quantum information devices. The system is designed for a nominal cooling capacity of 10 mW at 4 K and is conceived to retain sufficient operating flexibility so to properly tune the operating condition. To that extent the design facilitates additional...
Quench heaters for the active protection of superconducting magnets are large flexible circuits that are produced in a photolithographic process. The quench heater base material is a lamination of a thin steel foil from which the circuits are produced by chemical etching, and an insulating film which provides electrical insulation between the quench heater circuit and the magnet coil. The...
Liquid hydrogen is a promising vector for long distance clean energy distribution through shipping. The rapid onloading and offloading times necessary for liquid hydrogen export and the need for regular tank inspections require tanks to be warmed up and chilled down quickly and efficiently. For large tanks utilizing evacuated powder insulation, this can be a slow process due to the low thermal...
The regenerator is a vital component within the liquid air energy storage system, enabling the transfer of cold energy between the processes of air liquefaction and gasification. Solid-phase cold storage, distinguished by its lack of operating temperature constraints, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness, stands out as a highly promising method for cold storage in liquid air...
3D printing of high-performance polymers enables the production of functional components with complex geometries that cannot easily be obtained by conventional manufacturing methods. A concern is the possible degradation of the materials properties of the 3D printed polymers under the irradiation conditions in particle accelerators and detectors. In the present study we have characterised the...
Liquid air energy storage (LAES) technology is characterized by its high energy storage density, geographical independence, and ease of integration with other systems. The LAES integrates and offsets the intermittency and volatility of renewable energy sources. However, air compression and liquefaction processes significantly impact the round-trip efficiency of the entire LAES system. This...
In a nuclear fusion experimental device using superconducting magnets, it is necessary to continuously supply liquid helium to the magnets. Therefore, the stable operation of a helium refrigerator is required during the plasma experiments. Turboexpanders, which are core equipment of the helium refrigerator, contain many parameters to be monitored constantly. During the operation of the helium...
Dilution refrigerators are widely used in the fields of condensed matter physics and quantum technology. The condensation-driven dilution refrigerator uses a condenser operating at temperatures below that of the Still to liquefy the 3He vapor and achieve the circulation of the 3He, which has the advantages of compact structure, lightweight, low cost, and low vibration. Due to these...
Stirling type Cryocoolers are required to cool the I-R detectors and have become essential in military and space-based applications due to its efficiency and compactness. At the core of a cryocooler lies the regenerator, a crucial component acting as a heat exchanger. This heat exchanger plays a vital role in the operation of the cryocooler due to its efficient heat transfer resulting in...
A compact submersible centrifugal pump has been developed to transfer liquid helium with flow rates up to 20 liters per minute between dewar vessels against the pressure loss of the transfer line. The pump is equipped with a cold motor and ball bearings. The authors report on the latest test results and performance characteristics.
Cold end temperature of Stirling generator needs to be increased to reduce the heat sink radiator area which is limited due to the payload capacity of rocket in space application. However, the cold end temperature increase leads to the linear alternator’s overtemperature and failure consequently. A coupled Stirling Generator-Pulse Tube Cryocooler system driven by a Stirling Engine was proposed...
Multiple space X-ray missions in China are under preparation in recent years including HUBS and DIXE. The demand for the Sub-Kelvin space refrigeration technology becomes urgent. The space dilution refrigerator with the advantages of continuous cooling power, little magnetic interference, and light weight has application prospects for space detection missions in future. A dilution...
The adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR), based on the principle of magnetocaloric effect, is a solid-state cooling device. One of its key advantages is the ability to operate under microgravity conditions while offering high thermodynamic efficiency and modular design. Moreover, it stands out as one of the few coolers capable of achieving sub-Kelvin temperatures. As a result, it is...
The performance of a 3-stream plate-fin heat exchanger in a helium refrigerator plant having a modified Claude cycle is crucial to achieve required refrigeration power. This heat exchanger is placed between 2 warmer turbines of the helium refrigerator plant, which is being developed at IPR, Gandhinagar, India. This 3-stream plate-fin heat exchanger has been designed using serrated fins of...
GM pulse tube cryocoolers with large cooling capacity at liquid helium temperature are widely used due to the advantages of low vibration, long life and high reliability in some fields, including quantum computing, condensed matter physics research and others. Our research team previously developed a cold head of the GM type pulse tube cryocooler based on the American compressor CPA1110, which...
Canadian Light Source, a 2.9 GeV 3rd generation synchrotron located in Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada, has had a superconducting wiggler since 2005. Commissioned in July 2005, the wiggler and associated systems have been serviced and upgraded throughout the years. I will look at system design, operations use and upgrades. A look at the quench count and some contributing factors for the...
Using a hydrogen annealing process, we have successfully fabricated intrinsic Josephson junction (IJJ) tunneling devices in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy (Bi-2212) high-temperature superconductor. To flow electrical current along c-axis direction, a Bi-2212 single crystal was annealed in a hydrogen atmosphere at 300-500℃ for 15-60 minutes. By the annealing, an electrical property of the Bi-2212 single crystal...
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is going to provide long-pulsed cold and thermal neutron fluxes at very high brightness. It is one of the largest science and technology infrastructure project being built on outskirt of Lund, in Sweden. Protons at 2 GeV (with a normal current of 62.5 mA) are delivered by a superconducting linear proton accelerator and are injected on a rotatory tungsten...
Prior information of physical and mechanical properties of materials is very crucial in design and development of a mechanical system. In the normal course, sufficient data is available at around room temperature. However, data of these properties are not easily available at cryogenic temperatures. At the same time, the available data cannot be extrapolated down to cryogenic temperature since...
The centrifugal cold compressors are the pressurizing device commonly used in large-capacity superfluid helium systems to connect the 2 K helium tank to the room-temperature screw compressors. In order to provide a large pressure ratio, the cold compressors are connected in the form of multi-stage series, which would result in the stable operating region that is reduced to a certain extent....
Aerostatic bearings, due to their low friction and long lifespan, are widely used in high speed cryogenic turbo expanders. In various refrigeration cycles, it is essential for the bearing gas to be compatible with the working fluid gas to prevent contamination of the whole process. Due to variations in bearing gas viscosity, density and other properties, the static and dynamic characteristics...
Epoxy resin has been commonly used as a supporting and insulating material in superconducting systems that operate at low temperatures and high electric fields. However, it has diverse and complex internal defects. The traps within epoxy resin can capture space charges, especially under factors like radiation and Schottky injection. This can affect the material's performance in terms of...
Abstract:
CERN, home of the 27 km long LHC (Large Hadron Collider) particle accelerator, operates and maintains the world’s largest cryogenic infrastructure. This complex system is essential to the LHC’s functionality, reliability, and availability. Big data analytics and machine learning are promising techniques to extract descriptive and predictive models in complex systems for operation...
In response to the escalating demand for energy-efficient refrigeration, active magnetic refrigeration (AMR) has emerged as a promising solution, with researchers focusing on identifying environmentally friendly solid-state refrigerants. Among various candidates, including Gd and Heusler alloys, the evaluation criteria typically revolve around parameters such as isothermal magnetic entropy...
High magnetic fields of up to 20 T in tokamak-type fusion devices, such as in Central Solenoids of European DEMO and the Chinese BEST fusion reactors, require High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) and a promising candidate is ReBCO tape. The large Lorentz forces occurring under these operating conditions may locally generate high mechanical stresses, which can irreversibly degrade the...
Aluminum alloys, by virtue of their lightweight, good formability, and good corrosion resistance, are widely used in aerospace, construction, and automotive applications. The recently introduced AlMgSc-alloy, namely Scalmalloy® CX by APWORKS, processed by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) with high specific strength and a lightweight structure with minimal design constraints has enormous...
Bulk insulation materials such as expanded perlite are widely used in double-walled cryogenic insulation systems and well known to the industry. However, expanded perlite is also known to be very fragile. Mechanical stress e.g. due to thermal cycling or vibrations can result in material degradation over time and limit its application.
In contrast, hollow glass microspheres which are...
Current leads for superconducting magnets or power cables contribute significantly to the cryogenic heat load of the otherwise well isolated system. The thermodynamic optimization of current leads requires cooling not only at the cold end, but along their entire length. For larger scale systems, cooling with boil-off nitrogen or helium gas is well established. For compact or stand-alone...
Currently, several hydrogen liquefaction plants are being built in Korea, and the distribution of liquid hydrogen to society is only a few years away. One of the major sources of liquid hydrogen demand is liquid hydrogen-based charging stations. These stations serve as pivotal hubs, utilizing liquid hydrogen as a storage medium, employing a pump for pressurization, and delivering low-pressure...
A third-generation underground gravitational wave (GW) observatory, known as the Einstein Telescope (ET), will be developed by European countries together. It is designed as an equilateral triangle with 10 km long arms 200 to 300 meters underneath the ground and with detectors being located in each corner. Any two adjacent arms comprise two independent interferometers, and one interferometer...
A Pulsating Heat Pipe (PHP) is an energy-efficient heat transfer device that operates using the processes of evaporation and condensation to effectively transport heat across long distances. Notably, room-temperature PHPs find crucial applications in cooling electronic components, such as CPU chips. In cryogenic environments, superconducting magnets that are cooled using cryocoolers require...
The compressibility of the gas is used to produce elastic recovery force, provide the axial stiffness of the reciprocating movement of the piston, which effectively avoids the problems of stress concentration and large dynamic mass of the plate spring. The gas spring is a new development direction of the compressor and the free piston Stirling engine, it is important to clarify its dynamic...
Miniature Stirling cryocoolers based on SWaP-C (Size, Weight, Power Consumption, and Cost) objectives for HOT IR technology are prioritize size, weight, and power at a low cost and have grown their importance in the industries of defense, aerospace, medical devices and small scale cryogenic systems. The significance of a miniature Stirling cryocooler for HOT IR technology based on SWaP-C...
Pressure Wave Refrigerators (PWRs), in principle, work with thermal separation through shock waves. The fundamental flow dynamics within a PWR closely resemble those in a shock tube. The sudden release of high-pressure gas in a tube or channel produces shock waves that move through the driven gas, and the associated rarefied waves reduce the pressure of the driver gas. A PWR typically...
The rate of self-pressurization in partially filled cryogenic tanks is dependent on vapour-liquid heat transfer and the ability of the liquid to transfer heat from the surface. This heat transfer may be enhanced by tank motion, such as during transport, which can lead to different pressurisation profiles depending on the mode of liquid sloshing within the tank. In pressurized liquid hydrogen...
Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as an ideal clean energy source, with its use in industry proliferating. Among various storage and transportation methods, liquid hydrogen storage stands out for its high efficiency. However, the risk of accidental leaks leading to the formation of hydrogen clouds poses safety concerns due to hydrogen's high explosion potential and low ignition energy....
Liquid hydrogen (LH$_2$) is believed as the top-rising storage method for long-distance and massive bulk transportation of hydrogen. However, LH$_2$ is easy to vaporize, and also flammable and explosive. It’s necessary to release the boil-off gas for pressure reduction after the safe pressure limit of the container. An improper release time or frequency would pose a safety threat to the...
Limited by insufficient cold storage capacity of regenerator materials, especially operating below 10 K, it is challenging for a high-frequency pulse tube cryocooler to obtain a low temperature down to liquid helium temperature. In this study, the influence of different regenerator materials on the refrigeration performance of a high-frequency regenerator working in the liquid-hydrogen to...
Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES), characterized by its large-scale energy storage capacity and geographical flexibility, represents a promising solution to address the intermittency and volatility of renewable energy. In the construction phase of a LAES power station, the pre-cooling procedure for the cold energy storage fluid and its corresponding tank assumes critical significance, as it...
Abstract. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) situated at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, serves as the host for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), employing cryostats with nearly 70,000 metric tons of high purity liquid argon (LAr). The integrity of LAr quality is pivotal in determining the electron lifetime within DUNE,...
Abstract：
Cryogenic liquid air energy storage (LAES) is a physical energy storage technology with significant development. However, conventional systems suffer from problems such as high air liquefaction throttling loss, insufficient utilization of heat storage capacity, and low efficiency of system electrical to electrical conversion. Therefore, a liquid air energy storage systemcoupled...
Currently, there is a great need for test facilities for material samples and components for later LH2 applications. This includes low temperature compatibility at 20 K, H2 compatibility and potential degradation or permeation effects. A versatile test apparatus has been developed without the need of an external LH2 supply. A limited LH2 quantity of typically 2–3 L is generated directly on...
Perforated plate heat exchangers (PPHEs) are made of alternately arranged high thermal conductivity plates with an insulating spacer in between. While the plates help in inter-fluid heat exchange in the lateral direction, the spacer minimizes the axial conduction losses. They, being very compact and efficient, find use in applications in many places including space, 2K helium cryogenic and...
With the miniaturisation and high efficiency of electronic devices, near-field (NF) radiation has become a key factor in the study of thermal radiation control in electronic devices. NF radiative heat transfer (RHT) is several orders of magnitude greater than far-field (FF) radiation in the vacuum state, while it has been found that NF radiation decreases significantly as the sample passes...
Due to the absence of moving parts at cold end, Stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers (SPTCs) possess the benefits of low vibration, long maintenance intervals and high reliability. SPTCs have been widely used in the fields of superconductors, aerospace, industrial gas liquefaction etc.
Currently, single-stage SPTCs operating at liquid nitrogen temperatures have been successfully developed...
Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) represents cutting-edge technology in the field of cost-effective additive manufacturing. This study investigates the viability of utilizing ADAM for producing components intended for cryogenic heat transfer, heat exchanger etc. in vacuum environments.
The emergence of ADAM presents a promising alternative to traditional metal printing...
Hydrogen is an important green energy source, but its low density and low boiling point bring problems for large-scale storage and transportation. Presently, liquid hydrogen storage and high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage are two main hydrogen storage technologies. However, Liquid hydrogen storage has the problems of ortho-para hydrogen conversion and high liquefaction energy consumption;...
The JT-60SA tokamak fusion experiment is under final commissioning at Naka, Japan. The magnetic confinement of this fusion facility is performed by superconducting magnets cooled around 4.5 K. The JT-60SA magnet system is composed of toroidal field (TF) magnets, central solenoid (CS), and equilibrium field (EF) magnets. There are 18 TF magnets (Nb-Ti conductor, max field at conductor 5.65 T),...
The European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) will provide long-pulsed cold and thermal neutron fluxes at very high brightness to the research community. Spallation neutrons are produced by a linear proton accelerator with an average beam power of ultimately 5 MW. These neutrons are moderated to cold and thermal energies by the moderators. Initially, the ESS will install two hydrogen moderators...
Safe, compact, lightweight, and cost-effective hydrogen storage technology is key to the comprehensive development of hydrogen energy. Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage refers to the use of adiabatic, pressure-resistant vessels to store hydrogen in a supercritical state under the cryogenic temperature and high-pressure. Compared with other hydrogen storage methods, it has significant advantages...
In fusion experimental devices and accelerators, superconducting magnets and cavities are cooled by cryogen supplied through transfer lines from helium liquefier/refrigerators. Since those devices have become larger recently and are operated continuously for a long time, the heat leak into transfer lines has a large influence on the cooling capacity of the helium liquefier/refrigerators....
Reciprocating liquid hydrogen pump is the key equipment for the liquid hydrogen transport technology in the hydrogen energy industry. The check valve, serving as a vital component in the pump, regulates the flow of liquid hydrogen into and out of the pump chamber during each stroke of the reciprocating motion. This paper simulates the check valve motion based on the mechanical equilibrium...
Adsorbents are an integral part of a cryo-adsorption vacuum pump. Activated carbon is the most efficient adsorbent material for such applications for a multitude of reasons like high surface area, versatile pore structure, chemical stability, and regenerative capacity. However, activated carbon does possess an inherent limitation of having low thermal conductivity, which is an essential vital...
In fusion devices cryogenic has a crucial role, not only in superconductive magnet cooling, but also in the formation of cryogenic pellets. These pellets are used for fueling and other solidified matter injection of fusion reactors. At the HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research Fusion Plasma Physics Department, a support laboratory has been set up to study pellet production, launch and shattering...
The metallurgical changes and micro defects after welding can influence the mechanical property, corrosion resistance and dimensional stability of the stainless steel wielding joints. It is necessary to explore an effective post-welded method to improve the service performance for stainless steel welding joints. Furthermore, the essential mechanism between microstructure changes and...
Space free piston Stirling generator technology is an important thermoelectric conversion technology in space reactor energy system. In order to realize the high reliability and low vibration characteristics of the space reactor energy system, the dual gas-coupled opposing Stirling generator is proposed in this paper, and its cooperative operation mechanism will also be investigated. Firstly,...
ABSTRACT:Pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) are promising high-efficiency heat transfer devices with high cost-effectiveness and flexibility. To investigate the heat transfer performance of cryogenic PHP with a long heat transfer distance, a 0.6 m long nitrogen PHP was tested in this paper. The PHP was made by a stainless-steel capillary tube with an inner diameter of 1 mm and an outer diameter of...
Magnetic refrigeration, a well-established technique employed to attain temperatures below the Kelvin scale, is currently gaining prominence for its application at temperatures corresponding to liquid helium and liquid hydrogen. This surge in interest is attributable to the elevated Carnot efficiency associated with magnetic refrigeration in such temperature ranges. A test stand has been...
Thermal properties of materials, especially their thermal conductivity and emissivity, are extremely important in the efficient design of terrestrial cryogenic equipment, such as Dewars and cryostats. It is widely known that composite materials based on epoxy resin and glass reinforcement are good candidates for applications in extreme temperature conditions due to their high stiffness...
The rapid development of superconducting quantum computing technology has stimulated the demand for cryogen-free dilution refrigerators with high cooling capacity. The method of increasing the mass flow rate to obtain a high cooling capacity is limited by the critical velocity of the dilute phase. This study delves into the operation of a high cooling capacity dilution refrigeration system,...
Liquid air energy storage (LAES) technology stands out as a promising large-scale energy storage solution owing to its inherent advantages such as high storage density, geographical flexibility, and scalability. The liquefaction unit, being a pivotal element of the LAES system, significantly influences its overall performance. However, existing research on the liquefaction unit within the LAES...
Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is a large-scale, long-duration energy storage technology that stores electricity in the form of liquid air. Air liquefaction is the core process of a LAES system, determining the conversion rate between electricity and liquid air and affecting the system efficiency. Conventional LAES systems are often based on a single liquefaction cycle, such as the...
Mobile cryogenic tanks are used to transport liquefied process gases in large quantities. To increase the possible distances and minimize the product loss due to evaporation, the tanks can be additionally equipped with a liquid-cooled thermal shield. The known vapor-cooled shields use the boil-off gas of the main product by feeding it through the pipe wound on the outside of the container to...
The export of liquid hydrogen (LH2) offers a carbon neutral replacement for liquefied natural gas (LNG). However, among the key challenges in the storage and transport LH2 is the requirement for significantly insulated tanks due to the low storage temperatures required when compared to LNG. During the return voyage, tanks may carry a small amount of liquid (heel) to maintain low temperatures...
The ISIS Neutron and Muon Source undertakes approximately 100 experiments per year at temperatures below 1K. At these temperatures there is a clear need for accurate, precise, and well-calibrated thermometry, which is resilient to the challenging sample environments found in large science facilities. Commonly used resistive thermometers, whilst offering convenience and operational simplicity,...
ABSTRACT:
Superfluid helium (He II) offers unique challenges and opportunities in heat and mass transfer phenomena due to its exceptional thermal conductivity and peculiar flow characteristics. These properties make superfluid helium an indispensable medium in cooling applications, particularly in high-energy physics where maintaining the operational stability of superconducting cavities is...
The acoustic expander is an innovative cryogenic component that uses gaseous pressure waves for work transfer as part of a continuous flow, recuperative cycle refrigerator. This expander uses passive reed-valves coupled to an acoustic resonator, much like a wind instrument, to produce refrigeration. The passive reed-valves are pressure-controlled by the imposed, static pressure difference...
The high-temperature superconducting magnetic energy storage device can realize the rapid support of the grid voltage and frequency, and has a good application prospect in the new energy grid. In order to reduce the leakage magnetic field of the energy storage magnet, the large superconducting energy storage magnet can adopt a toroidal magnet structure. At the same time, in order to improve...
Cryogenic wind tunnels (CWT) provide a means to perform high Reynolds number aerodynamic tests in a cryogenic environment and simulate hypersonic flights. Non-invasive measurement technology is an advanced measurement techniques applicable to CWT. However, the utilization of non-invasive measurement technology in CWT encounters significant challenges due to the absence of appropriate tracer...
With the increasing requirements of the operating parameter of DEMO fusion devices to realize power generation, the Toroidal Field (TF) magnet is required to withstand a substantial thermal load. BEST (Burning Plasma Experimental Superconducting Tokamak), a novel Tokamak machine in China, has been developed to achieve Deuterium-Tritium fusion. The maximum fusion power is 130MW and the nuclear...
The high thermal-fluid mechanical functionality of cryogenic fine solid particles of micron to nanometer size has been noted in ultrahigh heat flux cooling technology, which is applied to high thermal emission devices and nonaqueous physical nanodevice cleaning technologies.
To effectively use the high performance of such cryogenic solid particles in advanced nanotechnology, our laboratory...
Future, multi-km particle accelerator projects will be under heavy scrutiny to be energetically sustainable. Compared to previous accelerators, these machines must sustain increasingly high beam-induced, static and dynamic heat loads per meter length. These features make the cryogenic infrastructure required for superconducting magnet operation a major cost and energy driver. The choice of a...
Eta Space and NASA are developing an Electro-Chemical Hydrogen Refrigerator (ECHR) demonstrator capable of reaching liquid hydrogen temperatures with no moving parts in support of Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) strategies for future space mission architectures. The demonstrator is powered by an electrochemical hydrogen compressor, custom-built by Skyre, Inc., with a supply pressure up to...
ALLEGRO is a proposed FCC-ee general-purpose detector concept with a noble-liquid electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) as one of its central detectors. Noble-liquid calorimetry is a strong option for future particle physics experiments – for both, hadron and lepton colliders. Such an ECAL is composed of a sandwich of 1536 multi-layer read-out electrodes realized as PCBs and the same number of...
Large-scale air separation units are pivotal in separating air into gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, crucial for industries such as metallurgy, coal chemical, and petrochemical. However, the high energy consumption of these units keeps operational costs elevated. Moreover, the increasing peak-to-valley ratio in the power grid poses a threat to its stable operation. To address these...
For the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, the final focusing Inner Triplet (IT) superconducting magnets of the LHC will be replaced by a new 60 m-long set of higher performance Nb3Sn magnets that will operate at 1.9 K in pressurised He II. A test facility, the HL-LHC IT String, is currently being built to validate the collective behaviour of these new magnets and of the related systems. A...
The cryo compatible and helium leak-tight vacuum barrier (VB) is necessary in the superconducting (SC) Tokamak, which is required to separate the vacuum between the machine cryostat and superconducting current feeder system. It is a dissimilar material joint that electrically isolates 2 kV DC voltage during the quenching of SC magnets. The current feeder system, which houses the 4.2 K...
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), as a widely available and renewable fuel, can address the growing energy demand and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the liquefaction of natural gas, pivotal components such as heat exchangers require reliable methods for predicting heat transfer coefficients. Existing prediction methods are mostly focused on conventional channels with hydraulic...
The dilution refrigerator is a low temperature workhorse, used worldwide to provide temperatures in the millikelvin range for devices ranging from quantum computers through to dark matter detectors. Since its inception more than 50 years ago, the mechanism by which refrigeration occurs has been well understood. However, until this point, the only visual representations of this process were...
Liquid hydrogen is currently attracting a lot of attention for two applications: as a replacement for fossil fuels in heavy-duty trucks or planes and as a potential hydrogen carrier for energy transport over long distances. This is mainly due to the high energy density of LH2 in terms of mass. Other advantageous characteristics of LH2 are a) high purity, b) reduced risk potential due to low...
In recent times, superconducting magnets cooled solely by cryocoolers, without the need for liquid helium, have widely adopted in both academic and industrial applications. The 4K GM cryocooler plays a crucial role in achieving cryocooler-cooled or conductively cooled superconducting magnets. In this presentation, the developments related to the 4K GM cryocooler and its application in...
As the demands on cryogenic engineering systems continue to evolve with advancements in high-energy physics, novel fusion devices, and the expanding hydrogen economy, the question arises: can stainless steel rise to the challenge? Relying in superconducting magnet technology, the magnetic fields required for a variety of very ambitious engineering projects are increasingly high: 16 T for FCC –...
Cryogenic fluids, boasting diverse industrial applications, play a pivotal role in cutting-edge technologies. Notably, liquid helium (LHe) serves the purpose of cooling Earth-orbiting telescopes and satellites, while liquid hydrogen (LH2) plays a crucial role in the cooling of superconducting magnets and propelling space engines. Prior to achieving the efficient flow of cryogenic fluids, the...
The Dalian Advanced Light Source (DALS), proposed by the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China, is a new Free Electron Laser (FEL) project based on superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavity technology. Testing the Q0 performance of the cavity and measuring the static and dynamic cryogenic heat loads of the cryomodule (CM) are an essential...
For high-field accelerator magnets of the future, Bi-2212 round wires are an interesting option thanks to superior Jc compared to Nb3Sn for magnetic fields above 13 T. The round shape of the wires makes it possible to use established Rutherford cabling technology. The large thermal margin results in training-free coil demonstrators. In accelerator magnets, however, Bi-2212 Rutherford cables...
With the growing public awareness on the consequences of global warming, and increasingly facing competition from other modes of land transportation, aviation has no more choice but to rapidly achieve radical technological breakthroughs in the field of low carbon propulsion.
Several studies show that the largest share of aviation emissions is caused by short- and medium-range aircraft,...
Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) was one of the Chinese big science and technology facility. The objectives were to explore and master fusion DEMO level key technologies for next magnetic confinement fusion. In order to test the performance of superconducting magnet, a large-scale helium refrigeration system was proposed and under construction. In this paper, the...
This work presents observations on crack formation in Nb3Sn Rutherford cables that underwent a variation in the heat treatment cycle and the
resin used for impregnation. The main purpose of the study is to compare
the crack initiation limits and propose a combination of parameters to improve the mechanical strength of the cables. While lowering the final dwell
time of the heat treatment...
Abstract: Liquid-oxygen-liquid-methane reusable rocket technology is currently a hot topic in the field of spaceflight. Storage of liquid methane and liquid oxygen in a single tank but with a common bulkhead partition is the most compact and favorable scheme. Reduced or even zero boil-off loss of the cryogenic bipropellants is one of the key endeavors for prolonging the storage duration...
Fusion is one of the most promising options for generating the cleaner energy the world badly needs. Recent milestones in fusion include the new JET3 world record of generating 69 megajoules of fusion energy for five seconds by feeding two milligrams of deuterium and tritium. This is enough to power 12,000 households for about the same period. Delivering fusion energy to the grid is a...
Quantum computing has recently gained interest from industry, opening new fields of applications. Air Liquide Advanced Technologies, thanks to its experiences on ultra-low temperature systems (CryoConcept, subsidiary has been commercializing Dilution Fridges for 20 years for scientific labs) and on Helium Refrigeration and Liquefaction systems for Physics and Industry, is actively developing...
Since the early days of space flight, the so-called radio-blackout phenomenon occurring during hypersonic flight or during atmospheric entry into a celestial bodies’ atmosphere is well known. The compressed and partially ionized species in the hot plasma in front of the spacecraft can block radio waves leading to a complete loss of communication with ground stations, data telemetry, and GPS...
For the next-generation of aircraft, cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a front-running option for serving as propulsion fuel due to its high gravimetric energy density. However, significant advances in terms of LH2 storage and distribution need to be established to have LH2 as a viable option of aircraft propulsion fuel. Advanced thermal management of an LH2 tank is crucial, since boil-off...
To reduce the environmental impact of aviation, liquid hydrogen has been identified as promising future aircraft fuel. The liquid hydrogen can be used directly in the combustion turbine engine or in a fuel cell in combination with an electric motor. While the first option still produces nitrogen oxides, the second option has the potential of zero-emission.
Many initiatives are ongoing to...
CUORE is the world's largest bolometric experiment, featuring a detector comprised of 988 TeO2 crystals with a total mass exceeding 740 kg. Since 2017, CUORE has been collecting data at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy, with the main goal of searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay (0nbb) of 130Te. This process is of paramount importance in particle physics due to its...
Radio Blackout and extreme heat fluxes are critical problems occurring during spacecraft (re-)entry into planetary atmospheres. Both occur at the front surface of the spacecraft due to the compressed and partially ionized plasma. Both can be catastrophic for the mission with damages to the protection material due to heat or the complete loss of GPS data telemetry or communication with ground...
Within the framework of the “AppLHy!” pilot project, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is investigating the transport and application of liquid hydrogen (LH2). Due to the advantages of LH2, such as high energy density, high purity, storage at low pressure and the possible facilitation of the available cryogenic temperature level, various application scenarios are being...
At its ttbar stage, FCC-ee is expected to require over 200 cryomodules housing 800 MHz bulk niobium superconducting radio frequency cavities operated at 2 K, and more than 60 cryomodules housing 400 MHz niobium-sputtered copper cavities operated at 4.5 K. The complexity, energy intensity, and scale of the associated cryogenic system requires a holistic design approach. Topics such as...
Abstract. In previous research, we have developed a high frequency lightweight pulse tube cryocooler, which can obtain a cooling capacity of 10 W at 80 K at the operating frequency of 126 Hz and input power of 250 W. Recently, we further improved the performance of this pulse tube cryocooler by optimizing the phase shifters and changing the cold finger structure. In this paper, the parameters...
A micro coaxial pulse tube cryocooler has been developed to meet the space application requirements of high operating temperature infrared detection. To optimize the cooling performance of the cryocooler, the experiments were designed to study the coupling between the compressor and the cold fingers. Driven by a double-piston opposed linear compressor with the mass less than 200 g, this...
In support of efforts related to the design of future industrial liquid hydrogen storage tanks, the Cryogenics Test Laboratory at NASA Kennedy Space Center has recently begun thermal performance characterization of various insulation systems in different gas background environments, including nitrogen, helium and hydrogen, using the Cryostat-100 (CS100) liquid nitrogen boiloff calorimeter. ...
The 40 K low-temperature environment is crucial for the operation of long-wave infrared detectors. To explore higher efficiency in 40 K cryocoolers, this paper designed and manufactured a single-stage 40 K pulse tube cryocooler. Through rigorous experimentation, we determined the optimal inertance tube and charging pressure for the cryocooler, subsequently subjecting it to performance testing....
To test the superconducting magnets for HIAF, CiADS and other scientific research projects, a new cryogenic test facility is under construction at IMP in Huizhou City. The cooling power of the refrigerator in this test facility is 500 W @ 4.5 K, the liquefaction capacity is 150 L/h. Three vertical test cryostats and three horizontal test benches are planned. The inner spaces of the three...
To develop a long-wavelength infrared detector, a 40K pulse tube cryocooler is needed to provide reliable and low-noise cooling power. Traditionally, it is generally believed that to improve efficiency, a 40K pulse tube cryocooler needs to operate at around 40Hz. However, low frequency cryocoolers are heavier and are not preferred for use on satellites. In this paper, a lightweight pulse tube...
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is considered an advantageous energy source in the current transition stage of energy structure reform due to its cleanliness and high quality. A large amount of high-grade cold energy is released in the process of LNG regasification. However, most of the LNG receiving stations in China fail to utilize LNG cold energy effectively in the actual operation process, and...
Carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites (CFRP) are widely used in cryogenic engineering due to their light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance. Practical applications often involve processing CFRP structural components with holes. However, the presence of these holes have an important effect on the overall mechanical properties of the material. In this study, we introduce...
Numerous studies are currently being carried out on a global scale to develop advanced technological solutions for Single Stage To Orbit (SSTO) and hypersonic flights. These technologies are highly demanding and challenging due to the technical requirements involved especially the design of the propulsion system for the spacecraft and aircraft. Synergetic engine, which uses Rocket Based...
The sealing structure has a significant impact on the performance of high-pressure liquid hydrogen reciprocating pumps. Piston ring sealing is one of the significant sealing methods employed in such pumps. This paper establishes a leakage calculation model for the piston ring sealing structure in high-pressure liquid hydrogen reciprocating pumps. And the impact of different dimensions on the...
As part of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider Upgrade (HL-LHC) at CERN, new focusing quadrupoles, separation and recombination dipoles, and corrector magnets will be installed on either side of the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Specific cryostat designs were developed to allow for the operation of these magnets at 1.9K. A base design concept is progressed into 19 cryostat types to comply...
Mass flow rate is a critical measurement parameter when designing cryogenic hydrogen fluid systems. It is vitally important not only in custody transfer applications for calculating financial obligations but also in fundamental heat transfer research and fluid system design applications to optimize chill down performance, maintain thermal equilibriums, and provide feedback control for pumps...
Cryogens, such as liquefied natural gas or liquid hydrogen, are conventionally stored in highly insulated tanks. These tanks are susceptible to heat transfer from the surrounding environment. The temperature difference between the ambient air and the cryogen inside the tank drives this heat transfer, leading to cryogen heating and evaporation. As the cryogen continuously evaporates, the...
The Cryomodules are critical components in the European Spallation Source (ESS) accelerator, playing a crucial role in connecting spoke cavities to high-beta elliptical cavities in the SRF Linac. These Cryomodules provide the necessary environment for operating, Spoke (Spk) cavities, Medium-Beta (MBL) and High-Beta (HBL) elliptical cavities, which are responsible for accelerating protons from...
Hall sensors are commonly used as a non-contact way to relay positional data inside a cryostat to an external motion controller. However, cryogenic Hall sensors can be cost prohibitive and require peripheral electronics to interface with the motion controller. Here we contrast the accuracy and reliability of non-contact reed switches in cryogenic environments against the commercially available...
This study presents the design and commissioning process of a medium-scale hydrogen liquefaction plant of 1.5 tons of liquid hydrogen per day (TPD), utilizing a Helium Brayton refrigeration cycle augmented with Liquefied nitrogen pre-cooling.
The design involved comprehensive simulation and analysis to optimize the plant's performance. The specific energy consumption (SEC) of the plant was...
The usage of free-piston Stirling cryocoolers is increasingly prevalent in space technology, particularly to cool infrared sensors on satellites and space related devices. The distinctive characteristics of free-piston Stirling cryocoolers render them highly suitable for cooling these infrared sensors, primarily due to their effective and dependable cooling capabilities, which are crucial for...
GeV-class proton beam with an average power of several megawatts have many important applications in particle physics towards the intensity frontier, as well as in the accelerator driven subcritical system, and material science. In 2019, China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) proposed an isochronous FFAG conceptual design with capability of producing 2GeV/6MW CW proton beam. The main magnet...
Cryogenic liquid level sensors play a vital role in industries handling ultra-low temperature cryogens, including medical, aerospace, and energy sectors. Monitoring levels within cryogenic storage tanks is critical to prevent issues such as pressure buildup from overfilling, insufficient supply from underfilling, and temperature fluctuations. Depending on the precision required, level...
Cryopumps are used as the main pumps of cryo-vacuum systems in the Negative Neutral Beam Injectors (NNBI) test facility to pump gas to generate and maintain the vacuum gradient environment. To cool the cryopumps, a 1000 W@4.5K cryogenic system was built, which provides 4.5 K supercritical helium for cryopanels and 77 K liquid nitrogen for radiation baffles. The major cryogenic system...
As national major science and technology infrastructure, Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology（CRAFT) is being built by ASIPP. Cryogenic system is an important part of the research for superconducting magnets. ASIPP designed and developed a 1KW@4.5K helium cryogenic system to meet some cryogenic testing, such as a conductor performance research platform and a central solenoid...
The use of cryogenics plays a major role in the operation of modern high-energy accelerators and ensures the superconducting state of beam-guiding and focusing magnets. A profound understanding of the thermo-mechanical behavior of the structures and components is therefore crucial, particularly for the strain-sensitive Nb$_3$Sn-based superconducting coils. Inaccuracies in considering processes...
The cryogenic mechanical property tests of building elements are significant to ensure the safety of cryogenic-related buildings, such as LNG facilities, air separation plants, polar research station, etc. A cryogenic environment simulation chamber with large inside space, low temperature refrigeration and temperature control module is a key basic test facility for the construction of these...
HL-LHC (High Luminosity LHC) is an upgrade of the LHC accelerator that will achieve a significantly higher level of integrated luminosity than the original LHC assumptions. As a result of the HL-LHC project, about 150 meters of the accelerator will be completely replaced on both sides of the P1 and P5 collision points. This will require a new cryogenic distribution system, consisting of a...
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is one of the largest science and technology infrastructure project being built in Sweden. Protons at 2 GeV (with a normal current of 62.5 mA) are delivered by a superconducting linear proton accelerator and are injected onto a rotating tungsten target at a pulsed repetition rate of 14 Hz. Neutrons via spallation reaction are moderated to cold and thermal...
In the International Linear Collider (ILC) main linac, superconducting quadrupole (SCQ) magnets combined with dipole correctors, together with superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities, will be used to transport and accelerate electron and positron beams to the collision point. The SRF cavity accelerates the beam up to 125 GeV per side, the SCQ focuses the beam, and the dipole collectors...
Pulse tube (PT) cryocoolers are a type of cryogenic refrigerator used to achieve ultra-low temperatures of approximately 4.2K. They are renowned for their low vibration characteristics during operation, as they lack an internal displacer, which is present in GM cryocoolers. As a result, PT cryocoolers are extensively utilized in various applications, including dilution refrigerators for...
This study is performed to investigate the effect of the freezing phenomena in cryogenic liquid hydrogen vaporizer experimentally and theoretically. Whenever cryogenic fluid is used as the working fluid for heat exchanger, heat exchanger is exposed to the risk of freezing due to low temperature profile inside heat exchanger. To avoid the freezing phenomena inside heat exchanger, the flow and...
In transfer stations for liquid helium, single-flow transfer lines are often used to transfer the liquid into a smaller mobile dewar. During this process, a considerable amount of the liquid evaporates due to heat leak and especially pressure losses in the transfer line. Regardless of the liquefier’s efficiency, this evaporation loss contributes to a significantly higher running time of the...
Abstract: With the rapid advancement of space technology, there is a continuous increase in demand for long-wave infrared detection devices, leading to higher requirements for two-stage pulse tube cryocoolers operating at liquid hydrogen temperatures. The performance of the cryocoolers is closely related to the inertance tube size. In order to improve a two-stage thermal-coupled pulse tube...
Thermal switches are used in cryogenic systems to manage temperature, which helps in speeding up the cooling process. The convective heat switch is a thermal switch that controls the heat transfer between different components. Previously, we investigated a thermal switch of a novel structure using CFD methods and gained some helpful information for processing. In this research paper, we...
The determination of the thermal expansion of lightweight composite structures, such as honeycomb panels is of great interest for various high added value industries. However, those measurements are challenging, as they are typically not possible with with well-established methods due to their complex geometries. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using the Rayleigh...
The cryogen evaporation rate is of prime concern in various industrial as well as research settings. Even with high insulation of cryogenic tanks, heat in-leak from ambient is unavoidable. The thermal characterisation of cryogenic fluids is quite important during their storage due to external heat inleaks. Due to their low viscosity, cryogens are prone to large liquid motions (sloshing) during...
The Application of Liquid Hydrogen project (AppLHy) aims to investigate the combined transportation of liquid hydrogen as chemical energy carrier and the use of superconductors for efficient electrical energy transport in a hybride pipeline. It is crucial to evaluate material properties for the development of such a hybrid pipeline operating under cryogenic temperatures and exposure to liquid...
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has been operating the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) for over 20 years. Superconducting magnet operations on RHIC rely on the stable operations of the Cryogenic Control System (CCS) to process and circulate 48,000 gallons of 4K helium supporting RHIC’s superconducting magnets. Over the years of RHIC operations, several subsystems requiring...
Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is considered to be one of the most ambitious fusion energy projects capable of producing large-scale nuclear fusion reactions, whose superconducting magnet system consists of the toroidal field (TF) coils, central solenoid (CS) coils and poloidal field (PF) coils. The modified N50 austenitic stainless steel has been determined to be applied as...
In the accelerator cryogenic system, various sensors and instruments are used to measure important parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, liquid level, and heating power. These sensors and instruments are installed in valve boxes, pipelines, gas storage tanks, and accelerator modules. The data measured by these sensors and instruments is collected through PLC (Programmable Logic...
Tokamak Energy has completed a project to build our understanding of the performance of HTS coils under gamma radiation up to doses of 10MGy. A cryogenic HTS test rig was built to enable this, and testing was carried out at the Gamma Irradiation Facility at Sandia National Laboratories.
One of the key challenges of this unique experiment is instrumentation selection. Instrumentation on the...
Adopting hydrogen fuel has been recognised as a promising route to realise net-zero emission by academia, industry and government. It is challenging to most materials for storing and distributing liquid hydrogen at 20 Kelvin (K). While metallic materials have traditionally been considered for liquid hydrogen storage and distribution, recent discourse in both academia and industry, particularly...
Epoxy resin is used to improve the mechanical properties, insulation properties and thermal conductivity of superconducting magnets. The second-generation high temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes have significant mechanical strength anisotropy due to their multi-layer structure. In the cooling process, stress concentration occurs between the layers due to the different cooling shrinkage...
A flexible liquid helium level gauge has been developed to compensate lack of commercial availability to procure replacement level gauges for the LHC 1.8 K refrigeration unit cold box requiring an active measurement length of about 1 m. The main difficulty for manufacturing the level gauges is related to the insertion capillary requiring an overall length ranging from 1.75 m to 4.30 m. The...
This study presents a novel charge amplifier design top operate cold (77K), tailored for amplifying signals originating from devices such as Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and High Purity Germanium Detectors (HPGe), commonly employed in fundamental physics experiments. The distinctive feature of the proposed charge amplifier lies in its utilization of a front-end transistor fabricated from...
The cryogenic distribution system for the High Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) under construction at IMP has about 146 m cryogenic transfer lines. These transfer lines will be installed between a distribution box on the surface and the connection valve boxes located 12.3 m underground in the tunnel. The transfer line consists of 28 sections. Due to space limitations the lines...
Static random-access memories (SRAMs) are commonly used in high access-rate applications due to their fast operation and compatibility with CMOS logic. Nevertheless, their significant power consumption and limited storage density render them impractical, particularly for cryogenic applications where power constraints hinder scalability. In contrast, dynamic random-access memories (DRAMs) can...
ABSTRACT- Oral Presentation
Modern Cryogenic Valves – design Considerations with focus on liquified Hydrogen and Helium
Leire Colomo, Ander Gabirondo 1)
1) AMPO Poyam Valves, ES- 20213 Idiazabal, Gipuzkoa, Spain
Cryogenics with the gases like helium, hydrogen and sometimes also with neon, nitrogen, or air gain today more attraction as enablers for new green technologies in the...
Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities are critical components in particle accelerators, responsible for accelerating charged particles to high energies. Traditionally, these cavities use bulk niobium (Nb) due to its exceptional superconducting properties at cryogenic temperatures. However, limitations like localized defects can hinder performance by causing power absorption and abrupt...
The AGOR superconducting cyclotron at the Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC) in The Netherlands has been operational with its main coils kept continually at cryogenic temperatures since the mid-1990s. A Sulzer TCF50 Liquefier is used to supply liquid helium (LHe) to operate the cyclotron’s two superconducting main coils and two superconducting extraction channels. The extraction...
The aviation industry’s transition to using hydrogen as a sustainable fuel is undoubtedly pushing the boundaries when it comes to materials that can withstand the cryogenic temperatures that liquid hydrogen (LH2) must be sustained at. To develop such materials, it is imperative that testing and characterisation methods are fit-for-purpose and accurately measure the required properties at the...
The present study focuses on the optimal design of a 1 T main magnet operated at 65 K consisting of second-generation (2G) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) tape wound in the shape of double pancake (DP) coils for Extremity Magnetic Resonance Imaging (E-MRI) scanners by using the population-based real-coded genetic algorithm (RGA). In the RGA, the minimum length of HTS tape consumption is...
Abstract: Pulse tube (PT) cryocoolers are versatile systems which can be used, among other applications, for cooling sensors down to very low temperatures in order to increase their sensitivity through the strong reduction of the thermal background noise of measurements. Therefore, PT cryocoolers must be miniaturized and operate without bringing vibrations into the total system. Thus, the...
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), recognized as one of the cleanest fossil fuels, is currently the most rapidly expanding primary energy source, offering abundant cold energy during the gasification process. The integration of liquid air energy storage (LAES) with LNG cold energy utilization not only facilitates the efficient utilization of LNG cold energy but also enhances the energy efficiency of...
Austenitic stainless steels (ASS) of AISI 304 (EN X5CrNi18-10), AISI 316L (EN X2CrNiMo17-12-2), AISI 316LN (EN X2CrNiMoN17-11-2) grades characterized by excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in a wide temperature range (4 K - 900 K). Thus, they find numerous applications in the automotive, aviation, nuclear and chemical industries as well as in space and superconducting...
A gas-gap heat switch is a device of which the thermal conductance is controlled by regulating the pressure of a working gas in a gap between warm and cold surfaces. The on-state conductance is largely determined by the gap distance, and as such minimization of the gap is often a design objective. By pumping out the gas or adsorbing it onto a getter, there is virtually no conductivity through...
With the development of superconducting accelerator devices, higher requirements have been proposed for the quality factor Q0 of superconducting cavities to reduce the operational costs of cryogenic systems. Numerous studies have indicated that fast cooldown (FCD) of the cavity can generate significant temperature gradients on the surface, contributing to the expulsion of magnetic flux and...
The Dalian advanced light source (DALS) is a new FEL project based on SRF technology. The DALS test facility is used to test the key components of DALS, which requires a 370 W @ 2 K cryogenic system and is expected to be completed by end of this year. Dynamic simulation is often used in the cryogenic system process design and control logic optimization, it also plays a very important role in...
The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) upgrade (HL-LHC) at CERN, requires the procurement of 0-60 mbar absolute pressure sensors with an absolute accuracy of +/- 0.3 mbar and a radiation Total Integrated Dose (TID) that may reach 100 kGy. Unfortunately, commercial sensors with embedded electronics cannot be used due to the effort required for qualifying electronics for radiation environments. Such a...
Superconducting magnets play a key role in the search for dark matter particles such as axions. This application benefits from a large B2V factor within the magnet bore. A low B field region in close vicinity of the main magnet and a low temperature environment are also required for the detection. Oxford Instruments has developed a range of large bore superconducting magnet...
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron-scattering facility which will use a pulsed 2.0 GeV proton beam generated in the linear accelerator (LINAC) for releasing high-energy neutrons in the ESS target station. The 2K superconducting linac comprises 13 spoke and 30 elliptical cryomodules. The cryogenic distribution system (CDS) connects the cryogenic plant with the 43 cryomodules...
Korean heavy ion accelerator (RAON) consists of two superconducting linear accelerators of which names are SCL3 and SCL2, respectively. We finished the first cool-down and the first beam commissioning of whole SCL3 section in 2023. In 2024, we conducted second cool-down of the SCL3. We successfully finished the second cool-down from ambient temperature to 4.5 K and 2.05 K for whole SCL3...
The helium isotope separation system based on cryogenic distillation represents a pivotal part in the purification of helium-3 (3He). In this study, we designed and simulated a cryogenic distillation column using the tridiagonal matrix algorithm. The liquid holdup and pressure drop for each theoretical stage were modeled using a general packed column model, with predictions based on known...
Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based digital twins are increasingly utilized in scientific research applications, replacing Finite Element Method (FEM) models to save time and resources. These ANN models deliver rapid and accurate results comparable to the FEM models on which they are trained. Optimization, employing metaheuristic methods like the Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm...
The Einstein Telescope (ET) is a third generation gravitational wave detector planned in Europe, combining a low-frequency (LF) and a high-frequency (HF) laser interferometer. Cryogenic operation of ET-LF in the temperature range of 10 K to 20 K is essential to suppress the suspension thermal noise, which dominates the detection sensitivity at
frequencies below 10 Hz. This requires suspension...
In order to meet the demand for high-performance magnetic fields in extreme environments such as magnetic levitation trains, compared with traditional copper or permanent magnets, superconducting magnets with high current density can achieve light weighting of the overall system, which is of great significance for the safe operation and cost saving of high-speed magnetic levitation. In this...
Structural materials are often in a complex stress environment during cryogenic service. For example, superconductors and structures will be subject to support load, thermal residual stress, and electromagnetic force. Composites used for storing cryogenic liquids also bear with the joint action of the axial and radial load produced by internal high pressure. The complex stress state has a...
Regenerator is an important part in regenerative cryocoolers, which is the main part to provide cooling power through the heat exchange of the helium and the matrix inside that. When the temperature is below 20 K, the specific heat capacity of the helium increases and exceeds that of the stainless steel, which limits the process of heat transfer in the regenerator and limit the increase of the...
The Stirling pulse tube refrigerator is regarded as one of the development directions of space refrigerators due to its advantages of no moving parts at the cold end, low vibration, light mass and long life. The Stirling pulse tube refrigerator in the liquid hydrogen temperature region, as the front refrigerator of the pulse tube refrigerator in the liquid helium temperature region, will have...
Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) is emerging as a high potential energy storage medium in the accelerating Hydrogen economy to achieve net zero targets by 2050. LH2 possesses the advantage of high volumetric energy density compared to compressed gaseous Hydrogen. However, currently LH2 usage is restricted by both production and storage issues. Scalability and constructability limitations, capital cost...
Cryocooler-based conduction cooling has gained traction in replacing liquid He baths for cooling in applications such as superconducting radiofrequency cavities owing to their compact design and simplified construction. Conduction cooling near room temperature is also being explored for dissipating heat from electronic chips. One of the primary governing factors in conduction cooling is...
The heat leakage of cryogenic equipment is primarily attributed to multilayer insulation and solid heat conduction at a macroscopic level. However, there has been limited research on optimizing solid heat transfer. Traditionally, the design criterion for materials subjected to cryogenic temperatures has been based on their yield strength or ultimate tensile strength at room temperature due to...
Abstract: The serrated yielding (discontinuous plastic flow, DPF) of metallic materials at cryogenic temperatures has always been a research hotspot in the field of plastic deformation of cryogenic-temperature materials, with this topic typically confined to phenomenological theory. This study simulated the cryogenic-temperature dislocation glide and vacancy diffusion by establishing a...
The demand for small quantities of liquid hydrogen available at any time for testing of equipment and technologies for liquid hydrogen applications is growing. Therefore, several initiatives have started to develop a small-scale hydrogen liquefier with a liquefaction capacity in the range of 1 to 10 kg/day. The EHLAS (Economic Hydrogen Liquefaction And Storage) project is one of them and aims...
Faraday Factory Japan (FFJ) has established the world’s largest facility for manufacturing of 2G HTS tape and is ready to further expand production capacity with anticipated demand growth. At present, the factory capacity exceeds 1,000 km of 12 mm wide tape per year (or 3,000 km of 4 mm wide tape).
Over more than a decade on the 2G HTS tape market, the selling price of FFJ HTS tape halved...
The Einstein Telescope is a proposed ground-based third-generation gravitational wave observatory. The extreme sensitivity with which current second-generation gravitational observatories have measured gravitational waves is to be improved even further. One of the ways in which this is achieved is by cooling down the mirrors of the interferometers. Brownian noise, mainly originating from the...
Based on its expertise in cryogenics and on its experience with more than 50 cryostats in operation, ABSOLUT SYSTEM has developed an industrial liquefier system of hydrogen, for applications up to 50kg of liquid hydrogen per day. The liquefier uses Cryomech cold heads, a well-known technology at Absolut System, which is a distributor of this hardware and which ensures its maintenance.
The...
With the progress of applications such as compact nuclear fusion reactors and power devices using high temperature superconducting wires, the need for REBCO coated conductors (CCs) is increasing, and manufacturing of the REBCO CCs is shifting to mass production stage. On the other hand, the combination of process parameters in the REBCO CC manufacturing is diversified, and it is still...
As the hydrogen mobility market has grown in recent years, liquid hydrogen fueling stations, which are capable of delivering higher amounts of hydrogen than gaseous hydrogen fueling stations, have attracted increasing attention. Liquid hydrogen fueling stations include evaporation systems that convert liquid hydrogen into gas and heat it up to the right temperature. For normal operation, the...
Thermal stratification is of major concern in the design of cryogenic liquid storage vessels. In closed (isochoric) storage systems, a developing thermal stratification leads to higher pressure increase rates compared with isothermal conditions and therefore to premature boil-off losses. The development of a thermal stratification is a consequence of non-uniform distribution of the heat inleak...
Iron-based superconductors (IBS) are promising candidates for high-field applications not only because of their advanced superconducting properties but also due to the cost-effective powder-in-tube method. While IBS tapes have achieved high critical current density (J$_c$) above J$_c$(4.2 K, 10 T)=2×10$^5$ A/cm$^2$, improving the J$_c$ of round wires has been challenging. Here, we fabricated...
Magnetic compensation of gravity allows for ground-based experiments to be carried out under weightless conditions at reasonable cost and without the time limitation of systems such as zero-g airplanes or drop towers. In this paper a superconducting magnet for gravity compensation is described. The magnet warm bore diameter is 380mm and the center field is 2T. The magnet is comprised by nine...
An excellent insulation performance can promote the development of liquid hydrogen (LH2) due to its characteristics of easy evaporation. To improve the storage efficiency of LH2 and further enhance the performance of multilayer insulation structure (MLI), an experimental setup has been designed and fabricated based on the evaporation calorimetry to test the performance of MLIs. Thermodynamic...
Within the framework of the study of future high-energy particle colliders, high-field (15-16 T) Nb3Sn magnets are being developed. These magnets are usually impregnated using epoxy resin with glass fiber to provide electrical insulation and mechanical support to the conductor.
However, several phenomena are often observed: first, the high-stress conditions applied during pre-load, cool-down,...
Abstract: Joule-Thomson (J-T) effect is pivotal in refrigeration applications spanning a broad spectrum of temperature ranges. Miniature open-cycle J-T cryocoolers stand out for their remarkable cooling speed, capable of fast cooling from room temperature to 100 K within mere seconds. This rapid cooling capability renders them ideal for addressing immediate and transient cooling requirements,...
For the cooling of new superconducting components, cryocoolers are increasingly favored over traditional immersion bath cooling. The efficient thermal connection between superconducting elements, like coils, and cryocoolers is vital for the system performance. Pulsating Heat Pipes (PHPs) utilize two-phase flow to transfer heat from a warmer evaporator section to a colder condenser part using...
REBCO superconducting coils for aircraft propulsion motors boost magnetic flux density and output power which in turn improves the power-over-weight ratio. However, self-heating which can be due to either an AC current or a short-circuited DC voltage could cause thermal quench in HTS stator coils. Therefore, it is needed to analyze the complex interactions between electromagnetic phenomena and...
A key challenge of designing cryogenic hydrogen fuel systems for future zero emission mobility is the reduction of the overall system weight by using lightweight engineering. Especially in the context of aviation, fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite materials (FRT) are considered as alternative construction materials for fuel line systems. However, permeation of hydrogen through FRT is...
High costs have hindered the practical use of REBCO coated conductors, despite their promising properties for a wide range of applications. A potential way for lowering the costs is by increasing the growth rate of the superconducting material while keeping high critical current density values [1]. The novel high throughput growing method Transient Liquid Assisted Growth (TLAG) [2,3] is...
In the design of a cryostat, the characterization of their cryocoolers is critical for vibration-sensitive applications. These components are used for achieving and maintaining low temperatures. In this work, the characterization of the PT410 pulse tube cryoocoler through modal and microvibration testing has been conducted.
Modal testing was conducted to examine the natural frequencies and...
Abstract
The post-harvest losses of agricultural produce in India are as high as 40% compared to about 2 % in the UK. Fresh perishable crops contain 65 to 95 % water when harvested and are at risk of spoilage due to microbial activity, water loss, and higher respiration and sprouting under ambient conditions for a long time. Hence there is a need to preserve agricultural produce by...
To improve the precision and the efficiency of cancer treatment, a new kind of radiotherapy using ions carbon is under development in France. This project called C400, involved a 400 Mev/u cyclotron composed of a 15 tons supraconducting magnet cooling by a 470 L liquid helium bath.
In order to cool down of the magnet from 300 K, Absolut System designed, manufactured and tested a high...
Porous thermal insulation materials, such as polyurethane foam, glass wool or glass fiber, have been widely used in the field of cryogenic storage and transportation systems. In situations where cracks or holes occur in the package wall layer, the stored cryogenic liquid will leak and penetrate into the porous media. The liquid evaporates and diffuses in the porous media and absorbs a large...
The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory's upgrade to the LCLS-II, featuring a 4 GeV superconducting linear accelerator with 37 cryomodules and two extensive helium refrigeration systems supporting 4 kW at 2.0 K, represents a significant advancement in accelerator technology. Central to this upgrade is a sophisticated 2K system with five stages of centrifugal cold compressors, operating across...
Cryogenic refrigerators can be broadly classified as either continuous flow machines or oscillating flow machines. The acoustic expander is a new hybrid approach that combines the best aspects of these two machines. Globally, the working fluid moves continuously through the recuperative heat exchanger of the cycle while locally the working fluid oscillates in the acoustic expander. This...
Cryogenic space missions with extremely low temperature experiments such as Herschel, Ariel and Athena present unique challenges on cable assemblies in order to connect electrical devices in a temperature range down to a few millikelvin with those at room temperature. Similar demands are encountered in earthbound telescopes such as ALMA, ELT, and VLT, where large temperature variations...
High-field magnets play a crucial role in various research fields, contributing to the exploration of material properties under extreme conditions and advancing knowledge in biology, chemistry, geology, and more. The Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) project aims to establish a comprehensive laboratory with functionalities related to superconducting materials, AC...
Liquid hydrogen piston pumps are widely used for transferring liquid hydrogen due to their low investment, low power consumption and high flow rate. To maintain high efficiency in working condition, it is essential to prevent internal leakage. Labyrinth seals, which are a form of non-contact sealing, have a simple structure, low wear and allow for thermal deformation. They are not limited by...
With the growing demand for compact and large-capacity cryogenic refrigerators nowadays, large-temperature-span cryogenic heat exchangers (HX), as the key and bulky components, are studied to achieve performance and volume advantage. The printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHE) are supposed to a promising candidates for compact HX for their lower resistance, and flexible design, which have been...
At ZEA-1 we develop, build and operate, among other things, cryostats for scientific applications to liquefy gases such as hydrogen, e.g. with variable ortho para content for the moderation of neutrons. Further areas of application include Raman spectroscopy and particle image velocimetry (PIV) with cryogenic liquids, testing and calibration of sensors and actuators at cryogenic temperatures...
In-situ mechanical property testing of materials at cryogenic temperatures is critical for the advancement of cryogenic engineering. Liquid hydrogen is emerging as a promising hydrogen storage and transportation medium to ensure the global decarbonization process. The development of liquid hydrogen infrastructure to meet the anticipated surge in demand necessitates a thorough exploration of...
Superfluid helium (He II) serves as a crucial refrigerant for cooling superconducting resonators, enabling the attainment of remarkably high acceleration gradients in particle accelerators. The presence of quantum vortices in He II attenuates second sound waves and influences heat transfer. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the attenuation of second sound waves by quantum vortices...
Abstract. A short circuit test set up is used to generate a fault with a specific number of cycles at input AC voltage of 20, 40 & 60 on a specific length of HTS tape immersed in liquid nitrogen. The fault current characteristics at 78 K by using copper and SS laminated HTS tape were measured at different operating voltage and with variable no of cycles. The voltage, current and temperature...
Compared with the traditional standard orifice flowmeter, the perforated plate balanced flowmeter has a more stable flow field and a lower pressure loss, making it more suitable for measuring low-temperature fluids, such as liquid methane, liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen and so on. In this study, a calculation model of the perforated plate balanced flowmeter is established. The simulation...
Large scientific facilities make extensive use of cold helium in different thermodynamic states for cryostating of superconducting cavities or magnets. The helium is supplied to cryomodules by cryogenic distribution system which may contain tens of valve boxes and hundreds of cryogenic valves. Cryogenic control valves are considered as a critical part of every cryogenic distribution system not...
Microgravity mass gauging has gained increasing importance in recent years due to the acceleration in planning for long term space missions as well as in-space refueling & transfer operations. It is of particular importance with cryogenic propellants where periodic tank venting maneuvers and leak detection place a special emphasis on accurate mass gauging. Several competing technologies have...
Abstract
In the last decades, the precise control of ultra-low temperature environments has turned out to be of primary importance for the development of novel cryogenic applications. As a matter of fact, the accurate monitoring of temperatures well below 10 K is crucial for preserving the quantum properties of superconducting and spin qubits [1-2]; moreover, recent...
Over the last few years, a number of projects dedicated to the full scale demonstration of cryogenic H2 systems for clean mobility have been successfully carried out at Air Liquide’s Campus Technologies Grenoble (ex-ALaT), in Sassenage (France). Those pioneering prototypes have been designed and operated together with world class industry leaders, and pave the way towards a realistic, cost...
The RF fundamental power coupler (FPC) in SRF accelerating systems can have a major contribution to the cryogenic power consumption. In the framework of the FCC feasibility study, the focus on the energy saving is of primary importance given the size of the machine, with 264 cavities at 400MHz and 488 cavities at 800MHz for the collider, and 600 cavities at 800MHz for the booster, at the ttbar...
The Shanghai high repetition rate x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) and extreme light facility (SHINE), a quasi-continuous wave hard XFEL facility, is currently under construction. The superconducting accelerators of SHINE require cryogenic cooling at 2 K for cavities, 5 K for cold interception, and 40 K for thermal shields, respectively. In this paper we present the overview and recent...
In Munich, Germany, a 15 km long superconducting power cable is planned to provide a high-power connection within the 110 kV network. To ensure safe and economic operation, efficient liquid nitrogen re-cooling stations are needed at several points along the cable. Within the SuperLink research project, next generation cooling systems for such operations are being developed.
As an alternative...
Ortho-para hydrogen catalytic conversion stands as a pivotal process in hydrogen liquefaction. Continuous conversion, the most energy-efficient, is realized by placing catalysts inside channels of heat exchangers. Experimental data is significant to reveal the underlying mechanism of thermal-flow-conversion process and optimize the conversion process, which is still lacking in the accessible...
Shenzhen Superconducting Soft-X-ray Free Electron Laser (S3FEL), located at Shenzhen, China, aims to construct a new light source that can generate high brightness X-Ray pulses between 40 eV and 1 keV at repetition rate up to 1 MHz. The S3FEL is based on superconducting accelerator technology comprised of 25 cryomodules (CMs) operating at 2 K temperature with 5 K thermal intercept circuit and...
Thermal performance of the cryogenic transfer line with long distance and multi-channels is crucial to the efficiency of large helium cryogenic systems built for Shanghai high repetition rate x-ray free electron laser and extreme light facility (SHINE). We have performed several tests to measure the thermal performance of the cryogenic transfer lines developed and optimized for SHINE. The...
The structured packing is one of the core internals in the cryogenic distillation column. In the past, testing and development of packings were mostly based on ambient hydraulics and fluids, which may deviate considerably from actual cryogenic testing. Therefore, it is necessary to reveal the falling film flow characteristics of cryogenic fluid on the surface of structured packing and study...
This paper presents the commissioning progress of the first accelerator cryoplant for Shanghai high repetition rate x-ray free electron laser and extreme light facility (SHINE). To fulfill the cooling needs for the superconducting cavities in the SHINE accelerator, three cryogenic plants were contracted to Air Liquide Advanced Technologies (ALAT) in 2020. Each cryoplant could provide 4 kW...
In the neutron scattering experiments using MW-class pulsed neutron sources, specific pulse shape characteristics, such as high intensity, narrow pulse width and short tail etc., are required. Such pulsed neutrons are typically generated by moderating spallation neutrons using liquid hydrogen. Liquid hydrogen is known as a unique moderator material for the neutrons. However, there are two...
Nowadays, storage of liquid hydrogen (LH2) has become a promising solution to many energy applications compared to conventional fuels. However, self-pressurization phenomenon due to heat leakage into LH2 tanks still represents a bottleneck for its development. Accordingly, accurate prediction of the pressure evolution of LH2 is of great importance and urgent requirement for safe storage,...
At the European Spallation Source (ESS), a 5 MW beam of 2.0 GeV proton with a nominal current of 62.5 mA driven by an accelerator will impact a tungsten wheel target at a repetition rate of 14 Hz and a pulse length of 2.86 ms. The fast neutrons produced via spallation process are reduced to cold and thermal neutrons of lower energy levels by passing through a thermal water pre-moderator and,...
While the search for novel superconductors toward higher current carrying capacities and lower transport losses in different types of superconducting wires continues, so far, there is no record of any “liquid superconductor”.
Superfluid helium, however, “conducts” heat without thermal resistance due to its very high thermal conductivity below its Lambda transition point.
For superconducting...
The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) will host the Far Detectors of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), an international multi-kiloton Long-Baseline neutrino experiment that will be installed about a mile underground in Lead, SD. Detectors will be located inside four cryostats filled with almost 70,000 metric tons of ultrapure liquid argon, with a level of impurities...
The CERN Neutrino Platform contributes to a globally coordinated programme of neutrino research. This international effort entails the development of state-of-the-art cryogenic systems in support of large-scale, liquid argon Time Projection Chamber detectors (TPC).
The DarkSide-20k experiment represents the first significant step for the development of the future generation of larger liquid...
At IPR, in Steady State Superconducting Tokamak (SST-1), cryogenic division have two sections, one is 4.2 K and other 77 K temperature that is used for cooling of superconducting magnet material coils and for reduction of heat loads etc. The working at cryogenic temperature and high pressure environment is drastically different than working at room temperature, the material behaviour, its...
The large-scale storage of liquid hydrogen allows efficient and inexpensive hydrogen energy utilization. Conventional liquid hydrogen storage tanks commonly adopt a high vacuum double-shell spherical configuration, as observed in the tanks used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Port of Kobe. However, this kind of tank faces load distribution challenges,...
In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of gravity measurement method utilizing SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) at cryogenic temperatures, along with the associated equipment. The measurement of gravity is an exceptionally delicate process, susceptible to real-time changes influenced by environmental factors. Therefore, a highly stable and high-resolution...
Thermo-physical and transport properties of fluids at cryogenic temperature deviate significantly from their room temperature properties. The cryogenic fluid properties like density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, viscosity, etc. show non-linear behavior at supercritical regions. Hydrogen, Helium, and Neon being a quantum fluid do not follow the laws of corresponding states and require...
A helium isotope separation system has been established which consisted of a 2K cryostat and a cryogenic separation device with an entropy filter. The 2K cryostat could reach 1.5K, providing a low-temperature environment for the separation device especially the entropy filter. The entropy filter, the core component of the cryogenic separation device, was made of Al2O3 powder which could...
The 3He Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler utilizes the JT effect of 3He to typically achieve the temperature of below 2 K. When the 3He JT cryocooler obtains the temperature of below 2 K, the working fluid at the JT impedance must be in a choked state, which means the Mach number of working fluid at the JT impedance is 1. The working fluid behind the JT impedance at this situation is two-phase...
Experiments to characterise the physical, chemical and electrical properties of superconducting materials and electronics often require measurements to be made at a number of fixed temperature values within a desired cryogenic temperature range. Temperature-controlled cold tables working in the range 4 to 300K are widely available, however the technology used in these systems is not directly...
A helium liquefication process utilizing a turbine Brayton refrigerator instead of liquid nitrogen is proposed as the pre-cooling stage, and a thermodynamic system cycle flow is built up. Turbine Brayton refrigeration has the advantages of high efficiency, low maintenance costs, contact-free, and low noise. The closed-cycle Turbine Brayton refrigerator applied in the pre-cooling stage of...
Recently, the increasing domestic power demand has led to an expansion of power facilities, resulting in a decrease in system impedance and subsequently causing an increase in fault currents. These fault currents surpass the interrupting capacity of conventional circuit breakers, leading to significant economic losses due to equipment malfunctions and damages. Although solutions like circuit...
The study of heat transfer in conduction cooled current leads and digital electronic interconnects is of vital importance during the design of cryogenic electronic systems where the cost of cooling increases exponentially as temperature decreases. It is a thermally complex problem that combines heat transfer due to conduction between the hot and cold ends of the leads, as well as the Joule...
Liquefaction or refrigeration cycle with helium as working medium was the main thermodynamic process in large-scale cryogenic engineering. In the process of realizing thermodynamic cycle, helium compressor and expander were two core moving parts, which play the roles of providing power and expanding refrigeration respectively. Helium compressor had experienced the evolution process of piston...
The European Spallation Source (ESS) will provide long-pulsed cold and thermal neutron fluxes at exceptionally high brightness. Spallation neutrons generated at a rotating tungsten target are transformed into lower-energy cold and thermal neutrons through a thermal water pre-moderator and two liquid hydrogen moderators, which was designed to optimize the brightness of the cold neutron beams...
In order to improve the transmission capability of the second generation REBCO tape, many structures of superconducting strand/cable stacked with REBCO tapes were proposed. In this paper, a compact twisted stack tape conductor (TSTC) with stepped grooves was performed. The stepped groove is divided into long groove and short groove with different number of tapes, and a long copper plate is...
In particle therapy of cancer, the radiation dose to tissues around the tumour can be reduced by employing a rotating gantry—a mechanical structure allowing the delivery of the beam to the patient from various angles. Gantries for ion therapy can benefit from the integration of superconducting magnets to minimize the size and weight of the machine. One significant challenge associated with the...
Freezing and cryopreservation are critical for maintaining the quality of organism, which has been widely used in food and medical industries. However, the generation of ice crystal during cryopreservation process can inevitably induce tissue injures and consequently damages the organism quality. Lowering the freezing point and accelerating the freezing rate are helpful to suppression the ice...
A conduction cooling test facility to perform the characterization of superconducting model coils has been designed based on the use of a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler with a maximum of 1.8 Watt cooling capacity at 4.2 K. This facility will allow to test prototype coils as well as determine thermal properties of their components at a wide range of controllable temperatures. Such functionality is...
ABSOLUT SYSTEM has developed an industrial CRYOCOOLER, for superconducting applications.
Our cryocooler is based on Reverse Turbo-Brayton technology (RTB), allowing to deliver cold powers from 20K to 80K. It is composed with turbomachinery also designed and developed by Absolut System: compressors and turbine.
In addition, Absolut System specify and incorporate the necessarily exchangers,...
Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities are, along with superconducting magnets, indispensable technologies for modern particle
accelerators. The current cooling method for SRF cavities is immersion in liquid helium, which is ideal in terms of cooling because the entire outer surface of the cavity is maintained at liquid helium temperature.
On the other hand, while superconducting...
Astronomic instrumentation requires working at cryogenic temperatures and a high stability. It is crucial to understand the properties of materials and contacts among components within the cryostat to be able to achieve the thermal goals in astronomical applications.
To enhance instrument cold structure designs, there's a growing need to perform accurate Finite Element Method (FEM)...
The Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) is currently involved in technological activities based on superconductivity. Two projects are running into the Test Facility for Large Superconducting Magnets and Superconducting Line at the Physics Department of the University of Salerno (Italy): both are devoted to the test and commissioning of superconducting devices, such as...
Normally cryogenic liquids such as oxygen or hydrogen are used as propellants of the launch vehicle. Densification of propellants means the density of propellants are increased by decreasing the cryogenic fluid temperature. Compared to common incompressible liquids, the density of cryogenic fluids changes more sensitively according to the temperature. Therefore, this densification technology...
High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) is a high-performance and high-energy synchrotron radiation light source with a beam energy of 6GeV and an ultra-low emittance of better than 0.06nm×rad. The HEPS is mainly composed of accelerator, beamlines and end-stations. No less than 90 high performance beamlines and end-stations are capable to be built around the storage ring. The HEPS is scheduled to be...
The high temperature superconducting (HTS) twisted stacked tape conductor (TSTC) is one of the methods to improve the current-carrying capability of a superconducting conductor. A three stepped slots with twisted stacked YBCO tapes is presented in this paper. The YBCO tapes embedded in the stepped grooves of two different lengths. A 2D finite-element model is used to computes the magnetic...
Due to merits of low loss, large capacity and compactness, concentric high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable has become an ideal solution to the of large-capacity power transmission in a narrow path. As the three phases in the concentric HTS cable are wounded one-by-one in the same former, the non-superconducting joints are concentrated in a short range. The same cooling method as the...
A powerful table-top cryogenic plateform has been developed for Quantum computing applications. The system offers a cold plate optimized for the CMOS qubits technology developed by CEA/LETI for the QuCUBE ERC synergy project. The goal is to demonstrated a 100 CMOS-Qubits system, scalable to more than 1000 Qubits. The cryogenic system is designed for 100 mW cooling power at 500 mK, compatible...
We have developed a versatile cryogenic platform for research in optics. The optical cryostat offers an experimental volume of 100 x 100 x 100 mm with up to five 2-inches optical accesses. The cold plate is cooled to a temperature below 2K with 50 mW power available. The cryogenic system is based on a two-stages 4 Kelvin Pulse Tube and a 2 K helium Joule-Thomson cooler. The Pulse-Tube cold...
To achieve carbon neutrality, the contribution of renewable energy to electricity generation is growing. However, renewable energy sources may exhibit significant output fluctuations depending on weather conditions. As a result, there is a gradual rise in demand for high-capacity energy storage systems to ensure grid stability. The Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) system is an energy storage...
The current paper introduces the design and implementation of the Interlocks and Safety Functions implemented for operating the cryogenic system of the European Spallation Source (ESS) superconducting Linear Accelerator (LINAC), emphasizing the integration of individual cryomodules and valve boxes within a unified system controlled by a master CMDS (Cryomodules and Cryogenic distribution...
In the framework of the ISOLDE Superconducting Recoil Separator (ISRS) project, a short and straight CCT magnet demonstrator (MAGDEM) has been designed, comprising a dipole and a quadrupole. The final ISRS spectrometer is intended to consist of 12 units of this CCT magnet arranged in a ring configuration. Additionally, this type of magnet could potentially be used for proton therapy gantry...
ABSTRACT: A 3000L/h Helium Liquefier has been designed and is being assembled in China by the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS. A dynamic simulation of this helium liquefier has been performed to evaluate the heat transient performance. To verify the control system program before the commissioning of this liquefier, a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) Simulation System has been...
This poster discusses the development of a new single-stage 20K Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocooler by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. The new cryocooler will have been released in this April. Its main features and the potential applications will be highlighted.
The new cryocooler is an upgraded version of the existing RDK-500B model, with no changes to its interface. It can be used for...
The transfer of vapor-free liquid cryogen through fluid systems in low-temperature applications demands achieving thermal equilibrium between the channel wall and the flowing liquid. This transient cool-down phase, known as transfer line chill-down, poses challenges due to associated complex two-phase heat and mass transfer phenomenon. Accurate modelling of the same is necessary for optimizing...
The cold box for helium refrigerator plant of cooling power ~200 W at 4.5 K is being developed at IPR, Gandhinagar, India. Helium compressor system, which gives helium flow ~60 g/s at 14 bar will be used for this plant. The cold box of the plant is made using a vertical vacuum chamber, within which all cold components are assembled. The thermodynamic process used is a modified Claude Cycle....
In order to reach the goal of 50% reduction of emissions by 2050 set by civil aviation industry bodies, the exploration of new and potentially disruptive technologies has become more and more crucial for Airbus in the last few years.
Aircraft electrification, identified as a major pillar of the de-carbonization strategy, while presenting major technological challenges, will also open new and...
Abstract
Whole-body Cryotherapy (WBC) or cryostimulation stands as a prevalent and extensively employed recovery modality in the realms of sports and exercise medicine, especially post strenuous training and competitions. This practice involves brief exposures, usually lasting between 2 to 4 minutes, to extremely cold air, reaching temperatures of −110 °C and below. Individuals undergoing...
Linde Kryotechnik AG is known as a supplier of high quality products in the field of cryogenics. This results in the fact, that still many users are operating helium liquefaction and refrigeration systems that are 30 years and older. Technology has developed and the efficiencies of todays cryogenic plants have increased. Instead of replacing the entire cryogenic plant an upgrade of only...
Cryogenic fluids such as liquid oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen are used in rockets and superconducting applications. Boiling heat transfer occurs between the liquid and solid interface during initial cooling from room temperature to cryogenic temperature. Boiling heat transfer performance has a significant impact on the cooling speed. The largest heat flow occurs in nucleate boiling, but has a...
Abstract:
With the development of quantum computing and other scientific fields, dilution refrigerator, as a major ultra-low temperature refrigeration equipment, is required to greater cooling capacity. The silver powder sintered heat exchanger is an essential component of the dilution refrigerator, as it determines its minimum temperature. This study examines the sintering of silver nano...
We report anomalous magnetic properties in high DC magnetic fields H up to 16 T on an underdoped PrBa2Cu3O6.44 insulating ceramic sample of cuprate family. Significant magnetic-field effects are revealed in the derivative dM(T)/dT of the magnetization M(T) versus T using two sets of values of H selected in the range of 2.5-9.5 T. Anomalies are observed in the region of Tcr ~ 4.5 K, T2 ~ 6.5 K...
This paper studies, experimentally and analytically, on the characteristics of fly-wheel type uninterruptible power supply (FW-UPS) using high-temperature superconducting (HTS) induction machine (HTS-SIM). This study assumed that the SIM is iron-cored and composed of Cu wire stator windings and HTS rotor windings. The rotor windings consist of HTS wires embedded in iron rotor core and...
Low temperature detectors operating at sub-Kelvin temperatures and in the FIR or X-ray wavelengths, are a key feature of space missions addressing the science of the universe. The thermal stability of the coldest cooling stage to which they are thermally coupled is crucial to their performance. This performance could significantly be compromised however, by the fluctuations of the thermal...
Large-scale cold storage plays a crucial role in future net-zero emission scenarios. It is expected to drive advancements in technologies such as liquid air energy storage (LAES) and liquid nature gas (LNG) cryogenic energy utilization, with promising commercial prospects. To eliminate the use of flammable, explosive, and potentially polluting liquid-phase storage mediums, packed bed cold...
Pulse tube developments at CEA/SBT are focused on low-temperature Pulse tube cryocoolers, and more specifically on a basis of the cold tip architecture of the PT15K cooler previously developed by ALAT/TCBV/CEA. This pulse tube cooler was made to work at 15K, here, the objectives are to decrease its working temperature in order to produce a significant cooling power around 8K or lower.
A...
The KIT-CERN Collaboration on Coated Conductors (KC4) was established as a research facility for the development of novel long-length Coated Conductor samples. This production line, originally established by Bruker, has been used to produce REBCO CCs since last year after its assembly at the Institute for Technical Physics (ITEP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology). Recent measurements of the...
As part of the energy transition, the off-shore wind power market is booming with many very large-scale projects emerging or already in operation in Europe, Asia and America. Wind farms are commonly made up of several dozen turbines, the power of which has steadily increased in recent years, now exceeding more than 10 MW each, or soon even beyond.
Installed more than 150 meters above the...
Large cryogenic refrigeration systems are the only means to achieve a low-temperature environment for large scientific devices. As an important part of the China Initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS), an 18kW@4.5K/4kW@2K large helium cryogenic refrigerator is mainly used to cool down superconducting magnetic cryostats. It has been designed by Technical Institute of Physics and...
Rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) coated conductor tapes hold immense promise for high-field magnet applications due to their exceptional critical current (I_c) at cryogenic temperatures. However, during magnet manufacturing and operation, REBCO tapes experience strain and fatigue, potentially affecting their I_c and compromising performance. This study investigates the interplay between...
Liquid Nitrogen/Fluorocarbon mixture would be an effective coolant and insulating medium of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets and power devices, which may provide a cryogenic environment in the wide temperature range of 50 to 100K and serve as a liquid dielectric. In this paper, the gas-liquid-solid phase equilibrium, boiling heat transfer and insulation characteristics of the...
Multilayer insulation (MLI) is a critical material used to control radiative heat transfer in cryogenic systems. MLI consists of alternate layers of reflective aluminized mylar, separated by low thermal conductivity spacers. The thermal emissivity of the MLI layer plays a critical role in minimizing the radiative heat transfer through its layers. The formation of native oxide is inevitable in...
Superconducting accelerators currently rely on central refrigeration systems and complex piping system for distributing liquid helium and nitrogen. The proposed stand-alone cryomodule can be an attractive solution for both scientific and industrial applications. It offers the the simpler applicability in facilities lacking cryogenic equipment and expertise, and is particularly useful in...
Authors: G Kouzmenko1, J D Dupuy1, N. Besse3, L.Perrot3, M. Valente2
Coauthors: J. Beauvisage3, JM. Bernhardt3, M. Bigi2, P. Bravais3 ,R. Capobianco2, P. Dauguet3, Y. Fabre3, D. Faisandier3, O. Fraisse3, J. Legrand3, A. Luchetta2, A. Machefel3, E. Mardani3, C. Urban3.
1Fusion for Energy, C/ Josep Pla 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
2Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati...
Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is gaining attention as a low-carbon energy vector and fuel in the clean energy sector. This has led to a significant growth in the worldwide production and distribution of LH2 in recent years. Today, the distribution of LH2 from the liquefier facility to the user is almost entirely performed by road trailers. In the future, the LH2 distribution via rail cars, the...
Hydrogen is projected to play an important role in the decarbonization of industries that are not readily electrifiable, such as aviation, shipping, and high-energy process industries [1]. To this end, effective solutions for hydrogen transport and storage are needed at a scale far exceeding current capacity. As the hydrogen value chain expands, a wide range of computational modelling tools...
The development of high temperature REBCO superconducting (HTS) REBCO tapes are promising for high field magnets. However, the mechanical properties of these tapes are transversally isotropic a special case of anisotropy, where the elastic behavior is determined largely by the thickness of the Hastelloy substrate and the electroplated copper stabilizer. Furthermore, for such high magnetic...
Stirling coolers are a highly promising technology in the field of low temperature production due to their exceptional efficiency and reliability. Stirling coolers, one which employs helium as the working fluid, offer an alternate choice for those looking for a cooling system that offers both ecological friendly and energy-efficient. Stirling cooler, appropriate for producing temperature...
Helium cryogenic system has been widely used in large-scale scientific engineering fields utilizing superconducting technology, such as nuclear fusion, high-energy accelerator, and high-energy particle detector. Once suffering from vacuum insulation failure, magnet quenching, material defect, mechanical fatigue, external impact, electrical joint failure, etc., the protective devices and key...
A water hammer is a pressure surge that occurs when a liquid in motion within a pipe is suddenly stopped, often due to a rapid closing of the valve or shutting down of the pump. This abrupt change in momentum creates a powerful pressure wave that can cause severe damage to pipes, pumps, and other components and also leads to reduce the efficiency of the components. Whenever the amplitude of...
Multi-layer insulation (MLI) is a passive insulation technology, which is known as "super insulation" due to its excellent insulation performance in cryogenics engineering field. The traditional multi-layer insulated reflective layer often uses a single aluminum metal coating, ignoring the influence of temperature change on the metal emissivity. On this basis, this paper proposes a variable...
In order to study nuclear structure at the limits of stability through a program of targeted measurements at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), a thick liquid-hydrogen target and vertex tracking detector system specifically optimized to be coupled to the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking Array (GRETA) for fast beam measurements at FRIB is under development. The LH2 target-cell and windows...
A new high efficient helium liquefaction system with high capacity is under design and will be built at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the next couple of years to replace a current 43 years old liquefier. The new liquefaction system will provide at least a mixed 80 liter per hour liquefaction rate and 35 W refrigeration capacity at 4.5K without liquid nitrogen pre-cooling, or a mixed...
Since the end of the last decade, projects requiring a high refrigeration power below 4.5K are flourishing around the world. This increase in refrigeration capacities at temperatures close to 2K represents a real challenge for cryogenic plants design and operation. In a few years Air Liquide Advanced Technologies supported customers in not less than six major new projects ranging from 900W up...
The 650 MHz superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities used for the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) were studied to achieve high accelerating gradient (Eacc) and high intrinsic quality factor (Q0). The 650 MHz single-cell cavities were subjected to a combination of buffered chemical polishing (BCP) and electropolishing (EP), and their Eacc exceeded 40 MV/m. Such a high Eacc may...
This paper designed a detachable cryostat. The cooling capacity is obtained by GM refrigerator and transferred to the test chamber through the copper cold chain. The test chamber is filled with low temperature helium, and the sample is installed in the test chamber. Finally, the temperature of the sample is controlled by adjusting the temperature of the helium atmosphere. The cryostat above...
Our recent investigations have highlighted REBa2Cu3O7-x (RE = rare earth) Coated Conductors (CCs) as promising candidates to replace copper (Cu) as low surface-impedance coatings in high-energy physics (HEP) RF applications operating under very-high magnetic fields [1, 2, 3].This contribution provides a thorough demonstration of why REBCO CCs as promising solutions for the HEP community,...
A liquid helium re-liquefier system has been designed for superconducting chip test. The cold source of the system is a PT420 GM type Pulse tube cryocooler. On this base, the precooling structure and recondensation structure has been designed. Besides, composite magnetic shielding structure was used to ensure the chip working in an extremely low magnetic environment. With a special designed...
Varying the sputtering power during magnetron reactive sputtering deposition simultaneously affects the sputtering yield of the target atoms and the degree of disorder in the films. This greatly tunes the physical properties of transition metal oxynitrides films ($TMN_xO_y$), resulting in the emergence of various interesting physical phenomena such as metal-insulator transition (MIT) and...
Burning plasma Experimental Superconducting Tokamak (BEST) is a full superconducting coil tokamak. The heat treatment of the Nb3Sn coils of the BEST is carried out by using atmosphere atmosphere-protected heat treatment furnace. The temperature uniformity throughout the coil becomes a crucial problem due to the large size of the cross-section of the coil. In this study, the temperature...
There are two helium cryogenic system with maximum 450W cooling capacity, which were installed for five superconducting magnets and one superconducting RF cavity at Taiwan Light Source (TLS). One of these two helium cryogenic system was shut down due to the failure of first stage turbine, as called as T1. The T1 was replaced twice and failure just in the beginning with the attempt to produce...
In the design of large scale helium refrigerators, it has been found that the UA ratio between the heat exchangers will influence the temperature distribution, which will be required in some special applications, such as the temperature before the expansion or some set temperatures. In this paper, a 2000W@20K helium refrigerator without Nitrogen precooling is described, which need a 70K...
A cryogenic environment implies a lot of constraints and uncertainties when it comes to the use of mechanical parts since the material properties are thermally dependent. This is even more true when the mechanical part ensures the motion of a mechanism. In that context, the Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL) has developed a specific mechanism with 3D printed parts. The Mode Selector Mechanism (MSM)...
The Main Linac of the International Linear Collider (ILC) includes superconducting quadrupole (SCQ) packages that are located between the superconducting RF cavities, with one SCQ within each of the Type-B cryomodules. This combined-functioned, splittable superconducting magnet focus and steer the electrons and positrons. The magnet is required to be cryogen free, and conductively cooled down...
One of the important aspects of any cryogenic design is to achieve good thermal performance by minimizing the temperature gradient at different contact regions of the thermal mass. In some cases, electrical isolation may be required at contact regions. Different combinations of the thermally conductive and at the same time electrically insulated joints have been characterized using a GM...
REBCO coated conductor is a HTS material that is promising for a wide range of applications. One of them is the application for current leads of magnet systems. In the design of current leads, it is important to minimize its thermal conduction while maintain the superior electrical conduction of the superconductors.
In this study, we fabricated 4 mm wide REBCO tapes stabilized with different...
Fluid transients resulting from rapid flow acceleration or deceleration can pose a significant risk to the structural strength of fluid handling networks, such as those in cryogenic rocket propulsion systems, LNG transport systems, powerplant flow systems, household water systems and many others. Additionally, due to its oscillating behaviour, fluid transients can lead to the formation and...
Producing accurate computational models that forecast the alternating current losses associated with cold-dielectric conductors is pivotal for power grid investors, what in turn can influence the designing and manufacturing of lightweight superconducting cables aspiring to reach high engineering current densities whilst maintaining a compact structure. By utilizing the so-called H-formulation...
The data of the linear thermal expansion (α) and specific heat (Cp) are combined for the study the thermal and magnetic properties of PrBa2Cu3O6+x (PrBCO6+x or PrBCO) ceramic samples in two different oxygenation states: an underdoped (UN) with x = 0.44 and an optimally doped (OP) with x = 0.95. The temperature dependences of the ratio (α/Cp) as well as the effective Grüneisen parameter (Γeff),...
Abstract
Vacuum insulation is commonly used in cryogenic liquid storage, in the ground applications, because of its excellent insulation performance. However, the accidental loss of insulating vacuum might result in significant boil-off of the stored liquid. The loss of the stored liquid through boil-off not only impacts energy efficiency but also poses a serious safety concern. The hazards...
To study the performance of the intermittent flow cold storage surface heat exchanger in the experimental system, the volume selection of the helical tube and its heat transfer characteristics play a crucial role in ensuring the continuous and stable operation of the entire experimental setup. A method for calculating the volume of the helical tube based on the gas vessel dynamics model is...
For 60 years, the Air Liquide group has worked on major international industrial and scientific programs using cryogenics, which have enabled the development of technologies and skills today serving the energy transition.
For example, the Ariane rocket program has developed a mode of space transport using liquid Hydrogen as an energy vector, for which we have produced all the Hydrogen,...
Abstract. Human space exploration is becoming more frequent with the rapid development of modern space technology. The pulse tube cryocooler is an indispensable part of the space probe, but the cost of launching space probes restricts their volume and weight. Therefore, it is particularly important to improve the performance of the pulse tube cryocooler under the premise of limited volume and...
The hydrogen moderator design for MW-class pulsed neutron source is undertaken for the next generation of high-intensity neutron sources with high brightness, such as European Spallation Source (ESS) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory Second Target Station Project. Such a design is chosen based on the fact that the performance of a liquid hydrogen moderator operating at around 20 K depends on...
Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as an eco-friendly energy source, thanks to its minimal emission of greenhouse gases and pollutants such as CO2 when it reacts with oxygen. Despite this, the challenge of storing hydrogen on a large scale persists due to its low density compared to other materials. Methods such as the use of Ammonia, LOHC (Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier), and the...
Thermal radiation has a significant role on cryogenic system, especially in vaccum environment, such as space. Cryogenic spectral emissivity is an important parameter to evaluate the properties of radiation materials, which can improve device efficiency and safety. The accurate measurement of cryogenic spectral emissivity at vacuum condition is helpful to predict and simulate the working state...
At the ESS target, high energy spallation neutrons are generated by impinging a 2 MW proton beam on the tungsten target. The proton beam is pulsed with a repetition of 14 Hz and a pulse length of 2.86 ms. The moderator system consists of a water pre-moderator and two liquid hydrogen cold moderators, which are optimized to achieve a high cold neutron brightness. The neutronic performance of the...
High field accelerator magnets are being developed for future particle accelerator projects like the Future Circular Collider (FCC). Superconducting magnet coils made of brittle conductors like Nb3Sn are typically impregnated with an epoxy resin, which needs to provide dielectric insulation and mechanical support. Cracking of the impregnation resin under the mechanical loads exerted on the...
