This lecture traces the history of particle accelerators from the pioneers in the 1930s to the modern world of international mega-projects. Key developments are given in scientific and historical context, and qualitative descriptions are given of accelerator breakthroughs that have allowed orders of magnitude improvements in the course of a few decades.
The subject of this introductory course is transverse dynamics of charged par-ticle beams in linear approximation. Starting with a discussion of the most important types of magnets and defining their multipole strengths, the linearised equations of motion of charged particles in static magnetic fields are derived using an orthogonal reference frame following the design orbit. Analytical...
Of the 50,000+ particle accelerators in the world, the vast majority are not used for particle physics, but instead for real-world applications. From radiotherapy for cancer treatment to ion implantation for silicon devices, through to the hardening of tarmac roads with electron beams: the uses of particle beams are constantly growing in number. This lecture aims to give a broad overview of...
Warm magnets are magnets that function in normal ambient temperature conditions. These types mostly use a soft steel yoke for field amplification and either copper or aluminium coils or permanent magnets to generate the field. Magnets powered with such normal-conducting coils are often called classical, iron-dominated or resistive magnets. These magnets have been the workhorse for most linear...
Superconductivity allows to construct and operate magnets at field values beyond 2 Tesla, the practical limitation of normal-conducting magnets exploiting ferro-magnetism. The field of superconducting magnets is dominated by the field generated in the coil. The stored energy and the electromagnetic forces generated by the coil are the main challenges to be overcome in the design of these magnets.
Collective effects in particle accelerators are one of the key constituents for determining the ultimate particle accelerator performance.Their role is becoming increasingly important as particle accelerators are being pushed ever closer towards the intensity and beam brightness frontiers. They are slightly peculiar in their nature as their impact and significance depend not only on external...
Beam dynamics of charged particles in the presence of synchrotron radiation is the subject of these lectures. The basic physics of synchrotron radiation emission and its influence on the beam dynamics in the storage rings shape the equilibrium properties of stored beams. The balance between the radiation damping and quantum fluctuations due to the emission of light determines the design of...
Collective effects in particle accelerators are one of the key constituents for determining the ultimate particle accelerator performance.Their role is becoming increasingly important as particle accelerators are being pushed ever closer towards the intensity and beam brightness frontiers. They are slightly peculiar in their nature as their impact and significance depend not only on external...
The Hypatia I mission is a scientific project led by a group of Catalan female researchers that embarked on a simulated journey to Mars through the Mars Research Desert Station (MDRS) analog station in the Utah desert, United States from April 16 to 29, 2023. For the first time, a team of nine Catalan scientists, from various disciplines and ages, were selected to carry out a mission at the...
Beam dynamics of charged particles in the presence of synchrotron radiation is the subject of these lectures. The basic physics of synchrotron radiation emission and its influence on the beam dynamics in the storage rings shape the equilibrium properties of stored beams. The balance between the radiation damping and quantum fluctuations due to the emission of light determines the design of...
Collective effects in particle accelerators are one of the key constituents for determining the ultimate particle accelerator performance.Their role is becoming increasingly important as particle accelerators are being pushed ever closer towards the intensity and beam brightness frontiers. They are slightly peculiar in their nature as their impact and significance depend not only on external...
Collective effects in particle accelerators are one of the key constituents for determining the ultimate particle accelerator performance.Their role is becoming increasingly important as particle accelerators are being pushed ever closer towards the intensity and beam brightness frontiers. They are slightly peculiar in their nature as their impact and significance depend not only on external...
Radio-frequency (RF) systems deliver the power to change the energy of a charged particle beam, and they are integral parts of linear and circular accelerators. A longitudinal electrical field in the direction of the beam is generated in a resonant structure, the RF cavity. As it directly interacts with the bunches of charged particles, the cavity can be considered as a coupler to transport...
Radio-frequency (RF) systems deliver the power to change the energy of a charged particle beam, and they are integral parts of linear and circular accelerators. A longitudinal electrical field in the direction of the beam is generated in a resonant structure, the RF cavity. As it directly interacts with the bunches of charged particles, the cavity can be considered as a coupler to transport...
The purpose of this lecture is to introduce the Hamiltonian formalism of theoretical mechanics for analysing motion in generic linear and non-linear dynamical systems, including particle accelerators.
This framework allows the derivation and integration of equations of motion, in order to describe the particle trajectory evolution with respect to time.
Starting with the relativistic...
The purpose of this lecture is to introduce the Hamiltonian formalism of theoretical mechanics for analysing motion in generic linear and non-linear dynamical systems, including particle accelerators.
This framework allows the derivation and integration of equations of motion, in order to describe the particle trajectory evolution with respect to time.
Starting with the relativistic...
This lecture's goal is to review several aspects of beam dynamics applied to the design and operation of an existing synchrotron. Our choice is the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) whose enormous versatility has been demonstrated since its design and operation. It has served as high energy synchrotron serving fixed target experiments (West Area, North Area, CNGS, HIRADMAT), collider of...
