CAS course on "Introduction to Accelerator Physics", 22 September - 05 October 2024, Santa Susanna, Spain

22 Sept 2024, 08:30 → 5 Oct 2024, 22:00 Europe/Zurich

Frank Tecker (CERN)

In collaboration with ALBA, the CERN Accelerator School is organising its next general accelerator physics course.

The two-week residential course represents the core teaching of all CAS courses, offering the ideal opportunity to delve into the fascinating world of particle accelerators. This course is designed for laboratory and university staff and students, as well as manufacturers of accelerator equipment.
It provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental concepts of beam dynamics and underlying accelerator systems. Through engaging lectures, illuminating tutorials, and insightful discussion sessions, participants will deepen their knowledge of crucial topics in the accelerator universe.

In addition to the comprehensive curriculum, networking is crucial, as attendees forge connections with fellow students and lecturers working in the field. This opportunity to connect and collaborate is a key ingredient of the program, further enhancing its value as an indispensable resource for anyone seeking to expand their understanding of particle accelerators.

Early applicants will be given priority in the selection process. As the number of participants is limited, we encourage you to apply early to secure your place. Don't wait until the deadline; act now to increase your chances of being selected. Keep in mind that, in particular, there is a limited number of single rooms! Once the courses are complete, we will close the registration.

 

Timetable_Introductory2024_ver5b.pdf

Sunday 22 September

1 Arrival day and registration

Monday 23 September

2 Opening

Speakers: Francis Perez (ALBA Synchrotron), Frank Tecker (CERN)

Opening-Intro2024.pdf

Opening-Intro2024.pptx

3 Electromagnetic Theory

The purpose of this course is to provide an introduction to Electromagnetic Theory. The foundations of electrodynamics starting from the nature of electrical force up to the level of Maxwell equations solutions are presented. It starts with the introduction of the concept of a field, which plays a very important role in the understanding of electricity and magnetism. In addition, moving electric charge is discussed as a topic of special importance in accelerator physics.

Speaker: Irina Shreyber

Shreyber I. - Electromagnetism - 2024 CAS.pdf

Shreyber I. - Electromagnetism - 2024 CAS.pptx

10:35 Coffee break

4 History of particle acceleration

This lecture traces the history of particle accelerators from the pioneers in the 1930s to the modern world of international mega-projects. Key developments are given in scientific and historical context, and qualitative descriptions are given of accelerator breakthroughs that have allowed orders of magnitude improvements in the course of a few decades.

Speaker: Dr Suzie Sheehy (University of Oxford and University of Melbourne)

Sheehy-AcceleratorHistory24.pdf

Sheehy-AcceleratorHistory24.pptx

5 Kinematics of Particle Beams - Relativity

This is an introductory lecture on special relativity which doesn’t require much mathematical background. The theory of special relativity, originally proposed by Albert Einstein in his famous 1905 paper, has had profound consequences on our view of physics, space, and time. The goal of this lecture is to introduce the basic concepts of special relativity without overloading it with formulas. The lecture addresses Galilean and Lorentz transformations, emphasizing the conceptual incompatibility of classical kinematics and electrodynamics. The lecture also briefly introduces some famous phenomena behind special relativity including length contraction, time dilation, relativistic kinematics, practical application of the theory and more.

Speaker: Dr Irina Shreyber

Shreyber Irina_Special Relativity (CAS 2024).pdf

Shreyber Irina_Special Relativity (CAS 2024).pptx

13:10 Lunch

6 Transverse Linear Beam Dynamics I

The subject of this introductory course is transverse dynamics of charged par-ticle beams in linear approximation. Starting with a discussion of the most important types of magnets and defining their multipole strengths, the linearised equations of motion of charged particles in static magnetic fields are derived using an orthogonal reference frame following the design orbit.  Analytical solutions  are determined for linear elements of  a  typical beam  transfer  line(drift, dipole and quadrupole magnets), and stepwise combined by introducing the matrix formalism in which each element’s contribution is represented by a single transfer matrix. Applying this formalism allows calculating single particle’s trajectories in linear approximation.  After introducing the beam emittance as  the area  occupied by a particle beam in  phase space,  a linear treatment of transverse beam dynamics based on appropriately defined opticalfunctions is introduced. Formalism is applied to the concepts of both weak and strong focus, in particular, in discussing the properties of the widely used FODO cell.  Specific characteristics of transverse beam dynamics in periodic systems like circular accelerators are studied in detail, emphasising the effects of linear field errors on-orbit stability and introducing the phenomena of optical resonances. Finally, the dynamics of off-momentum particles is presented, introducing dispersion functions and explaining effects like chromaticity.

Speakers: Wolfgang Hillert, Wolfgang Hillert

Lecture-1.pdf

Lecture-2.pdf

Lecture-3.pdf

Lecture-4.pdf

Lecture-5.pdf

Lecture-6.pdf

TLBD.pdf

wid-e-2002.pdf

15:50 Coffee break

7 Accelerator Applications

Of the 50,000+ particle accelerators in the world, the vast majority are not used for particle physics, but instead for real-world applications. From radiotherapy for cancer treatment to ion implantation for silicon devices, through to the hardening of tarmac roads with electron beams: the uses of particle beams are constantly growing in number. This lecture aims to give a broad overview of the many uses of particle accelerators, covering technologies ranging in size from around ten-centimetre long industrial electron linacs through to synchrotron light sources built as national scale facilities. The lecture also includes challenges and future perspectives that are unique to the use of accelerators for wider societal applications.

Speaker: Dr Suzie Sheehy (University of Oxford and University of Melbourne)

Sheehy-Applications24.pdf

Sheehy-Applications24.pptx

8 1 slide 1 minute

1S1Mintro2024.pdf

1S1Mintro2024.pptx

18:45 Welcome reception

Tuesday 24 September

9 Transverse Linear Beam Dynamics II

The subject of this introductory course is transverse dynamics of charged par-ticle beams in linear approximation. Starting with a discussion of the most important types of magnets and defining their multipole strengths, the linearised equations of motion of charged particles in static magnetic fields are derived using an orthogonal reference frame following the design orbit.  Analytical solutions  are determined for linear elements of  a  typical beam  transfer  line(drift, dipole and quadrupole magnets), and stepwise combined by introducing the matrix formalism in which each element’s contribution is represented by a single transfer matrix. Applying this formalism allows calculating single particle’s trajectories in linear approximation.  After introducing the beam emittance as  the area  occupied by a particle beam in  phase space,  a linear treatment of transverse beam dynamics based on appropriately defined opticalfunctions is introduced. Formalism is applied to the concepts of both weak and strong focus, in particular, in discussing the properties of the widely used FODO cell.  Specific characteristics of transverse beam dynamics in periodic systems like circular accelerators are studied in detail, emphasising the effects of linear field errors on-orbit stability and introducing the phenomena of optical resonances. Finally, the dynamics of off-momentum particles is presented, introducing dispersion functions and explaining effects like chromaticity.

Speaker: Wolfgang Hillert

10 Warm Magnets

Warm magnets are magnets that function in normal ambient temperature conditions. These types mostly use a soft steel yoke for field amplification and either copper or aluminium coils or permanent magnets to generate the field. Magnets powered with such normal-conducting coils are often called classical, iron-dominated or resistive magnets. These magnets have been the workhorse for most linear and circular accelerators and beam transfer lines for decades.

Speakers: Gijs De Rijk, Gijs De Rijk

CAS_St.Susanna-2024_warm-magnets.pdf

10:35 Coffee break

11 Sources

This presentation outlines the many ways that the initial beam can be made for particle accelerators. Brief introductions to plasma physics and beam formation are given. Thermionic and photo emission electron guns, with both DC and Radio Frequency (RF) acceleration are outlined. Positive ion sources for producing H+ ions and multiply charged heavy ions are covered. Hot cathode filament sources and cold cathode sources are explored. RF discharge sources (inductively coupled, microwave and ECR) are discussed, as are laser, vacuum arc, and electron beam sources. The physical principles of negative ion production are outlined and different types of negative ion source technologies are described. Polarised particle sources are mentioned briefly.

Speaker: Dan Faircloth

Particle_Sources_Faircloth_CAS_2024.pdf

12 Secondary beams and targets

This presentation outlines the methods of creating secondary beams by driving a primary beam into a target. The tungsten targets used to produce neutron beams at the ISIS pulsed spallation neutron source are described along with the graphite target used to produce muon beams. Higher power neutron targets are mentioned: liquid mercury for SNS and rotating targets for ESS. Future plans for even higher power powder targets are outlined. The use of magnetic horns to capture secondary beams from targets are described and their use at FAIR to produce antiproton beams. The extensive radiation shielding and remote handling systems required in secondary beam facilities are discussed. ‘Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL)’ and ‘In Flight Fragmentation’ techniques for producing beams of radioactive nuclei are described and their key components outlined. Positron production at KEK is discussed, and a future proposal for a Higgs Factory mentioned.

Speaker: Dan Faircloth

Secondary_Beams_Faircloth_CAS_2024.pdf

13:10 Lunch

13 Superconducting Magnets

Superconductivity allows to construct and operate magnets at field values beyond 2 Tesla, the practical limitation of normal-conducting magnets exploiting ferro-magnetism. The field of superconducting magnets is dominated by the field generated in the coil. The stored energy and the electromagnetic forces generated by the coil are the main challenges to be overcome in the design of these magnets.

Speakers: Gijs De Rijk, Gijs De Rijk

CAS_St.Susanna-2024_SC-magnets.pdf

15:50 Coffee break

14 Hands-ON Lattice calulations I

Speakers: Davide Gamba (CERN), Felix Soubelet, Tirsi Prebibaj (CERN)

Exercises - Download Link

Exercises - (last resort backup) on mybinder.org

Exercises - Repository

Python Setup Instructions

15 Hands-ON Lattice calulations II

Speakers: Davide Gamba (CERN), Felix Soubelet, Tirsi Prebibaj (CERN)

18:45 Poster session

Wednesday 25 September

16 Transverse Linear Beam Dynamics III

The subject of this introductory course is transverse dynamics of charged par-ticle beams in linear approximation. Starting with a discussion of the most im-portant types of magnets and defining their multipole strengths, the linearizedequations of motion of charged particles in static magnetic fields are derivedusing an orthogonal reference frame following the design orbit. Analyticalsolutions are determined for linear elements of a typical beam transfer line(drift, dipole and quadrupole magnets), and stepwise combined by introducingthe matrix formalism in which each element’s contribution is represented bya single transfer matrix. Application of this formalism allows to calculate sin-gle particle’s trajectories in linear approximation. After introducing the beamemittance as the area occupied by a particle beam in phase space, a lineartreatment of transverse beam dynamics based on appropriately defined opticalfunctions is introduced. The formalism is applied to the concepts of both weakand strong focusing, in particular discussing the properties of the widely-usedFODO cell. Specific characteristics of transverse beam dynamics in periodicsystems like circular accelerators are studied in detail, emphazising the effectsof linear field errors on orbit stability and introducing the phenomena of opti-cal resonances. Finally, the dynamics of off-momentum particles is presented,introducing dispersion functions and explaining effects like chromaticity.

Speaker: Wolfgang Hillert

17 Linear Accelerators I

Linear Accelerators (Linacs) are a systems that allow to accelerate charged particles through a linear trajectory by electromagnetic fields. This kind of accelerators find several applications in fundamental research and industry. The main devices used to accelerate the particle beam are described in the first part of the lecture with their main parameters. This includes both Standing (SW) and Traveling Wave (TW) radiofrequency cavities, for different type of accelerated particles (protons, ions and electrons) such as Drift Tube Linacs (DTL), multi cell cavities, Side Coupled Cell (SCC) and disk loaded structures. In the second part of the lecture, the fundamental principles of the longitudinal and transverse beam dynamics of accelerated particles will be highlighted. Finally, we briefly illustrate the radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) devices.

Speaker: David Alesini

Alesini_LINEAR_ACCELERATORS_2024.pdf

Alesini_LINEAR_ACCELERATORS_2024.pptx

10:35 Coffee break

18 Transverse Linear Beam Dynamics IV

"The subject of this introductory course is transverse dynamics of charged par-ticle beams in linear approximation. Starting with a discussion of the most important types of magnets and defining their multipole strengths, the linearised equations of motion of charged particles in static magnetic fields are derived using an orthogonal reference frame following the design orbit.  Analytical solutions  are determined for linear elements of  a  typical beam  transfer  line(drift, dipole and quadrupole magnets), and stepwise combined by introducing the matrix formalism in which each element’s contribution is represented by a single transfer matrix. Applying this formalism allows calculating single particle’s trajectories in linear approximation.  After introducing the beam emittance as  the area  occupied by a particle beam in  phase space,  a linear treatment of transverse beam dynamics based on appropriately defined optical functions is introduced. Formalism is applied to the concepts of both weak and strong focus, in particular, in discussing the properties of the widely used FODO cell.  Specific characteristics of transverse beam dynamics in periodic systems like circular accelerators are studied in detail, emphasising the effects of linear field errors on-orbit stability and introducing the phenomena of optical resonances. Finally, the dynamics of off-momentum particles is presented, introducing dispersion functions and explaining effects like chromaticity.

"

Speaker: Wolfgang Hillert

19 Linear Accelerators II

Linear Accelerators (Linacs) are a systems that allow to accelerate charged particles through a linear trajectory by electromagnetic fields. This kind of accelerators find several applications in fundamental research and industry. The main devices used to accelerate the particle beam are described in the first part of the lecture with their main parameters. This includes both Standing (SW) and Traveling Wave (TW) radiofrequency cavities, for different type of accelerated particles (protons, ions and electrons) such as Drift Tube Linacs (DTL), multi cell cavities, Side Coupled Cell (SCC) and disk loaded structures. In the second part of the lecture, the fundamental principles of the longitudinal and transverse beam dynamics of accelerated particles will be highlighted. Finally, we briefly illustrate the radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) devices.

Speaker: David Alesini

13:10 Lunch

20 Transverse Linear Beam Dynamics V

The subject of this introductory course is transverse dynamics of charged par-ticle beams in linear approximation. Starting with a discussion of the most important types of magnets and defining their multipole strengths, the linearised equations of motion of charged particles in static magnetic fields are derived using an orthogonal reference frame following the design orbit.  Analytical solutions  are determined for linear elements of  a  typical beam  transfer  line(drift, dipole and quadrupole magnets), and stepwise combined by introducing the matrix formalism in which each element’s contribution is represented by a single transfer matrix. Applying this formalism allows calculating single particle’s trajectories in linear approximation.  After introducing the beam emittance as  the area  occupied by a particle beam in  phase space,  a linear treatment of transverse beam dynamics based on appropriately defined optical functions is introduced. Formalism is applied to the concepts of both weak and strong focus, in particular, in discussing the properties of the widely used FODO cell.  Specific characteristics of transverse beam dynamics in periodic systems like circular accelerators are studied in detail, emphasising the effects of linear field errors on-orbit stability and introducing the phenomena of optical resonances. Finally, the dynamics of off-momentum particles is presented, introducing dispersion functions and explaining effects like chromaticity.

Speaker: Wolfgang Hillert

15:50 Coffee break

21 Hands-ON Lattice calulations III

Speakers: Davide Gamba (CERN), Felix Soubelet, Tirsi Prebibaj (CERN)

22 Hands-ON Lattice calulations IV

Speakers: Davide Gamba (CERN), Felix Soubelet, Tirsi Prebibaj (CERN)

Thursday 26 September

23 Visit of the ALBA Synchrotron

12:05 Lunch

24 Transverse Linear Beam Dynamics VI

The subject of this introductory course is transverse dynamics of charged par-ticle beams in linear approximation. Starting with a discussion of the most important types of magnets and defining their multipole strengths, the linearised equations of motion of charged particles in static magnetic fields are derived using an orthogonal reference frame following the design orbit.  Analytical solutions  are determined for linear elements of  a  typical beam  transfer  line(drift, dipole and quadrupole magnets), and stepwise combined by introducing the matrix formalism in which each element’s contribution is represented by a single transfer matrix. Applying this formalism allows calculating single particle’s trajectories in linear approximation.  After introducing the beam emittance as  the area  occupied by a particle beam in  phase space,  a linear treatment of transverse beam dynamics based on appropriately defined optical functions is introduced. Formalism is applied to the concepts of both weak and strong focus, in particular, in discussing the properties of the widely used FODO cell.  Specific characteristics of transverse beam dynamics in periodic systems like circular accelerators are studied in detail, emphasising the effects of linear field errors on-orbit stability and introducing the phenomena of optical resonances. Finally, the dynamics of off-momentum particles is presented, introducing dispersion functions and explaining effects like chromaticity.

Speaker: Wolfgang Hillert

25 Linear Imperfections I

After briefly discussing sources of imperfections, we characterize them
in terms of dipole, quadrupolar, and skew quadrupolar errors and move
on to discuss how these imperfections are modeled in beam dynamics codes.
We continue by reviewing the concepts of dispersion and chromaticity and
explain how they are measured before turning to imperfections that are
caused by multipoles, in particular, by feed-down. We conclude by addressing errors that are introduced by imperfect diagnostic equipment such as misaligned position monitors and mention means of how to identify this problem.

Speaker: Volker Ziemann

volker_ziemann_one_slide.pdf

vz_cas24_imperfections_and_corrections.pdf

15:50 Coffee break

26 Longitudinal BD in Circular Machines I

The lectures present an introduction to longitudinal beam dynamics for circular accelerators.
It presents different circular accelerator types (betatron, cyclotron, synchrocyclotron, synchrotron), and focuses more on the longitudinal beam dynamics in synchrotrons.
The operation principle of synchrotrons is described, synchrotron oscillations in energy and phase are discussed together with their representation in phase space.
The lecture discusses the equations of motion, the stability conditions for the longitudinal oscillations, and introduces the Hamiltonian of longitudinal synchrotron motion.
It also explains the bunch transfer from one accelerator to the next and shows the importance of a proper matching of the longitudinal parameters.
Finally, the RF manipulations in the PS for the generation of the bunch structure of the LHC beam are explained.

Speaker: Frank Tecker (CERN)

Longitudinal-Santa-Susanna-2024.pdf

Longitudinal-Santa-Susanna-2024.pptx

27 Linear Imperfections II

After briefly discussing sources of imperfections, we characterize them
in terms of dipole, quadrupolar, and skew quadrupolar errors and move
on to discuss how these imperfections are modeled in beam dynamics codes.
We continue by reviewing the concepts of dispersion and chromaticity and
explain how they are measured before turning to imperfections that are
caused by multipoles, in particular, by feed-down. We conclude by addressing errors that are introduced by imperfect diagnostic equipment such as misaligned position monitors and mention means of how to identify this problem.

Speaker: Volker Ziemann

28 Discussion session

Friday 27 September

29 Linear Imperfections - corrections

We introduce the BPM-corrector response coefficient R12 as the key quantity
to characterise the effect of imperfections on the beam dynamics before
addressing how the effect of multiple imperfections are combined. We then
introduce local beam bumps as a means to adjust the beam position locally
and move on to discuss orbit correction and the orbit response matrix.
We place special attention to different methods, including singular value
decomposition, to invert the response matrix. After covering quadrupolar
errors and their detrimental effects, such as beta beating and filamentation,
we learn how to measure beam sizes with quadrupole scans and with multiple
wire scanners. We close this session with a discussion of how to adjust
beam size parameters with so-called matching quadrupoles.

Speaker: Volker Ziemann

30 Longitudinal BD in Circular Machines II

"The lectures present an introduction to longitudinal beam dynamics for circular accelerators.
It presents different circular accelerator types (betatron, cyclotron, synchrocyclotron, synchrotron), and focuses more on the longitudinal beam dynamics in synchrotrons.
The operation principle of synchrotrons is described, synchrotron oscillations in energy and phase are discussed together with their representation in phase space.
The lecture discusses the equations of motion, the stability conditions for the longitudinal oscillations, and introduces the Hamiltonian of longitudinal synchrotron motion.
It also explains the bunch transfer from one accelerator to the next and shows the importance of a proper matching of the longitudinal parameters.
Finally, the RF manipulations in the PS for the generation of the bunch structure of the LHC beam are explained.
"

Speaker: Frank Tecker (CERN)

10:35 Coffee break

31 Collective Effects I

Collective effects in particle accelerators are one of the key constituents for determining the ultimate particle accelerator performance.Their role is becoming increasingly important as particle accelerators are being pushed ever closer towards the intensity and beam brightness frontiers. They are slightly peculiar in their nature as their impact and significance depend not only on external fields but also on the beam properties themselves.This results in a highly coupled and convoluted system. In these lectures we will give a brief overview over collective effects in particle accelerators in general. We will cover the topics in a highly conceptual and illustrative manner. The goal will be for the students to get an intuitive impression on the nature and the aftermath of collective effects.The lectures will cover different types of collective effects along with their manifestation in accelerators and briefly outline the limitations they impose along with a few means for potential mitigation techniques.

Speaker: Kevin Shing Bruce Li (CERN)

Susanna1_Multiparticle.pdf

Susanna1_Multiparticle.pptx

32 Electron Beam Dynamics I

Beam dynamics of charged particles in the presence of synchrotron radiation is the subject of these lectures. The basic physics of synchrotron radiation emission and its influence on the beam dynamics in the storage rings shape the equilibrium properties of stored beams. The balance between the radiation damping and quantum fluctuations due to the emission of light determines the design of electron storage rings based colliders and synchrotron light sources. These effects also play significant role in the design of future high energy muon and hadron colliders.

Speaker: Lenny Rivkin (Paul Scherrer Institute (CH))

ElectronDynamics_LRivkin.pdf

13:10 Lunch

33 Collective Effects II

Collective effects in particle accelerators are one of the key constituents for determining the ultimate particle accelerator performance.Their role is becoming increasingly important as particle accelerators are being pushed ever closer towards the intensity and beam brightness frontiers. They are slightly peculiar in their nature as their impact and significance depend not only on external fields but also on the beam properties themselves.This results in a highly coupled and convoluted system. In these lectures we will give a brief overview over collective effects in particle accelerators in general. We will cover the topics in a highly conceptual and illustrative manner. The goal will be for the students to get an intuitive impression on the nature and the aftermath of collective effects.The lectures will cover different types of collective effects along with their manifestation in accelerators and briefly outline the limitations they impose along with a few means for potential mitigation techniques.

Speaker: Kevin Shing Bruce Li (CERN)

Susanna2_Spacecharge.pdf

Susanna2_Spacecharge.pptx

15:50 Coffee break

34 Hands-ON Lattice calulations V

Speakers: Davide Gamba (CERN), Felix Soubelet, Tirsi Prebibaj (CERN)

35 Hands-ON Lattice calulations VI

Speakers: Davide Gamba (CERN), Felix Soubelet, Tirsi Prebibaj (CERN)

36 Seminar: The Hypatia Mission: Opening Space to Women

The Hypatia I mission is a scientific project led by a group of Catalan female researchers that embarked on a simulated journey to Mars through the Mars Research Desert Station (MDRS) analog station in the Utah desert, United States from April 16 to 29, 2023. For the first time, a team of nine Catalan scientists, from various disciplines and ages, were selected to carry out a mission at the analog station, where they lived for two weeks as if they were leading a real mission to Mars. The Hypatia I crew experienced an authentic adventure under isolated conditions: they had to eat dehydrated food, water was limited, and they were not able to communicate synchronously with Earth to maintain the simulation. Mobility outside the station was also restricted, and all members had to wear astronaut suits during their outdoor exploration activities. Through this mission, the researchers tested equipment and performed experiments related to the feasibility of a real mission to Mars. In addition to conducting research, the Hypatia I crew aims to contribute to science outreach and inspire vocations, especially among girls and young women. This involves making the role of women in STEAM disciplines visible and fighting against gender discrimination in science and space exploration.

Neus Sabaté, one of the two Crew Engineers of Hypatia I, will share the day-to-day details of the mission as well as the research conducted during the two weeks spent at the MDRS.

Speaker: Prof. Neus Sabaté Vizcarra (IMB-CNM (CSIC))

Saturday 28 September

37 Electron Beam Dynamics II

Beam dynamics of charged particles in the presence of synchrotron radiation is the subject of these lectures. The basic physics of synchrotron radiation emission and its influence on the beam dynamics in the storage rings shape the equilibrium properties of stored beams. The balance between the radiation damping and quantum fluctuations due to the emission of light determines the design of electron storage rings based colliders and synchrotron light sources. These effects also play significant role in the design of future high energy muon and hadron colliders.

Speaker: Lenny Rivkin (Paul Scherrer Institute (CH))

38 Collective Effects III

Collective effects in particle accelerators are one of the key constituents for determining the ultimate particle accelerator performance.Their role is becoming increasingly important as particle accelerators are being pushed ever closer towards the intensity and beam brightness frontiers. They are slightly peculiar in their nature as their impact and significance depend not only on external fields but also on the beam properties themselves.This results in a highly coupled and convoluted system. In these lectures we will give a brief overview over collective effects in particle accelerators in general. We will cover the topics in a highly conceptual and illustrative manner. The goal will be for the students to get an intuitive impression on the nature and the aftermath of collective effects.The lectures will cover different types of collective effects along with their manifestation in accelerators and briefly outline the limitations they impose along with a few means for potential mitigation techniques.

Speaker: Kevin Shing Bruce Li (CERN)

Susanna3_WakesImpd.pdf

Susanna3_WakesImpd.pptx

10:35 Coffee break

39 Injection and Extraction

This lecture gives an overview of the beam injection and extraction principles for accelerators.
After a brief general introduction, it explains different methods of injecting the beam for hadron and lepton machines.
It describes single- and multi-turn hadron injection, charge-exchange H- injection, then betatron and synchrotron injection for leptons.
For extraction, it presents single- and multi-turn extraction, as well as resonant extraction methods.
Finally, the requirements for linking several accelerators by a transfer line are presented.

Speaker: Pablo Arrutia (CERN)

CAS_inj_extr_2024.pdf

CAS_inj_extr_2024.pptx

Link to cernbox

40 Collective Effects IV

Collective effects in particle accelerators are one of the key constituents for determining the ultimate particle accelerator performance.Their role is becoming increasingly important as particle accelerators are being pushed ever closer towards the intensity and beam brightness frontiers. They are slightly peculiar in their nature as their impact and significance depend not only on external fields but also on the beam properties themselves.This results in a highly coupled and convoluted system. In these lectures we will give a brief overview over collective effects in particle accelerators in general. We will cover the topics in a highly conceptual and illustrative manner. The goal will be for the students to get an intuitive impression on the nature and the aftermath of collective effects.The lectures will cover different types of collective effects along with their manifestation in accelerators and briefly outline the limitations they impose along with a few means for potential mitigation techniques.

Speaker: Kevin Shing Bruce Li (CERN)

Susanna4_Instabilities.pdf

Susanna4_Instabilities.pptx

13:10 Lunch

41 Vacuum

This lecture introduces major physics and technology aspects of accelerator vacuum systems. Following an introduction, in the second section generic vacuum quantities such as pressure, gas density, the gas equation, pumping speed, conductance are introduced. Since accelerators typically have lengthy vacuum tubes, one-dimensional calculation is in many cases sufficient to compute a pressure profile for an accelerator, and methods for doing so are developed in the next section. In the fourth section accelerator specific aspects of vacuum are considered. This includes lifetime limiting effects for the particle beam, such as bremsstrahlung, elastic and inelastic scattering. Requirements for vacuum properties are derived. In the fifth section types of components and suitable materials for accelerator vacuum systems are described. Such components are for example flange systems, vacuum chambers for accelerators and the different types of pumps.

Speaker: Mike Seidel

Vacuum_Seidel.pdf

15:50 Coffee break

42 Discussion session

17:25 Study time

Sunday 29 September

Excursion - Buses leave at 9:15

Excursion

Monday 30 September

43 Cyclotrons

Due to its simplicity the classical cyclotron has been used very early for applications in science, medicine and industry. Higher energies and intensities were achieved through the concepts of the sector focused isochronous cyclotron and the synchro-cyclotron. Besides those the fixed field alternating gradient accelerator (FFA) represents the most general concept among these types of fixed field accelerators, and the latter one is actively studied and developed for future applications.

Speaker: Mike Seidel

Cyclotrons_Seidel.pdf

44 RF systems I

Radio-frequency (RF) systems deliver the power to change the energy of a charged particle beam, and they are integral parts of linear and circular accelerators. A longitudinal electrical field in the direction of the beam is generated in a resonant structure, the RF cavity. As it directly interacts with the bunches of charged particles, the cavity can be considered as a coupler to transport energy from an RF power power amplifier to the beam. The power amplifier itself is driven by a low-level RF system assuring that frequency and phase are suitable for acceleration, and feedback loops improve the longitudinal beam stability. The spectrum of RF systems in particle accelerators in terms of frequency range and RF voltage is wide. Special emphasis is given to the constraints and requirements defined by the beam, which guides the appropriate choices for the RF systems.

Speaker: Christine Vollinger (CERN)

RFSystems_CAS_30Sept24.pdf

RFSystems_CAS_30Sept24.pptx

10:35 Coffee break

45 Sustainability for Accelerators

The main focus of the lecture is given to the power conversion process in accelerators from grid to beam and its efficiency. Considered types of facilities include proton drivers, light sources, particle colliders, and example parameters are discussed. By maximizing the energy efficiency of technical systems and entire concepts the overall power consumption of research infrastructures can be minimized, thereby improving sustainability and reducing carbon footprint. Other aspects of sustainability discussed in the lecture include: the use of critical materials, the carbon footprint of civil construction and heat recovery.

Speaker: Mike Seidel

Sustainability_Seidel.pdf

Sustainability_Seidel.pptx

46 RF systems II

Radio-frequency (RF) systems deliver the power to change the energy of a charged particle beam, and they are integral parts of linear and circular accelerators. A longitudinal electrical field in the direction of the beam is generated in a resonant structure, the RF cavity. As it directly interacts with the bunches of charged particles, the cavity can be considered as a coupler to transport energy from an RF power power amplifier to the beam. The power amplifier itself is driven by a low-level RF system assuring that frequency and phase are suitable for acceleration, and feedback loops improve the longitudinal beam stability. The spectrum of RF systems in particle accelerators in terms of frequency range and RF voltage is wide. Special emphasis is given to the constraints and requirements defined by the beam, which guides the appropriate choices for the RF systems.

Speaker: Christine Vollinger (CERN)

13:10 Lunch

47 Hands-ON calculations (longitudinal) - Intro

Speakers: Heiko Damerau (CERN), Leandro Intelisano, Michail Zampetakis (CERN)

Exercise files - Empty LongitudinalHandsOnRFSystemCalculations_empty.ipynb

Exercise files - Solutions

• LongitudinalHandsOnRFSystemCalculations_solutions.html
• LongitudinalHandsOnRFSystemCalculations_solutions.ipynb
• LongitudinalHandsOnRFSystemCalculations_solutions.pdf
• LongitudinalHandsOnRFSystemCalculations_solutions.pdf
• LongitudinalHandsOnRFSystemCalculations_solutions_print.pdf
• LongitudinalHandsOnRFSystemCalculations_solutions_safari.pdf

Introductory presentation - RF system design LongitudinalHandsOnIntroductionLongitudinalCalculations.pdf LongitudinalHandsOnIntroductionLongitudinalCalculations.pptx

Longitudinal beam dynamics cheat sheet

• Longitudinal calculations cheat sheet.html
• Longitudinal calculations cheat sheet.md
• Longitudinal calculations cheat sheet.pdf

Python cheat sheet PythonExample.ipynb TutorialLibraryOfFunctions.py

15:50 Coffee break

48 Hands-ON calculations (longitudinal) - I

Speakers: Heiko Damerau (CERN), Leandro Intelisano, Michail Zampetakis (CERN)

49 Hands-ON calculations (longitudinal) - II

Speakers: Heiko Damerau (CERN), Leandro Intelisano, Michail Zampetakis (CERN)

Tuesday 1 October

50 Beam Diagnostics I

The working principle of frequently used beam instruments for electron and proton beams concerning the transverse and longitudinal profile measurement is discussed. A large variety of monitors for transverse profile measurement exists, based on the energy loss of the beam particles in matter followed by the detection of secondary particles or photons (SEM-Grids, wire scanners, scintillation screens, optical transition radiation screens, ionization profile monitors). Based on profile measurements, the beam emittance at transfer lines can be deduced by several methods. The bunch shape is determined with several methods, either based on the broadband measurement of the bunch electric field, by electro-optical techniques or related to the emission of synchrotron photons.

Speaker: Peter Forck

CAS_proceedings_diagnostics_forck.pdf

Diagnostics 1 CAS2024 Forck.pdf

Diagnostics 1 CAS2024 Forck.pptx

51 Introduction to Non- Linear longitudinal Beam Dymanics

After discussing how to account for the periodicity in rings, we first generalise the response coefficient R12, and then the orbit response matrix to such systems.
We move on to use the response matrix to correct the orbit and generalise the concept by introducing dispersion-free steering before turning to gradient errors and stop bands. Measuring and correcting the tune addresses one parameter of great importance for operating rings, whereas analysing the orbit response matrix with codes like LOCO measures many more, including the beta functions. We then digress on skew quadrupolar errors and betatron coupling and their detrimental effect.
Before closing we describe how to correct the chromaticity and mention a number of non-standard imperfections, so-called bloopers.

Speaker: Heiko Damerau (CERN)

IntroductionNonLinearLongitudinalBeamDynamics.pdf

IntroductionNonLinearLongitudinalBeamDynamics.pptx

10:35 Coffee break

52 Beam Diagnostics II

The working principle of frequently used beam instruments for electron and proton beams concerning the transverse and longitudinal profile measurement is discussed. A large variety of monitors for transverse profile measurement exists, based on the energy loss of the beam particles in matter followed by the detection of secondary particles or photons (SEM-Grids, wire scanners, scintillation screens, optical transition radiation screens, ionization profile monitors). Based on profile measurements, the beam emittance at transfer lines can be deduced by several methods. The bunch shape is determined with several methods, either based on the broadband measurement of the bunch electric field, by electro-optical techniques or related to the emission of synchrotron photons.

Speaker: Peter Forck

Diagnostics 2 CAS2024 Forck.pdf

Diagnostics 2 CAS2024 Forck.pptx

53 Advanced accelerator concepts I

Recent years have seen spectacular progress in the development of innovative acceleration methods that are not based on traditional RF accelerating structures. These novel developments are at the interface of laser, plasma and accelerator physics and may potentially lead to much more compact and cost effective accelerator facilities. While primarily focusing on the ability to accelerate charged particles with much larger gradients than traditional RF structures, these new techniques have yet to demonstrate comparable performances to RF structures in terms of both beam parameters and reproducibility. To guide the developments beyond the necessary basic R&D and concept validations, a common understanding and definition of required performance and beam parameters for an operational user facility is now needed. These innovative user facilities can include "table-top" light sources,
medical accelerators, industrial accelerators or even high-energy colliders.
This paper will review the most promising developments in new acceleration methods and it will present the status of on-going projects.

Speaker: Massimo Ferrario

CAS_AAC_SantaSusanna_024up.pdf

CAS_AAC_SantaSusanna_024up.pptx

13:10 Lunch

54 Hands-ON calculations (longitudinal) - III

Speakers: Heiko Damerau (CERN), Leandro Intelisano, Michail Zampetakis (CERN)

Exercise files - Empty LongitudinalHandsOnTracking_empty.ipynb support_functions.py

Exercise files - Solutions

• LongitudinalHandsOnTracking_solutions.html
• LongitudinalHandsOnTracking_solutions.ipynb
• LongitudinalHandsOnTracking_solutions.pdf
• LongitudinalHandsOnTracking_solutions.pdf
• LongitudinalHandsOnTracking_solutions_print.pdf
• LongitudinalHandsOnTracking_solutions_safari.pdf

Introductory presentation - Longitudinal tracking LongitudinalHandsOnIntroductionLongitudinalTracking.pdf LongitudinalHandsOnIntroductionLongitudinalTracking.pptx

Longitudinal beam dynamics cheat sheet

• Longitudinal calculations cheat sheet.html
• Longitudinal calculations cheat sheet.md
• Longitudinal calculations cheat sheet.pdf

Python cheat sheet PythonExample.ipynb TutorialLibraryOfFunctions.py

15:50 Coffee break

55 Hands-ON calculations (longitudinal) - IV

Speakers: Heiko Damerau (CERN), Leandro Intelisano, Michail Zampetakis (CERN)

56 Hands-ON calculations (longitudinal) - v

Speakers: Heiko Damerau (CERN), Leandro Intelisano, Michail Zampetakis (CERN)

21:00 Cinema event

Wednesday 2 October

57 Free

12:05 Lunch

58 Computational tools I

Numerical Methods and Computational Tools" aims to outline good practices in scientific computing and guide the novice through the multitude of tools available. This lectures aim to clarify important aspects of numerical computing to help avoid making bad but unfortunately common mistakes. We describe the most critical aspects associated with numerical computing with a finite precision floating-point representation of real numbers. Given the indispensable role of computers in the daily life of a scientist, numerical stability is essential knowledge for every modern scientist. In this first lecture, we suggest also reference readings and explain through examples the importance of well-designed and well-chosen numerical methods and algorithms.
The second lecture provides pointers to established resources and describes the main tools available for scientific computing. We explain which tool or solution should be used for a specific purpose, dispelling common misconceptions. We also outline the most common tools for designing and optimising particle accelerators, whether they are rings or linacs. Also, we will unveil powerful shell commands that can speed up simulations, facilitate data processing, and increase your scientific throughput. We will exclusively refer to free and open-source software running on Linux or other Unix-like operating systems.

Speaker: Andrea Latina (CERN)

Computational_Tools.pdf

59 Advanced accelerator concepts II

Recent years have seen spectacular progress in the development of innovative acceleration methods that are not based on traditional RF accelerating structures. These novel developments are at the interface of laser, plasma and accelerator physics and may potentially lead to much more compact and cost effective accelerator facilities. While primarily focusing on the ability to accelerate charged particles with much larger gradients than traditional RF structures, these new techniques have yet to demonstrate comparable performances to RF structures in terms of both beam parameters and reproducibility. To guide the developments beyond the necessary basic R&D and concept validations, a common understanding and definition of required performance and beam parameters for an operational user facility is now needed. These innovative user facilities can include "table-top" light sources,
medical accelerators, industrial accelerators or even high-energy colliders.
This paper will review the most promising developments in new acceleration methods and it will present the status of on-going projects.

Speaker: Massimo Ferrario

Bubble.m4v

CAS_AAC_SantaSusanna_024_up2.pdf

CAS_AAC_SantaSusanna_024_up2.pptx

15:50 Coffee break

60 Computational tools II

Numerical Methods and Computational Tools" aims to outline good practices in scientific computing and guide the novice through the multitude of tools available. This lectures aim to clarify important aspects of numerical computing to help avoid making bad but unfortunately common mistakes. We describe the most critical aspects associated with numerical computing with a finite precision floating-point representation of real numbers. Given the indispensable role of computers in the daily life of a scientist, numerical stability is essential knowledge for every modern scientist. In this first lecture, we suggest also reference readings and explain through examples the importance of well-designed and well-chosen numerical methods and algorithms.
The second lecture provides pointers to established resources and describes the main tools available for scientific computing. We explain which tool or solution should be used for a specific purpose, dispelling common misconceptions. We also outline the most common tools for designing and optimising particle accelerators, whether they are rings or linacs. Also, we will unveil powerful shell commands that can speed up simulations, facilitate data processing, and increase your scientific throughput. We will exclusively refer to free and open-source software running on Linux or other Unix-like operating systems.

Speaker: Andrea Latina (CERN)

61 Colliders and luminosity

Modern particle physics relies on high energy particle accelerators to provide collisions of various types of elementary particles in order to deduce fundamental laws of physics or properties of individual particles. The only way to generate particle collisions at extremely high energies is to collide particles of counter-rotating beams...called "particle-colliders".

This write-up gives a short briefing on the physics motivation of various particle colliders ($e^+e^-$ colliders, $pp$ colliders, ...), a summary of the historical evolution and a mathematical treatment to describe collider performance.

Speaker: Hermann Schmickler

Colliders_2024.pdf

Colliders_2024.pptx

Thursday 3 October

62 Time and Frequency domain signals I

Depending on the application people use time-domain or frequency domain signals in order to measure or describe processes. First we will look at the definition of these terms, produce some mathematical background and then apply the tools to measurements made in the accelerator domain. We will first look at signals produced by a single bunch passing once through a detector (transfer line, linac), then periodic single bunch passages (circular accelerator) and at the end multi-bunch passages in a circular accelerator. The bunches themselves are considered rigid.

Speaker: Hermann Schmickler

timefrequency_2024.pdf

timefrequency_2024.pptx

63 A first taste of Non- Linear Beam Dynamics I

Nonlinear dynamics can impact the performance of a particle accelerator in a number of different ways, depending on the type of the accelerator and the parameter regime in which it operates. Effects can range from minor changes in beam properties or behaviour, to serious limitations on beam stability and machine performance. In these notes, we provide a brief introduction to nonlinear dynamics in accelerators. After a review of some relevant results from linear dynamics, we outline some of the main ideas of nonlinear dynamics, framing the discussion in the context of two examples of different types of accelerator: a single-pass system (a bunch compressor) and a periodic system (a storage ring). We show how an understanding of the origins and nature of the nonlinear behaviour, together with the use of appropriate analysis tools, can prove useful in predicting the effects of nonlinear dynamics in different systems, and allow the design of appropriate corrections or mitigations.

Speaker: Hannes Bartosik (CERN)

Non-linear_dynamics_I.pdf

Non-linear_dynamics_I.pptx

10:35 Coffee break

64 Time and Frequency domain signals II

Depending on the application people use time-domain or frequency domain signals in order to measure or describe processes. First we will look at the definition of these terms, produce some mathematical background and then apply the tools to measurements made in the accelerator domain. We will first look at signals produced by a single bunch passing once through a detector (transfer line, linac), then periodic single bunch passages (circular accelerator) and at the end multi-bunch passages in a circular accelerator. The bunches themselves are considered rigid.

Speaker: Hermann Schmickler

65 A first taste of Non- Linear Beam Dynamics II

Nonlinear dynamics can impact the performance of a particle accelerator in a number of different ways, depending on the type of the accelerator and the parameter regime in which it operates. Effects can range from minor changes in beam properties or behaviour, to serious limitations on beam stability and machine performance. In these notes, we provide a brief introduction to nonlinear dynamics in accelerators. After a review of some relevant results from linear dynamics, we outline some of the main ideas of nonlinear dynamics, framing the discussion in the context of two examples of different types of accelerator: a single-pass system (a bunch compressor) and a periodic system (a storage ring). We show how an understanding of the origins and nature of the nonlinear behaviour, together with the use of appropriate analysis tools, can prove useful in predicting the effects of nonlinear dynamics in different systems, and allow the design of appropriate corrections or mitigations.

Speaker: Hannes Bartosik (CERN)

Non-linear_dynamics_II.pdf

Non-linear_dynamics_II.pptx

13:10 Lunch

66 Particle motion in Hamiltonian Formalism I

The purpose of this lecture is to introduce the Hamiltonian formalism of theoretical mechanics for analysing motion in generic linear and non-linear dynamical systems, including particle accelerators.
This framework allows the derivation and integration of equations of motion, in order to describe the particle trajectory evolution with respect to time.
Starting with the relativistic Hamiltonian of particles in E/M fields and
a series of canonical (or symplectic) transformations and approximations,
the accelerator ring Hamiltonian is derived. Thereby, introductory concepts
of beam dynamics such as invariants and transport matrices are revisited and extended towards generic concepts such as action-angle variables and symplectic maps.
Thereby, the ground is prepared for the advanced methods and tools used for studying non-linear motion in particle accelerators.

Speaker: Yannis Papaphilippou (CERN)

hamiltonian_intro_2024_I.pdf

hamiltonian_intro_2024_I.pptx

15:50 Coffee break

67 Discussion session

17:25 Study time

Friday 4 October

68 Synchrotron light circular machines & FELs I

Synchrotron light sources and X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) facilities are unique tools providing extremely brilliant X-rays that allow the observation of matter with atomic spatial resolution. On the one hand, synchrotron light sources consist of electron circular accelerators and produce synchrotron radiation in bending magnets and undulators. On the other hand, X-ray FEL facilities are based on electron linear accelerators and generate more coherent and shorter pulses suitable for time-resolved experiments. In these lectures we will qualitatively describe synchrotron and X-ray FEL facilities. We will start explaining some fundamental concepts related to synchrotron and FEL radiation. We will then describe the two kinds of machines, including the history and current facilities, the typical layout, and some basic concepts about the electron beam dynamics and properties.

Speaker: Eduard Prat Costa

2024.pdf

2024.pptx

69 Synchrotron light circular machines & FELs II

Synchrotron light sources and X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) facilities are unique tools providing extremely brilliant X-rays that allow the observation of matter with atomic spatial resolution. On the one hand, synchrotron light sources consist of electron circular accelerators and produce synchrotron radiation in bending magnets and undulators. On the other hand, X-ray FEL facilities are based on electron linear accelerators and generate more coherent and shorter pulses suitable for time-resolved experiments. In these lectures we will qualitatively describe synchrotron and X-ray FEL facilities. We will start explaining some fundamental concepts related to synchrotron and FEL radiation. We will then describe the two kinds of machines, including the history and current facilities, the typical layout, and some basic concepts about the electron beam dynamics and properties.

Speaker: Eduard Prat Costa

10:35 Coffee break

70 Particle motion in Hamiltonian Formalism II

The purpose of this lecture is to introduce the Hamiltonian formalism of theoretical mechanics for analysing motion in generic linear and non-linear dynamical systems, including particle accelerators.
This framework allows the derivation and integration of equations of motion, in order to describe the particle trajectory evolution with respect to time.
Starting with the relativistic Hamiltonian of particles in E/M fields and
a series of canonical (or symplectic) transformations and approximations,
the accelerator ring Hamiltonian is derived. Thereby, introductory concepts
of beam dynamics such as invariants and transport matrices are revisited and extended towards generic concepts such as action-angle variables and symplectic maps.
Thereby, the ground is prepared for the advanced methods and tools used for studying non-linear motion in particle accelerators.

Speaker: Yannis Papaphilippou (CERN)

hamiltonian_intro_2024_II.pdf

hamiltonian_intro_2024_II.pptx

71 Designing a synchrotron - a real life example

This lecture's goal is to review several aspects of beam dynamics applied to the design and operation of an existing synchrotron. Our choice is the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) whose enormous versatility has been demonstrated since its design and operation. It has served as high energy synchrotron serving fixed target experiments (West Area, North Area, CNGS, HIRADMAT), collider of protons and anti-protons (allowing the W and Z bosons discovery in 1983), accelerator of electrons and positrons for injection into the Large Electron-Positron (LEP) Collider, accelerator of protons and ions for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), or even for extracting protons towards a plasma wakefield acceleration experiment (AWAKE). In this respect, the choice of the SPS basic parameters are reviewed such as energy, bending field and circumference, its optics design for arcs and insertions, the manipulation of transition energy, collective effects, namely instabilities, space-charge and e-cloud but also electron/positron beam dynamics (equilibrium beam properties, energy loss per turn, damping times).

Speaker: Yannis Papaphilippou (CERN)

SPS_CAS2024.pdf

SPS_CAS2024.pptx

13:10 Lunch

72 Putting it all together

At the end of the course a so called "minimum take-away" will be compiled from all previous courses.

This will help students to identify the essential messages, which make the foundation of all accelerator physics and technologies, from all other information, which can be considered as "general accelerator culture".

The journey will start with a summary of the most used mathematical concepts and end with the most important accelerator technologies.

Speaker: Hermann Schmickler

Puttingtogether_2024.pdf

Puttingtogether_2024.pptx

15:50 Coffee break

73 Closing

Speaker: Frank Tecker (CERN)

Closing-Intro2024.pdf

Closing-Intro2024.pptx

20:15 Banquet show

Saturday 5 October

74 Departure Day