– Since the 80s and the 90s it is known that Terrestrial Cosmic Rays,
mainly reported as ‘Atmospheric Neutrons’, as well as muons and protons, of
cosmic origin, can penetrate the natural shielding of buildings, equipment and
circuit package. Eg, flux of thermal to high-energy neutron of interest ranges
between ~10 particles.cm-2.hour-1 at sea level to ~104 cm-2.hour-1 at typical
airplanes...
For the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider era, the trigger and data acquisition system of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment will be entirely replaced. Novel design choices have been explored, including ATCA prototyping platforms with SoC controllers and newly available interconnect technologies with serial optical links with data rates up to 28 Gb/s. Trigger data analysis will be...
The improved Resistive Plate Chambers (iRPC) will be installed in the challenging forward region during the CMS phase II upgrade with new FrontEnd Electronics Boards (FEBs) to record the rising edge of signals from both ends by a Time-to-Digital Converter[1]. TDC data of each end has two parts of time information—the coarse time (2.5 ns) and the fine time (around 10ps, 2.5ns/256). The backend...
The Belle II experiment and SuperKEKB collider is designed to operate under a higher luminosity compared to that of Belle for the improvement on rare B meson decay study and new physics search. A new PCI-express-based high-speed readout board (PCIe40) is adopted for the upgrade of DAQ system in order to break the bottleneck of bandwidth and to improve the stability in operation. The new system...
In nuclear medicine, the online blood radioactivity meter measures the radioactivity in the blood vessel to form the arterial input function in a dynamic PET study. Such a radioactivity meter is composed of scintillation crystals and SiPMs. The accuracy of the activity measurement varies with the temperature due to the temperature dependency in the gain of SiPMs and the light output of...
The Belle II experiment is designed to search for physics beyond the standard model of particle physics exploiting the large number of B meson decays produced by the SuperKEKB accelerator.
We have maintained a good data-taking efficiency since the beginning of our operation on March 2019.
Nevertheless, we encountered various problems and errors during our operation.
The instantaneous...
-The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a powerful new facility to be built in the United States at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in collaboration with Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), will explore the most fundamental building blocks of nearly all visible matter. Its focus is to reveal how these particles interact to build up the...
KM3NeT is a network of submarine Cherenkov neutrino telescopes under construction in two different sites of the Mediterranean Sea. ARCA, near Sicily in Italy, is optimized for the detection of cosmic neutrinos while ORCA, near Toulon in France, for atmospheric neutrinos.
ARCA and ORCA are both arrays of thousands of optical sensors (Digital Optical
Modules - DOMs), each made of 31 small...
An innovative cylindrical gas-electron multiplier (CGEM) is under construction to replace the BESIII experiment inner drift chamber, which is suffering from aging. By the end of 2019 two of the three CGEM layers have been built and shipped to the Institute of High Energy Physics in Beijing. Due to SARS-CoV2 pandemic, the system has been remotely controlled since January 2020.
A special...
At the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility, the Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from Radio frequency plasma (SPIDER) has been in operation since 2018 aiming at prototyping the heating and diagnostic neutral beam appliances in view of the ITER demanding requirements for plasma burning conditions and instabilities control.
For the sake of safety, machine protection and...
The 2020’s are emerging as the decade of the experiment as new instruments come on-line or are being upgraded with significant improvements that will support each of the science domains. The new devices will produce huge volumes of rich data which along with improvements in data processing and simulation methods offer the potential to address grand challenges in science that if resolved could...
In recent years, particle physics and nuclear physics experiments require faster data collection systems and advanced trigger systems as the beam intensity increases. The current DAQ system at the J-PARC hadron experimental facility (HEF) uses a fixed- and low-latency trigger with dedicated hardware to reduce data and event-building software that merges data into a single endpoint. This...
The CODA Data Acquisition system is a software toolkit developed in conjunction with both custom and commercial hardware to support the general experimental program at Jefferson Lab. This includes larger complex DAQ systems in the four primary experimental halls as well as more basic developmental test bed systems. Recent developments for CODA have been focused on support for streaming...
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is an extraordinary new facility enabling frontier research in nuclear physics, with initial operation planned for 2031. It is the largest single project undertaken by the US DOE Office of Nuclear Physics and, as such, represents a landmark allocation of resources. Recently, the proposal of the ECCE consortium has been selected as the reference design for...
DarkSide-20k is a direct dark matter search detector using a two-phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) with an active mass of 50 tonnes of low radioactivity Argon from an underground source. Two planes of cryogenic SiPMs covering the top and the bottom faces of the TPC detect the light signals produced by the scattering of a WIMP particle on an Argon nucleus. The TPC is...
Neural Network (NN)-based inference deployed in FPGAs or ASICs is a powerful tool for real-time data processing and reduction. FPGAs or ASICs may be needed to meet difficult latency or power efficiency requirements in data acquisition or control systems. Alternately one may need to design ASICs for special conditions, like use in high radiation areas. The software package, hls4ml, was designed...
With the increase of luminosity for accelerator colliders as well as a granularity of detectors for particle physics, more challenges fall on the readout system and data transfer from detector front-end to computer farm and long term storage. Modern concepts of trigger-less readout and data streaming will produce large data volumes being read from the detectors.
From a resource standpoint, it...
Front-end electronics equipped with high-speed digitizers are being used and proposed for future nuclear detectors. Recent literature reveals that deep learning models, especially one-dimensional convolutional neural networks, are promising when dealing with digital signals from nuclear detectors. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the satisfactory accuracy and additional benefits of...
The LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) experiment is designed to study differences between particles and anti-particles as well as very rare decays in the charm and beauty sector at the LHC. With the major upgrade done in view of Run 3, the detector will read-out all events at the full LHC frequency of 40 MHz, the online system will be subjected to a considerably increased data rate, reaching...
The LHCb experiment has gone through a major upgrade for LHC's Run-3, scheduled to start in the middle of 2022. The entire readout system has been replaced by Front-End and Back-End electronics that are able to record LHC events at the full LHC bunch rate of 40MHz.
In order to maintain synchronicity across the full system, clock and control commands are originated from a single Readout...
The MTCA.4 standard is widely used in developing advanced data acquisition and processing solutions in the big physics community. The number of applications implemented using commercial MTCA AMC cards using XILINX and IntelFPGA systems on chips is growing due to the flexibility and scalability of these reconfigurable hardware devices and their suitability to implement intelligent applications...
This paper presents an reactive, actor-model and FBP paradigm based framework that we develop to design data-stream processing applications for HEP and NP. This framework encourages a functional decomposition of the overall data processing application into small mono-functional artifacts. Artifacts that are easy to understand, develop, deploy and debug. The fact that these artifacts (actors)...
Single photon counting hybrid pixel detector technology with short gate capability has been chosen to achieve time-resolved pump-probe experiments in the energy range from 5 to 15 keV at SOLEIL Synchrotron. The detector prototypes, based on the UFXC32k [1] readout chip, were developed for this initial purpose due to various very interesting performances of the chip, such as high readout speed,...
MITICA is one of the two ongoing experiments at the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) located in Padova (Italy). MITICA aims to develop the full-size neutral beam injector of ITER and, as such, its Control and Data Acquisition System will adhere to ITER CODAC directives. In particular, its timing system will be based on the IEEE1588 PTPv2 protocol and will use the ITER Time Communication...
We have designed and implemented a reconfigurable ASIC data encoder for low-power, low-latency hardware acceleration of an unsupervised machine learning data encoder. The implementation of a complex neural network algorithm demonstrates the effectiveness of a high-level synthesis-based design automation flow for building design IP for ASICs. The ECON-T ASIC, which includes the AI algorithm,...
Due to excellent spatial resolution, fast timing response, and low material budget, the Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) has become one of the most advanced technologies for particle measurement. To perform real-time beam monitoring in heavy-ion physics experiments, a MAPS named Nupix-A1 has been designed. This Nupix-A1 can simultaneously measure the particle hit's position, energy, and...
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment at Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC will undergo a series of upgrades leading into the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The TileCal Phase-II Upgrade will accommodate the detector readout electronics to the HL-LHC conditions using a new clock and readout strategy.
The TileCal Phase-II upgrade project...
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC will undergo a series of upgrades towards a High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) in 2025-2028. The ATLAS TileCal Phase-II Upgrade is planned in order to accommodate the detector and data acquisition system to the HL-LHC requirements. In the upgraded readout...
Different application fields require the development of fast preamplifiers and shaping filters to be coupled with dedicated radiation detectors. In view of fast prototyping and targeting a medium number of readout channels, we present in this paper the feasibility study, design and qualification of a fast, opamp-based, preamplifier and shaping filter suited to equip a smart rad-hard detection...
A 16-channel front-end Liquid Argon ASIC (LArASIC) has been designed for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) time-projection chamber (TPC). The LArASIC, fabricated in a commercial 180 nm CMOS process, was specifically designed for operation at cryogenic temperatures (77K-89K). It has 16-channels of charge amplifiers and shapers with programmable gain and filter...
This paper presents the design and the test results of a 25 Gbps VCSEL driving ASIC fabricated in a 55 nm CMOS technology for detector front-end readout. This VCSEL driving ASIC is composed of an input equalizer stage, a pre-driver stage and a novel output driver stage. The input equalizer stage adopts a 5-step CTLE structure to compensate the high frequency loss at the PCB traces, bonding...
This paper presents the novel design and the test results of a 4×14-Gbps Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) driver ASIC fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process for particle physics experiments. The driver ASIC includes four independent channels and a I2C module. Each channel consists of a limiting amplifier stage, a novel output driver stage and bias circuits. The limiting amplifier...
High-precision energy measurement is required in the readout systems for the Multi-purpose Time Projection Chambers (MTPC) at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) back-streaming white neutron source (Back-n). Considering the size and power consumption limitation of the readout electronics, a new prototype front-end ASIC was designed. The prototype ASIC integrates 16 readout channels, each...
Cooling storage ring External-target Experiment (CEE) under design at Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou-Cooling Storage Ring (HIRFL-CSR) is a multi-purpose spectrometer and will be used for various studies on heavy-ion collisions, where three Multi Wire Drift Chambers (MWDCs) are used as collision products tracking detectors. The readout electronics of CEE-MWDC is designed based on...
Keda Torus eXperiment (KTX) is a reversed field pinch (RFP) device in the University of Science and Technology of China. Resistive wall modes (RWMs) and tearing modes (TMs) of RFP configuration limit the increase of discharge duration of the device.
The article introduces the experiment and results of active control of RWMs with m=1, |n|≤5 by controlling the external power supply and saddle...
In radionuclide metrology, ionization chambers have been used for activity and half-life determinations. The accurate measurement of the ionization current is required to improve the uncertainty levels of these determinations.
An accurate small direct currents measurement system is designed, including an amplifier circuit, an ADC, an FPGA control and readout circuit, and the user interface....
Digital bandwidth interleaving (DBI) technology is a method that can simultaneously improve the bandwidth and sampling rate of sampling system. However, its waveform reconstruction algorithm is so complicated that it is impossible to realize real-time waveform reconstruction. This paper proposes a frequency-domain waveform reconstruction method for DBI sampling system to improve the waveform...
Event detection in fusion experiments is essential for plasma control during discharges and requires fast data acquisition and processing to meet real-time constraints, which demands the implementation of FPGA-based data acquisition and detection systems. The randomized power martingale RPM algorithm deals with the changing nature of a multidimensional dataset, detecting changes in the data...
CDEX project which aims at search of Dark Matter, will soon come to CDEX-100 period in about 2 years. This work has designed an readout system (Readout over PCIe, RoPe) for CDEX-100. The whole system is built on Xilinx Zynq 7Z100 SoC and support 80Gbps of input bandwidth based on 2 QSFP+ optical link and 40Gbps of output bandwidth based on PCIe Gen2 x8 link.
Considering RoPe's condition, we...
Most of the neutron spectrometers planned in the China spallation neutron source (CSNS) are based on position-sensitive 3He tube detectors. To reduce the influence of air on neutron scattering experiments, the detector must be placed within a vacuum chamber for this kind of spectrometers. The readout electronics should also be placed within the vacuum chamber, so the number of feed-through...
The ITER magnetics diagnostics will condition, validate, and supply magnetic sensors outputs to key operational systems, including the plasma control system (plasma position, shape, vertical velocity and MHD instabilities); the interlock system (plasma current for machine protection) and the data-archiving system for post-pulse data analysis (study of the plasma physics).
A combination of...
4πβ − γ coincidence counting has been widely
applied in the absolute radioactivity measurement for its high
accuracy and enabling measurement of most radionuclides without any specific values being assumed. The 4πβ − γ method
has a lot of variants according to the radionuclide and detector
types, among which the digital coincidence counting (DCC) is
quite outstanding. the DCC routine...
The calorimeter is one of the most important detectors in the field of particle physics. In recent years, the research of SiPM as the sensor of the calorimeter has attracted a lot of attention. There are two ways of traditional SiPM readout circuit, one is multi-channel readout, setting readout paths with different gains, the disadvantage is that the power consumption is high and the layout...
Applications of machine learning (ML) are growing by the day for many unique and challenging scientific applications. However, a crucial challenge facing these applications is their need for ultra low-latency and on-detector ML capabilities. Given the slowdown in Moore's law and Dennard scaling, coupled with the rapid advances in scientific instrumentation that is resulting in growing data...
The Front-End Link eXchange (FELIX) system is a new ATLAS DAQ component designed to meet the evolving needs of detector readout into the High-Luminosity LHC era. FELIX acts as the interface between the data acquisition; detector and trigger timing and systems; and new or updated trigger and detector front-end electronics. FELIX routes data between custom serial links from front-end electronics...
In this paper, we implement a n/γ discrimination algorithm in a low power Flash FPGA for CLYC scintillation detector. In order to make the whole algorithm more suitable for the real-time radiation detection applications, pile-up rejection and noise discrimination are also implemented in FPGA logic. the power dissipation of the data process board (including 250 MS/s 12 bit ADC and front...
In this paper, the HiBeam-T, a time projection chamber (TPC) for monitoring the position and profile of heavy ion beams in a real-time manner, has been designed. This gaseous detector features its readout with an array of forty Topmetal-II− CMOS pixel sensors, each of which has 72 x 72 pixels with a size of 83 μm x 83 μm. The detector part consists of the charge drift and charge collection...
The Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the High-Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) are the leading heavy-ion physics centers. Heavy-ion physics experiments at HIRFL and HIAF with significantly increased scale have put forward urgent requirements on high-speed and high-density data transmission links. In addition, the strong radiation environment is a significant...
The upcoming sPHENIX experiment, scheduled to start data taking at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider in 2023, and the future EIC experiments will employ sophisticated state-of-the-art, high-rate detectors to study high energy heavy ion and electron-ion collisions, respectively. The resulting large volumes of raw data far exceed available DAQ and data storage capacity.
To meet this...
Machine learning methodologies have increasingly been employed in high-energy physics research. The interest in ML for physics is due to the incredibly high amount of data which is produced by particle detectors, which makes it impossible for researchers to analyze it in real time. Another issue with detector data is that it is not labeled, i.e. the distinction between signal and background is...
For environmental, sustainable economic and political reasons, recycling processes are becoming increasingly important, aiming at a much higher use of secondary raw materials. Currently, for the copper and aluminum industries, no method for the non-destructive online analysis of heterogeneous materials are available. The Promt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) has the potential to...
Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are new type of high-performance semiconductor detectors, which inherit most of the advantages of semiconductor detectors and have good performance in terms of gain, signal-to-noise ratio and response speed. SiPM also has high photon detection efficiency and excellent time resolution, which is comparable to high-performance PMT. In this paper, the timing...
CMOS pixel sensors are widely used as Inner Tracker System (ITK) detector for their precise spatial resolution, low noise, fast reaction, and low material budget. STCFpix is a CMOS pixel sensor under development for the ITK in Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF)，which is expected to be a 2×2 cm$^2$chip containing 16 K pixels. In the context of the Inner Tracker data path, a STCF Read-Out...
The iPET is a preclinical PET system based on the easyPET scanning method, an affordable PET technology capable of acquiring real-time high-quality in-vivo images with only two detector heads, at a reduced cost without compromising image quality. Full body mouse imaging is possible using a small number of detector elements, scanning billions of lines of response (LoRs) in few minutes, covering...
This paper presents the design of readout electronics for Muon Beam Monitor in COMET (Coherent Muon to Electron Transition) experiments. The Muon Beam Monitor in this experiment is a mesh structure consisting of a total of 256 Scintillating Fibers (SCSF-3HF) in two vertical directions, respectively. For the purpose of profiling the muon beam, electronics are required to measure the time-origin...
The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR) is constructed to study nuclear physics, atomic physics, interdisciplinary science, and related applications. The External Target Facility (ETF) is located at the main ring of the HIRFL-CSR. The gamma detector of the ETF is built to measure online gamma-rays with energies below 5 MeV in the center-of-mass frame...
The deep sea contains abundant resources, and it is of great scientific significance to conduct deep-sea exploration. Active neutron detection based on neutron capture or scattering has the advantages of being non-destructive and detecting a wide variety of elements. However, studies on in-situ neutron detection in deep-sea with a neutron source are rare. The capture-type gamma detector based...
A real-time n/γ detection prototype system using NaIL scintillator is presented in this paper. The use of Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) array enables low-power and compact-geometry applications. A high-speed waveform sampling board based on analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is employed, and a discrimination algorithm is implemented in the FPGA of the sampling board. Gamma detection test...
The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), which should begin operation in 2029, aims to increase LHC luminosity by a factor of 10 beyond its original design. In preparation for this increase, the ATLAS experiment has planned a major upgrade program that is split into two steps. During the “Phase-I” step, that will be completed in 2022, several new trigger and detector systems have...
In the context of the High-Luminosity (HL) upgrade of the LHC, many custom ATCA electronics boards are being designed containing heterogeneous system-on-chip (SoC) devices, more specifically the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ (ZUS+) family. While the application varies greatly, these devices are regularly used for performing board management tasks, making them a fundamental element in the correct...
In order to realize the 1000s long pulse operation of the ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating) system on EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak), we developed an ECRH steady-state operation control system. Four working modes were designed, namely manual restart mode, automatic restart mode, timed alternate operation mode, and protection trigger alternate operation mode. The...
This work is the demand for the fixed and low-jitter delay generation circuit in the time measurement system. As the timing resolution required by modern electronic products constantly improve, the multi-phase clock sampler and the vernier delay line have become frequently-used structures of the ultra-high-resolution time-to-digital converter (TDC), which are both implemented with the fix...
The MircoTCA.4 Fast Control and Processing board (u4FCP) is an FPGA-based double-width MircoTCA.4 compatible Advanced Mezzanine Card (AMC) for generic control and data acquisition applications in high energy physics (HEP) experiments. Built around the Xilinx Kintex UltraScale+ FPGA, the u4FCP provides users with a platform which has access to on-board FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) sockets with an...
Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters offer a powerful, flexible approach to maximizing the sensitivity in digital spectroscopy. For example, the trapezoid filter [1] removes the exponential background from a tail pulse and integrates the decaying charge collected over time to account for ballistic deficit, yielding a robust pulse energy amid uncertainties in the arrival time. Higher order...
We have developed a digital waveform processing system with Xilinx RFSoC.It is optimized system for experiments at RIKEN RI Beam Factory(RIBF) that is an accelerator facility in Japan. This system is aimed at simultaneous measurement of TOF with high-resolution and ΔE using plastic scintillators. For this development, Xilinx RFSoC that includes 4GHz FADC, FPGA, and CPU has been adopted. Using...
Abstract—ATLAS [1] calorimeter is formed by individual
detector cells placed in a cylindrical geometry.
Each individual cell will record information when particle
collisions happen and this data is stored to be later processed
by algorithms provided by ATHENA Framework.
One of the main goals of those algorithms is to analyze
the collision events happening inside the calorimeter...
To improve data throughput of the Belle II data
acquisition we are upgrading the CPU-based COPPER system
with a PCIe40 board carrying Arria 10 FPGA. Since one of
the main functionality of the new system is event building in
FPGA, the read-out system must be synchronized with the front-
end electronics. This task is performed by the bidirectional
trigger timing distribution system. During...
The optical scintillation fiber detector designed for muon imaging usually requires thousands of electronic readout channels, for this reason, a set of trigger-less multi-board synchronous data acquisition(DAQ) system is designed, its single board Analog-to-Digital Converter(ADC) can carry four 64 channel sigma delta ADC, in which oversampling method and the embedded digital shaping and...
