A double arm beam telescope based on the recently developed Timepix4 ASIC was built in order to perform tests of synchronous multiple-detector readout and track reconstruction with fast timing capability. The Timepix4 is a hybrid pixel detector readout ASIC designed to record time-of-arrival (TOA) and time-over-threshold (TOT) simultaneously in each pixel. It has a 448x512 pixel matrix with...
The LHCb experiment has been upgraded during the second long shutdown of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and the new detector is currently operating at the LHC. The Vertex Locator (VELO) surrounds the interaction region of the LHCb experiment, responsible of reconstructing the proton-proton collision (primary vertices) as well as the decay vertices of long-lived particles (secondary...
The CMS silicon tracking system consists of an inner part with hybrid pixel modules and an outer part with silicon micro-strips. The silicon trackers have been successfully taking data during LHC Run 1 and 2. During Long shutdown 2, the pixel detector underwent an extensive refurbishment program to address the problems encountered during Run 2. The DCDC converters which exhibited failures...
The tracking performance of the ATLAS detector relies critically on its 4-layer Pixel Detector. As the closest detector component to the interaction point, this detector is subjected to a significant amount of radiation over its lifetime. At present (in 2023 LHC proton-proton collision RUN3) ATLAS Pixel Detector on innermost layers, consisting of planar and 3D pixel sensors, operate after...
In the HL-LHC era, the radiation is expected to reach unprecedented values, with non-ionizing fluence of 1e16 neq/cm2 and ionizing dose of 5 MGy. To cope with the resulting increase in occupancy, bandwidth, and radiation damage, the current ATLAS Inner Detector is replaced by an all-silicon system. The Pixel Detector will consist of five-barrel layers and a number of rings, resulting in about...
The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN is expected to collide protons at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV and to reach the unprecedented peak instantaneous luminosity of $5-7.5x10^{34} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ with an average number of pileup events of 140-200. This will allow the ATLAS and CMS experiments to collect integrated luminosities up to 3000-4000 fb$^{-1}$ during the...
The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to deliver an integrated luminosity of $3000-4000\;$fb$^{-1}$ by the end of 2039 with peak instantaneous luminosity reaching to about $5-7.5\times10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. During the Long Shutdown 3 period, several components of the CMS detector will undergo major changes, called Phase-2 upgrades, to be able to operate in the challenging...
Author: ATLAS-ITK Collaboration
(the speaker to be selected by the ITk Speakers Committee after the contribution acceptance)
ATLAS is currently preparing for the HL-LHC upgrade, with an all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk) that will replace the current Inner Detector. The ITk will feature a pixel detector surrounded by a strip detector, with the strip system consisting of 4 barrel layers and 6...
Many of our sensors were installed in the previous LHC, and they contributed to the discovery of the Higgs boson. This HL-LHC upgrade required significant improvements from the previous product specification, such as one-digit-higher radiation hardness, suppression of increased dark current, and a substantial increase in the number of channels . To overcome these challenges, stealth dicing...
One of the important challenges in the current radiation detector applications, as we advance in the further integration of the systems, is the cooling of the detectors. The larger heat densities, combined with the complexity of hybrid detector assemblies, complicate the full integration of the sensors, electronics, and services in the whole system. In order to overcome these difficulties...
In high-energy physics, upgrades for particle detectors and studies on future particle detectors are largely based on silicon sensors as tracking devices. Consequently, there is a need to investigate silicon sensor concepts that offer large-area coverage and cost-efficiency.
Sensors based on the CMOS imaging technology present such an alternative silicon sensor concept for tracking detectors....
The Inner Detector of the ATLAS Experiment will be upgraded to a full-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk) to cope with the extreme conditions of the High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider, currently foreseen to start with Run 4 towards 2029. In order to address the challenge of pileup in the forward region of ITk, a High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will provide time track...
In this contribution, I will describe the evolution of silicon sensors following the introduction of controlled avalanche.
We investigated the signal propagation in AC-LGAD (aka RSD), which are LGAD with a common N+ layer and AC-coupled readout contacts, by measuring the interstrip/interpad capacitances and resistances and by IR laser injection on a large selection of AC-LGAD with either strips or pads. The interest for this topic derives from the realization that while large charge sharing between strips/pads is...
The Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) is becoming increasingly a promising and important technology for soft X-ray imaging at the next generation light sources as well as for particle tracking applications in the demanding future high energy physics experiments. Different versions of LGAD have been under investigation to address specific needs for different applications. Particularly, in...
Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) represent the state-of-the-art in timing measurements and will instrument the future Timing Detectors of ATLAS and CMS for the High-Luminosity LHC. While initially conceived as a sensor for charged particles, the intrinsic gain of LGADs makes it possible to detect low-energy X-rays with good energy resolution and excellent timing (tens of picoseconds). Using...
The increase of the particle flux (pile-up) at the HL-LHC with instantaneous luminosities up to L ≃ 7.5 × 1034 cm−2s−1 will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector reconstruction and trigger performance. The end-cap and forward region where the liquid Argon calorimeter has coarser granularity and the inner tracker has poorer momentum resolution will be particularly affected. A High...
Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are a novel silicon sensor technology being developed to design full 4D trackers able to measure precisely both spatial and temporal coordinates. The first deployment of this technology will be in the ATLAS and CMS timing layers at the High Luminosity LHC where, by adding fast timing information to each crossing track, they will allow to better separate...
The next generation of high-energy and high-intensity hadron colliders for particle physics will require tracking detectors able to efficiently record charged particles in harsh radiation environments, where expected fluences exceed 10$^{17}$ particles/cm$^2$.
Recently, thin Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs), with an active thickness of $\sim$ 50 $\mu m$, have proven their ability to...
Following up and finalizing the developments of former RnD projects and studies (INFN-funded TimeSPOT, Falaphel, Scaltech28 projects), The IGNITE project plans to implement an integrated system module, comprising sensor, electronics, and fast readout, specifically aimed at 4D-tracking. System pixels are required to have pitch around 50 µm and time resolution below 30 ps. In this paper we...
The MONOLITH H2020 ERC Advanced project aims at producing a monolithic silicon pixel ASIC with 50µm pixel pitch and picosecond-level time stamping. The two main ingredients of the project are fast and low-noise SiGe BiCMOS electronics and a novel sensor concept, the Picosecond Avalanche Detector (PicoAD). The PicoAD uses a patented multi-PN junction to engineer the electric field and produce a...
Future HEP experiments will consider measuring concurrently the position and the time of a particle hit with very good accuracy, i.e., 4D-trackers will be the basic option for future detection systems. Within this framework DC-coupled Resistive Silicon Detectors (DC-RSD) low-gain avalanche diodes (LGAD), an evolution of the AC-coupled design, are considered a very promising option. They...
PIONEER is a next-generation experiment proposed at the Paul Scherrer Institute to perform high precision measurements of rare pion decays. By improving the precision by an order of magnitude on the charged-pion branching ratio to electrons vs. muons and the pion beta decay, PIONEER will provide a pristine test of Lepton Flavour Universality and the Cabbibo angle anomaly. At the centre of the...
The High Luminosity upgrade of Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will increase the LHC Luminosity and with it the density of particles on the detector by an order of magnitude. For protecting the inner silicon detectors of the ATLAS experiment and for monitoring the delivered luminosity, a radiation hard beam monitor has been developed. We developed a set of detectors based on polycrystalline...
Irradiating a semiconductor with energetic particles gives rise to structural damage and defect formation via nonionizing energy loss processes. The build-up of stable radiation damage often proceeds via complex dynamic annealing processes, involving point-defect migration and interaction. This also occurs during the ion-implantation for electronic device fabrication and resulting defect...
The proven radiation hardness of silicon 3D devices up to fluences of $1 \times 10^{17}\,n_{eq}/cm^{2}$ makes them an excellent choice for next generation trackers, providing $<10\,\mu m$ position resolution at a high multiplicity environment. The anticipated pile-up increase at HL-LHC conditions and beyond, requires the addition of < 50 ps per hit timing information to successfully resolve...
With the upgrade of the LHC to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the Inner Detector will be replaced with the new all-silicon ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) to maintain tracking performance in a high-occupancy environment and to cope with the increase in the integrated radiation dose.
Comprising an active area of 165m2, the outer four layers in the barrel and six disks in the endcap region will...
The production of strip sensors for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) started in 2021. During this time, a Quality Assurance (QA) program is being carried out continuously, by using specific test structures, in parallel to the Quality Control (QC) inspection of the sensors. The QA program consists of monitoring sensor-specific characteristics and the technological wafer process variability, as...
The new all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk) is being constructed by the ATLAS collaboration to track charged particles produced at the High-Luminosity LHC. The outer portion of the ITk detector will include nearly 18,000 highly segmented and radiation hard silicon strip sensors (ATLAS18 design). Throughout the production of 22,000 sensors, anticipating expected losses, the strip sensors are...
The new ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) will replace the current tracking detector of the ATLAS detector to cope with the challenging conditions for the Phase-II upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider experiment (LHC), the so-called High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The new tracking detector is an all-silicon detector consisting of a pixel inner tracker and a silicon microstrips outer tracker,...
In preparation for the forthcoming High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider, the ATLAS experiment is working on major upgrades to its detector systems to effectively accommodate the increase in radiation levels and track density. The foremost among these upgrades entails the replacement of the current inner tracking detector with an advanced all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk). In the...
The ATLAS experiment at CERN will replace its tracker with an all-silicon tracker during the Phase II upgrade for the High Luminosity LHC. The tracker is comprised of a pixel-based detector at lower radius and a strip-based detector at higher radius. The application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for the strip tracker are nearing the end of their production. The analog front-end ASIC...
Test Beam characterisation is the gold standard test to prove novel detector concepts based on precisely reconstructed and time-tagged particle trajectories. This is done by beam-telescopes that are expected to have high spatial and good temporal resolution. Telescopes data needs to be synchronised with various readout types: Triggered readout architectures, data-driven approaches and devices...
The new Inner Tracking System (ITS2) of the ALICE experiment at the LHC, upgraded during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2021) with CMOS monolithic active pixel sensors (ALPIDE), is currently taking data and demonstrating excellent performance in the LHC Run 3. A replacement of the three innermost layers of the ITS2, called ITS3, is foreseen during the LHC Long Shutdown 3 (2026-2028) in order to...
Recently, more than 300 satellites are launched globally every year, significantly lowering the hurdle to space exploration. Particularly, small satellites weighing less than several tens of kilograms are widely used in industry and telecommunications, but they are also crucial as a pathfinder for cutting-edge space science. Tokyo Tech successfully launched the 50 kg university satellite...
Cosmic MeV gamma-ray observations are important for understanding physics in high-energy astronomical objects such as gamma-ray bursts and blazars. However, there has been no progress since COMPTEL on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory in the 1990s, thus a new satellite for MeV gamma-ray observations is needed. Compton scattering is the dominant interaction between MeV gamma-rays and...
We have been developing the high-voltage CMOS active pixel sensor, AstroPix, mainly for the future gamma-ray space telescope, AMEGO-X. The gamma-ray detector of AMEGO-X consists of four identical stacked silicon tracker towers and requires $\sim6\times10^4~\rm{cm^2}$ silicon area. The scientific purpose of the AMEGO-X mission dictates a number of requirements on the performances of the...
Monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) produced in a 65 nm CMOS imaging technology are being investigated for applications in particle physics. Their main characteristic is integrating a sensing volume and readout circuit in the same silicon wafer, reducing material budget with respect to most hybrid sensors. Compared to the previously investigated 180 nm CMOS imaging technology, the 65 nm...
The proposed Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) presents new challenges for the vertex detector in terms of material budget, spatial resolution, readout speed, and power consumption. To address these challenges, a Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) prototype called TaichuPix has been implemented, which is based on a column drain readout architecture. The TaichuPix sensor chip has...
Detectors based on Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond have been used successfully in beam conditions monitors in the highest radiation areas of the LHC. Future experiments at CERN will accumulate an order of magnitude larger fluence. As a result, an enormous effort is underway to identify detector materials that can operate after fluences of 10^{16}/cm^2 and 10^{17}/cm^2. Diamond is one...
Monolithic active pixel sensors featuring depleted substrates (DMAPS) present a promising alternative for pixel tracker detectors operating in high-radiation and high-rate environments. The utilization of higly resistiv silicon substrates and high-voltage capabilities within commercial CMOS technologies holds the potential to significantly enhance radiation tolerance with respect to MAPS....
The Super-KEKB collider is set to undergo a major upgrade to achieve a target luminosity of
$6*10^{35}cm^{-2}s^{-1}$. A long shutdown is foreseen around year 2027, which provides the
opportunity to revisit parts of the Belle II experiment.
A new pixelated vertex detector (VTX) is being developed to match the upgraded interaction region.
This silicon tracker aims to be more robust...
MALTA2 is a depleted monolithic active pixel sensor developed in the Tower Semiconductor 180 nm CMOS imaging process. Monolithic CMOS sensors offer advantages over current hybrid imaging sensors both in terms of increased tracking performance due to lower material budget but also in terms of ease of integration and construction costs due to the integration of read-out and active sensor into...
Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are state-of-the-art photon detectors used in particle
physics, medical imaging, and beyond. They are sensitive to even single photons in the
optical wavelength regime and achieve time resolutions in the order of 10 ps, which makes
them candidates for timing detectors in tracking systems. The Geiger-discharge triggered
in the sensitive elements of a SiPM,...
We propose a novel APD array showing near 100% fill factor. The APDs operate in proportional mode at low or moderate gain and exhibit very high detection efficiency also in inter pixel gap regions. By applying a fully depleted reach-through structure light entrance side and electronics side are kept separated. In contrast to common APD arrays the avalanche process is sustained in the inter...
The serial data rate has reached the 10 Gb/s level nowadays in the data acquisition system (DAQ) in high-energy physics experiments. Due to various wireline transmission scenarios in different detector front-end readout environments, the high-speed chip-to-chip or board-to-board serial data transmission is encountering severe and various signal quality degredations. A general-purpose,...
High-speed bi-directional data communication system with the optical fiber as the transmission medium has been widely used in the front-end readout electronics of high-energy physics experiments.In this data communication system, a high-sensitivity, low-noise and low-power optical receiver ASIC, which includes transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) and LA functions, is crucial.This paper presents...
Deserializer is used to convert the high-speed serial data into a low-speed parallel data in the downlink direction of data transmission system in high-energy physics experiments. This paper presents the design and test results of a 2.56 Gbps or 10.24 Gbps 1:16 deserializer fabricated in a 55 nm CMOS process.
In order to meet the demand of current data volume and adapt to upgrade of the...
Optical communication has been widely used in high energy physics experiments. 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) technology is becoming the potential solution for higher rate optical data transmission with its advantages of more efficient fiber utilization and lower analog bandwidth requirement at the same data rate. This paper presents the design and test results of a 28Gbps PAM4...
Photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) is a promising new technique for CT imaging. Compared to traditional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT), PCD-CT allows for more refined image reconstruction and lower radiation doses because it has higher energy resolution. CdZnTe hybrid pixel detectors are usually used for PCD-CT. To avoid the stacking of signals, the...
A modern irradiation site is in operation at the Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron since 2021. The accelerator typically provides 14 MeV/nucleon protons (up to alphas) with 1 $\mu$A beam current to the site. Devices-under-test (DUTs) are situated inside an insulated box, actively-cooled by nitrogen gas, to prevent annealing, featuring feed-throughs for powering or reading out the DUT. To achieve...
For a more precise evaluation of the alpha-particle emitting radiopharmaceuticals, images with a high spatial resolution are required. In this study, we propose an alpha-particle imaging SiPM Array Sensor in conjunction with a high-resolution technique. A high-resolution image is recovered using the four images obtained by moving the device along the x- and y-directions. This method uses...
With the development of physics experiments, many detectors utilize the time-to-digital(TDC) to achieve a high-precision Time-of-Arrival(ToA) measurement. An analog-digital hybrid fine interpolation TDC is proposed to achieve high time precision in this paper. The TDC consists of an analog-digital hybrid fine interpolator and a digital module. The analog-digital hybrid fine interpolator is...
The ATLAS18 strip sensors of the ATLAS inner tracker upgrade (ITk) are under production since 2021. Along with the large-format n$^+$-in-p strip sensor in the center of the wafer, test structures are laid out in the open space for monitoring the performance of the strip sensor and its fabrication process. One of the structures is a 1.2×1.0 mm$^2$ test chip that includes representative...
The ATLAS experiment will replace its existing Inner Detector with the new all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk) to cope with the operating conditions of the forthcoming high-luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC). The outer regions of the ITk will be instrumented with ~18000 ATLAS18 strip sensors fabricated by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK). With the launch of full-scale sensor production in 2021,...
The ATLAS experiment is currently preparing for the HL-LHC upgrade, with an all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk) that will replace the current Inner Detector. The ITk will feature a pixel detector surrounded by a strip detector, with the strip system consisting of 4 barrel layers and 6 endcap disks. The strip tracker will consist of 11,000 silicon sensor modules in the central region and 7,000...
The dual channel multi-mode 850 nm optical Miniature Transmitter (MTx) is developed for data transmission of the ATLAS experiment at LHC. The MTx’s are exposed to radiation field of proton-proton collisions. Tolerance in Total Ionizing Dose (TID) is required. The characteristics of MTx to the accumulated TID is investigated with X-ray and Co-60 gamma ray for the active components of the 850...
The great potential of photon-counting (PC) detectors in medical CT imaging is highly supported by their ability to count individual photons and measure their energy simultaneously, which makes it possible to obtain specific multi-energy imaging. It is appropriate with the use of contrast agents for medical CT imaging diagnostic, which has specific energy for each contrast agent. The...
Waseda University and Tokyo Tech are developing a 50-kg class small satellite, tentatively named INSPIRE, scheduled for launch in FY2026. The satellite's primary detector is a BOX-type Compton Camera (CC-BOX). This camera covers a dynamic range spanning two orders of magnitude: it observes low energy (30 keV – 200 keV) in Pinhole mode and high energy (200 keV – 3 MeV) in Compton mode. The...
Nuclear radiation detection is an important technique for various fields such as medical imaging, homeland security, and space science. CdZnTe is a suitable semiconductor material for room-temperature nuclear radiation detection, which can directly convert X-ray or gamma-ray into charge signal, with high energy resolution and efficiency. However, it is limited by the hole tailing effect and...
ABSTRACT
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an efficient method of remotely sensing environments that humans cannot approach with conventional aircraft due to serious hazard or access limit. The use of UAVs has been suggested as suitable solution in numerous disciplines, including wildfire thermal imaging, radiological survey and radiation activity monitoring since the Fukushima nuclear...
X-ray polarimetry is expected to be an effective tool for revealing the geometrical and magnetic structures of celestial objects. With the launch of the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE; Weisskopf et al. 2022) in 2021, polarimetric observations with high sensitivity in the $2$-$8~\mathrm{keV}$ energy band have begun. However, hard X-ray polarimetry in the $10$-$30~\mathrm{keV}$ energy...
It is known that neutrons can be measured with a high spatial resolution of several microns by combining a charged particle conversion layer and a semiconductor pixel sensor [1]. Its spatial resolution is limited by an electrical noise and the flight range of secondary particles within the sensor volume from the conversion layer.
In order to reduce the effect of secondary particle flight...
High-Voltage CMOS (HVCMOS) sensors, featuring a deep n well separating the transistors and the depletion region, is intrinsically radiation hard and a good candidate for tracking systems in future high energy experiments, such as LHCb upgrade II or future electron-positron colliders. In hope of reducing the power density and incorporating more functionality in the same area, we are looking for...
The upcoming High-Luminosity running phase of the LHC will require a complete replacement of the current tracking system in the CMS experiment. With the planned integrated luminosity of about 4000 fb^-1 to be delivered to the experiments, the innermost layers of the CMS Inner Tracker (IT) will face particle fluences of up to approximately 2 x 10^16 cm^-2 (1 MeV neutron equivalent).
Through...
Noninterceptive and high-accuracy beam monitors are critical for the experimental terminals at the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility (HIAF) complex. The Hi’Beam-SEE, a silicon pixel sensor-based beam monitor, has been designed to measure the track of every single particle. The Hi’Beam-SEE consists of the detectors and the readout system. When the charged particle passes through the...
An important characteristic of silicon-based particle detectors, like those used for the forthcoming ATLAS ITk upgrade for the HL-LHC, is the leakage current. This characteristic is evaluated in the quality control stage of the new ITk strip sensors performing an IV measurement, where the sensors are biased up to -700V, typically showing low and stable leakage current. However, some sensors...
Nowadays, the large-area flat panel imagers with TFT (thin film transistor) and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) process have been widely used in various X-ray medical imaging and non-destructive test (NDT) and security applications. Conventional flat-panel x-ray detector are manufactured using thin film transistor (TFT) processing on extremely large rigid glass substrates....
X-ray polarimetry is the most potent tool for capturing anisotropic geometries and physical processes that could not be resolved through mere spectroscopy alone. The launch of IXPE (Weisskopf et al. 2022) has opened a new door, enabling the detection of soft X-ray polarization with image reconstruction. The next essential endeavor is the imaging polarimetry in the hard X-ray band, where...
Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is important for minimizing daily uncertainties in patient setup when delivering radiation doses to the target volume and adjacent organs at risk (OAR). In intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), the analysis of megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) allows for the evaluation of inter-fractional motion, which refers to the movement and changes of...
The Low-energy X-ray Polarization Detector (LPD) is a large-area and wide-field X-ray polarimeter planned to be installed on the Chinese Space Station. The LPD is used to measure the polarization of the gamma burst itself and its very early X-ray afterglow, and to carry out studies of the celestial body and radiation mechanisms at the center of the gamma burst. The LPD consists of 15 detection...
The ATLAS collaboration is upgrading its detector for High-Luminosity LHC operations scheduled to start in 2029. This involves making a new all-silicon tracker, called Inner Tracker (ITk), with instrumented strip area of 165 m^2.
The strip sensor type is n-on-p, chosen because of its radiation hardness and a relative fabrication simplicity. So far it has not been used in large-scale...
The determination of the baryon-baryon interaction is crucial to build models on nuclear systems. Nowadays, nuclear spectroscopy provides insights into the nucleon-nucleon force, enabling effective modeling of the majority of measured isotopes. Notwithstanding, the scarcity of nucleon-hyperon or hyperon-hyperon interaction studies leads to poor prediction power when modeling nuclear systems...
A new downstream tracking system, known as the Mighty Tracker, is planned to be installed at LHCb during LS4. The reason for this is an increase in instantaneous luminosity from $2\cdot10^{33}\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ to $1.5\cdot10^{34}\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ and therefore an overall higher irradiation and up to six times higher occupancy.
To keep the material budget as low...
During operation the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will achieve unparalleled instantaneous luminosity, leading to approximately 200 proton-proton interactions during a bunch crossing. The existing ATLAS Inner Detector will be superseded by an entirely silicon-based system known as the Inner Tracker (ITk). The ITk's innermost section will incorporate a cutting-edge pixel...
ALICE is an experiment designed to study heavy-ion collisions at the LHC at CERN. The Muon Forward Tracker (MFT) is one of the major ALICE upgrades installed during the Long Shutdown 2 to cope with the maximum interaction rate of 50 kHz for Pb-Pb collisions in Runs 3 and 4.
The MFT is a high-resolution tracking detector consisting of 10 layers of ALPIDE silicon pixel sensors with CMOS...
CMOS pixel detectors have a fine pixel size of 1-10 $\mu$m and are planned to use in X-ray astrophysical observations. ~100 MeV protons inside South Atlantic anomaly dominate the radiation damages for the detectors onboard satellites. We irradiated 10 Gy of 200 MeV protons (~1.6$\times10^{10}$ /cm$^{-2}$ 1 MeV neutron equivalent) to the CMOS detector IU233N5-Z, which is an optical sensor but...
The LHCb Upstream Tracker (UT) is a new silicon strip detector of the phase-I upgrade. The detector signals are processed by custom-designed front-end ASICs, called SALT (Silicon ASIC for LHCb Tracking). The ASICs work at the sensor proximity. The radiation hardness in a radiation environment and radiation resilience of the ASICs are critical to the detector performance.
We studied the...
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous explosion in the universe, where an equivalent energy of almost a solar mass is convert into X-rays and gamma rays in milliseconds to minutes. HiZ-GUNDAM is a satellite for observation of early universe via GRBs, currently under development. This satellite features wide-field X-ray monitors with Lobster-Eye Optics and X-ray pixel detectors. This...
Indirect flat-panel detectors typically uses amorphous silicon thin film transistor (TFT) or silicon CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) matrix arrays combined with scintillation screen for a large X-ray imaging application. Conversion of incoming X-rays into electric signals in flat-panel detector is implemented through a scintillator that emits visible lights under X-ray exposure....
The nEXO experiment will search for neutrinoless double beta decay in 5 tonnes of liquid xenon enriched in the xenon-136 isotope. In order to achieve better than 1% energy resolution at the energy of interest, both charge signals and scintillation light will be detected. The scintillation light at 175 nm will be detected using ultraviolet-sensitive silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) covering an...
The ATLAS experiment will build an all-silicon tracker in the Phase II upgrade for the High Luminosity LHC(HL-LHC) at CERN. For the silicon strip detector of the Inner Tracker (ITk), a new readout system has been designed to cope with the increased occupancies and harsher radiation environment. This readout system is comprised of the ABCStar (ATLAS Binary Chip), the analog front-end chip, and...
Double-sided silicon pixel ladders have been designed and developed as one of the vertex detector prototype concepts for the Circular Electron-Positron Collider (CEPC). With the primary goal to research the properties of Higgs particles, the vertex detector of the CEPC must be thin enough and have high position measurement accuracy to identify heavy flavor quarks and tau leptons efficiently....
In the field of medicine, nuclear medicine imaging is a crucial technique for obtaining non-invasive information about the body's interior. It involves detecting radiation emitted from within the body and visualizing its distribution externally. A novel approach in nuclear medicine imaging is being developed, which combines angle correlation measurements with the fusion of magnetic fields, pH...
In this study, the suppression effects of Fe on irradiation of silicon (Si) diodes were investigated. Diodes fabricated on unimplanted and Fe-implanted p-Si diodes were irradiated with 4 MeV protons to a fluence of 1x1016 p/cm-2 and then characterized prior to and after irradiation using current-voltage (I-V) techniques. A decrease in current due to irradiation is more apparent in...
To cope with the increased occupancy and radiation dose expected at the High-Luminosity LHC, the ATLAS experiment will replace its current Inner Detector with the Inner Tracker (ITk), consisting of silicon-based pixel and strip sub-detectors. The strip detector will consist of many n^+-in-p sensors fabricated by Hamamatsu Photonics, with 300 um signal-generation thickness and approximately 75...
During the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) up to 200 proton-proton interactions per bunch crossing will be produced. The inner detector of the ATLAS experiment will be completely replaced with a new Inner Tracker (ITk) to cope with the resulting harsher environment.
The pixel detector, located in the innermost part of the ITk, will be subject to radiation fluences...
A new silicon tracker of the ATLAS detector is envisioned for the Phase-II upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider experiment (LHC), the so-called High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The new inner tracker (ITk) will consist of a silicon pixel inner tracker and a silicon microstrips outer tracker. Both of these sub-detectors are initiating the production phase during the year 2023. This contribution...
The bulk damage of p-type silicon detectors caused by high doses of gamma irradiation has been studied. The study was carried out on different types of n+-in-p silicon diodes with various oxygen concentrations and silicon bulk resistivities. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) technique was used to determine the relative concentration of oxygen in individual samples. The diodes were...
The Low-Energy Polarization Detector (LPD) represents one of the effective payloads for the Polar-2 mission, characterized by wide field of view and large sensitive area capabilities. The primary objective of the LPD is effectively to measure low-energy X-ray polarization in the gamma-ray bursts. The LPD consists of 81 detector units, each containing a pixel sensor, a gas microchannel plate...
During the prototyping phase of the ATLAS Inner Tracker Upgrade for the High Luminosity project, several n-in-p large area silicon strip sensors showed signs of early breakdown when biased at a relative humidity (RH) higher than 20 %. To understand the sensor's humidity susceptibility, Synopsys TCAD simulation software was used to implement the geometry of n-in-p diodes, test structures placed...
The SOIPIX (Silicon-On-Insulator PIXel) detector is a unique monolithic structure imaging device which is under development by the SOIPIX group led by High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK).
We, the detector team in KEK Photon Factory (PF), are developing an X-ray camera using INTPIX4NA [1].
This detector has a 14.1 x 8.7 mm^2 sensitive area, 425,984 (832 column x 512 row...
X-ray and gamma-ray polarimetry are essential tools for studying the radiation mechanism of high-energy astrophysics. However, there are few such observations. The CMOS is a detector with better spatial and time resolutions compared to CCD. Then, we focused on a small pixel-size CMOS detector IU233N5-Z. That CMOS detector is an optical sensor with 1 million pixels and a small size (1.12×1.12...
