It was proposed that breakdown nucleation can be explained as emanating from surface plastic activity due to collective dislocation dynamics within the surface layer of samples exposed to high electric fields. In the past, we have demonstrated that extensive mobile dislocation structures are routinely observed in soft large-grained OFHC copper. However, as of this day we are missing a clear...
A mathematical model of the electrode surface morphology was proposed and
constructed, considering submicron irregularities on its surface. It is shown that the
theoretical decrease in the field electron emission current density with an increase
in the electron yield work from the metal does not agree well with the breakdown
field experiments for different materials. It is shown that the...
CERN has established several high-power RF test stands, to investigate high-field phenomena. Recently, a machine learning framework has been developed and applied to the high-gradient cavity test data from these facilities. The aim has been to search for the existence of previously unrecognized features related to the incidence of RF breakdowns. Preliminary results have shown two key features...
This talk will present the status for developing high gradient X-band bulk niobium accelerating cavities. We optimized the cavity design to maximize the shunt impedance and reduce the peak surface magnetic fields. This means that a much higher gradient can be produced for the same quench field limit of niobium (230 mT), increasing the power loss to gradient2 ratio > 100 [mWm/(MV)^2]. We...
Open discussion on handling FEMOCS as an open source software
High-Gradient accelerating cavities are one of the main research lines in the development of compact linear colliders. However, the operation of such cavities is currently limited by non-linear effects that are intensified at high electric fields, such as dark currents and radiation emission or RF breakdowns.
A new normal-conducting High-Gradient S-band Backward Travelling Wave...
There have been several pulsed DC system experiments ongoing including recent measurements of field emission current fluctuations associated with dislocation motion showing a variation in the number of events per pulse and a dependence on breakdowns. Also, results of a study comparing the optical spectra obtained during field emission experiments without breakdown from different materials,...
During operation the LINAC4 RFQ (Radio-Frequency-Quadrupole) is exposed to high electric fields which can lead to vacuum breakdown. It is also subject to proton beam loss that can cause surface modification, including blistering, which can result in reduced electric field handling and an increased breakdown rate. An experimental study has been made to identify materials with high electric...
The High Voltage Padova Test Facility (HVPTF) is an experimental device for investigating High Voltage (HV) insulation in vacuum, in support of the realization of MITICA, the prototype of a neutral beam injector for ITER. Inside a high vacuum chamber, two stainless steel electrodes, separated by a few centimetres gap, can achieve an HV difference up to 800 kV During the conditioning process of...
Cold electron emission and vacuum breakdown are gaining popularity due to their significance in applications such as electron sources for mobile 3D medical imaging [1] and high-gradient particle accelerators [2]. The robust development of such devices is hindered by the lack of both effective computational models to engineer and optimise them through simulation and tools for the processing and...
In this work, we introduce a new technique which improves emittance of the carbon nanotube fiber field emission cathode (CNT fiber FEC) many-fold. CNT fibers remain of high interest for next generation electron source research and development as they have low turn-on voltage, high conductivity, durability, and flexibility. However, control over its emission properties is a challenge. Our...
The work presented here shows evidence of the diversions from classical Fowler Nordheim in the RF regime. At high gradients in excess of 100 MV/m, it was shown that the field emitter cathode (FECs) made from ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) follows a two-dimensional space charge dominated regime. Field emission dynamics now must be considered in a 2D regime, combining the 1D longitudinal...
The application of superconducting radio frequency cavities on particle accelerators has brought the need of coating Cu with Nb thin films. Two techniques have been widely used in this field: conventional direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). Experimentally, the application of both techniques has led to different surface morphologies...
One of the main directions of development of acceleration technology is to increase the acceler ation rate to 100 MV / m, as, for example, in projects Compact LInear Collider (CLIC), International Linear Collider (ILC), which will reduce the linear dimensions of modern electronic accelerators, make them more compact and achieve record acceleration energies of charged particle beams (of the...
Field emission is one of the main factors, which leads to the loss of electrical insulating properties of the interelectrode vacuum gap. Solving the problem of reducing the field emission current value in accelerating structures is necessary to obtain gradient-stable materials before the occurrence of dark currents and, as a consequence, the possibility of overcoming high-vacuum high-gradient...
In a world with a fast-growing and rapidly aging population, where availability and accuracy of diagnosis is key to early detection and treatment of disease and injury, the development of enhanced medical imaging techniques will improve the wellbeing of unwell members of society. The unique features of field emitters can be exploited to develop portable systems for 3D X-ray imaging, that will...
Vacuum arcs –also known as breakdown–, i.e. electric discharges appearing in vacuum, are a major limiting factor for various applications such as particle accelerators, fusion reactors, vacuum interrupters, X-ray sources, and space applications. However, the physical mechanisms underlying the very initiation of the phenomenon still remain unclear. Recent experimental evidence indicates that...
Photoemission is a widely known physical phenomena that occurs when
an electron with sufficient energy strikes the surface of a material and releases an electron. Nanoplasmonics is the manipulation of absorption, scattering and near-field interactions using different materials, shapes and sizes in the nanometer domain.
Photoemission plays an important role in several branches of physics. Usually, the photocathodes are covered in layers of photoemissive material to increase the quantum efficiency. Using plasmonics, is it possible to fabricate pure metallic photocathodes that has an increase in the number of emitted electrons?
Conditioning of a metal surface in a high-voltage system is the progressive development of resistance to vacuum arcing over the operational life of the system.
This is relevant for accelerator cavities where high level of performance is only achievable after long conditioning period. Beyond the accelerator research field, this is an important topic for any technology where breakdowns can...
In this work Cu electrodes were characterized with AFM and SEM. The AFM topology map was used to create a field enhancement map of the surface. SEM images show different structures with multi-scale roughness. A hypothesis for CuO protrusion growth on the Cu electrodes is introduced.
Optical light spectra have been observed during field emission tests with Cu, CuCrZr, Nb and Ta electrode pairs in the CERN pulsed DC systems. Spectra for Cu and CuCrZr have been reliable and repeatable displaying an increase in light intensity proportional to the field-emitted current. The spectra obtained for Cu-based materials resemble the reflectance spectrum for Cu, which is likely the...
Beam loss occurs in H- RFQs, and has been observed for example in LINAC4 at CERN. To determine if such beam loss can induce breakdown, and to compare the robustness of different materials, tests have been done in pulsed high-voltage DC systems. Cathodes of different materials were irradiated with 1.2E19 H- p/cm2, the estimated beam loss of the LINAC4 RFQ. The irradiated electrodes were tested...
The complex physical mechanisms involved in the formation of vacuum arcs have been of interest for many decades. Vacuum arcs are relevant in many engineering disciplines, but the physics behind them is not yet fully understood. In recent years, there have been many experimental and computational studies focused on understanding aspects of vacuum arcs.
Our work focuses on further development...
The physical nature of the high-voltage breakdown in vacuum that can occur in particle accelerators, particularly in the CLIC (Compact LInear Collider, CERN), is quite complex and, despite numerous studies, a complete theory of the process does not yet exist.
The emission of electrons from the cathode surface is usually local, due to the existence of tips on the surface. Increasing the...
Many high electric field applications, for example, Compact Linear Collider in CERN are significantly limited by the presence of the phenomenon of electrical breakdowns. In case of sufficiently high applied electric field, even in ultra high vacuum conditions, electrical discharge appears, induces disturbances into the operating regime of the device, causes material damage and generally,...
The tip-sample bias of a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) is modulated by coupling THz pulses to the tip in order to get high transient tunneling current. This non-linear tunneling current and its parametric dependence need to be studied thoroughly to achieve efficient imaging of the sample surface. In this theoretical study, we investigate the basic scaling of rectified electrons in a...
The Switch-On effect of the current emission is known since long time. This effect is usually attributed to the existence of a Switch-On Voltage, after which the electrodes in the vacuum switch from a non-conductive to a conductive condition. Once reached the Switch-On Voltage the changes in the electrodes are permanent and the electric current can be measured even at lower voltages. In our...
This presentation forms part of my efforts to modernise the theories of field ion and electron emission and to encourage more consistent use of basic theory as between different groups of users. It primarily concerns the correction factor “v_F” that appears in the Murphy-Good (MG) theory of field electron emission (FE), which is based on the planar-image-rounded “Schottky-Nordheim” (SN)...
Conditioning experiment of a commercial vacuum interrupter was carried out with a gap distance of 1~3 mm. Energy of the vacuum arc following a breakdown has been controlled to be as low as several hundred mJ with a 100 kΩ current-limiting resistor. Breakdown voltage and field emission current was measured during the conditioning process. The Murphy-Good plot was employed to further study...
Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) is typically the final melting process in the production of a wide range of metallic alloys. The process consists in applying during days a DC current of up to 40 000 A over large electrodes(~1m diameter). A strong DC arc takes place under vacuum between an electrode and a water-cooled copper crucible. For low applied current, high-speed video observation showed that...